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Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster (TPP) - Vascular Plants: Systematics and Characteristics, 2016
Data · July 2016 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1947.5443
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Theodor C. H. Cole Hartmut H. Hilger Freie Universität Berlin Freie Universität Berlin
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Tracheophyte Phylogeny Vascular Plants – Systematics and Characteristics
Hornworts, Mosses, Liverworts see "Bryophyte" Phylogeny Poster
homosporous lvs eligulate sporangia reniform, basal on sporophyll or in terminal strobili Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae shoots with lycophylls dichopodial root: protoxylem endarch cormose to rhizotamous stem protoxylem exarch lvs spiral, in basal rosette sporangia dorsiventral and transversely dehiscent microspores monolete megaspores 50–300 Isoëtales Isoëtaceae heterosporous lvs ligulate sporangia in axils of sporophylls on 4-sided strobili; lvs 4-ranked microspores trilete megaspores 4 Selaginellales Selaginellaceae
sporangiophores in terminal strobili lvs whorled, fused into sheaths at base stems ridged with internal hollow canals spores with elaters 4–6, straplike Equisetales Equisetaceae Lycophytes
sporophores: each leaf with sterile & fertile segments (latter inclined relative to former) Ophioglossaceae roots unbranched, root hairs absent Ophioglossales Ferns collateral leaf vascular bundles gametophyte nonphotosynthetic, often subterranean, mycorrhizal roots absent lvs reduced, veins 1 or 0 sporangia 2–3, fused: synangium Psilotales Psilotaceae
polycyclic siphonostele Marattiales Marattiaceae
annulus on one side of sporangium Osmundales Osmundaceae Monilophytes sporophyte dominant vascular tissue: receptacle elongate tracheids + sieve cells lvs thin, usually 1 cell layer sporangia many sporangia in sori annulus sori marginal ymenophyllales Hymenophyllaceae zygote: tapetum plasmodial H 1. division horizontal pseudoendospore + leptosporangia siphonostele variously vessels root steles with 3–5 protoxylem poles stem protoxylem mesarch rhizome with scales; veins anastomosing sporangia maturation simultaneous Gleicheniales Gleicheniaceae
annulus transverse, subapical Schizaeales Anemiaceae Lygodiaceae Schizaeaceae
aquatic; aerenchyma + stems dichotomizing; leaf dimorphism heterosporous; sporocarps; annulus – hairs Salviniales Marsileaceae Salviniaceae endospore 2-layered
hairs + sori terminal on veins Cyatheales Cyatheaceae
Liverworts Eupolypods I: Polypodiaceae* Mosses sporangial maturation mixed (incl. Polypodioideae, Davallioideae,
Hornworts sporangium with vertical annulus Didymochlaenoideae, Dryopteridoideae, Hypodematioideae, interrupted by stalk and stomium euphyll Lycophytes leaf gaps Polypodiales Lomariopsidoideae, Oleandroideae, Tectarioideae) protoxylem exarch Ferns (incl. horsetails) roots monopodial Eupolypods II: Aspleniaceae* 30-kb cp inversion Palmferns Ginkgo (incl. Asplenioideae, Athyrioideae, Blechnoideae, Ephedra Welwitschia Cystopteridoideae, Diplaziopsidoideae, Rhachidosoroideae, Gnetum Seed Gymnosperms Conifers Thelypteridoideae, Woodsioideae) Plants ANITA grade Pteridaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Magnoliids
Angiosperms Monocots Lindsaeaceae Lonchitidaceae
Fabids Cystodiaceae Saccolomataceae alvids Rosids M
Lamiids
ampanulids Asterids C
in ♀: whorls of individual megasporophylls
Euphyllophytes at trunk apex alternate with trophophylls
(no seed cones) pachycaulous; pinnate megaphylls Cycadaceae Cycas dioecious; males with pollen cones motile sperm cells released within ovule roots with N2-fixing cyanobacteria seed cones with 2[3] seeds per megasporophyll Bowenia Ceratozamia Chigua Dioon lignins with syringaldehydes Cycadales Zamiaceae Encephalartos Lepidozamia Macrozamia Microcycas Stangeria Zamia
spermatozoids released from dioecious; stout short shoots with branched pollen tube lvs flabelliform, dichotomously veined, deciduous ovules 2 (basal collar); cotyledons 2 acting as anchoring organ Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo
xeromorphic, lvs scale-like, sheathed, shed early Ginkgoales stems narrow, striate, photosynthetic seed cones: 1–3 ovules; double fertilization ovules/seeds not cotyledons 2 Ephedra enclosed by carpel Ephedraceae pollen tube haustorial primarily striate pollen caudex anemophilous binucleate sperm lvs 2 (straplike) life-long continuous growth primary endosperm dioecious venation parallel no bisexual strobili ♀ gametophyte tubes grow towards pollen tubes Welwitschia "Gnetales" ** Welwitschiaceae vessels porose ectomycorrhizal perforation lvs opposite, simple, broad, reticulate plates (angiosperm-like: convergence) laticifers Gnetaceae Gnetum
resin canals; lvs linear (needles) monoecious pollen mostly 2-saccate; ovules 2, inverted Abies Cathaya Cedrus Hesperopeuce seeds winged eustele Pinaceae Keteleeria Larix Nothotsuga Picea pollen Pinus Pseudolarix Pseudotsuga Tsuga pollen tube lvs broad to acicular heterospory pollen not saccate seeds seed cones large, disintegrate secondary growth cotyledons 2–4 Agathis Araucaria Wollemia Gymnosperms Araucariaceae Seed Plants P roots with nodules; dioecious i 1 ovule/scale, cone often one seeded Acmopyle Afrocarpus Dacrycarpus Dacrydium Falcatifolium receptacle fleshy; epimatium/carpidium fleshy Halocarpus Lagarostrobus Lepidothamnus Manoao n cotyledons 2 Podocarpaceae a Microcachrys Nageia Parasitaxus Pherosphaera Phyllocladus Podocarpus Prumnopitys Retrophyllum Saxegothaea l monoecious Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol. e lvs as scales; cladodes Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology ovules 7–9 Sciadopityaceae Sciadopitys Heidelberg University s Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 evergreen; pollen cones tiny, loss of spermatozoids D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany peltate microsporangiophores nucellar siphonogamy 1 ovule, 1 seed/cone, arillate cotyledons 2 Amentotaxus Austrotaxus Cephalotaxus Taxaceae Pseudotaxus Taxus Torreya Conifers
cone scales opposite monoecious Actinostrobus Athrotaxis Austrocedrus Callitris Spermatophytes
Prof. Dr. Hartmut H. Hilger (except Juniperus: dioecious) Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) lvs scale-like Calocedrus Chamaecyparis Cryptomeria Cunninghamia Institute of Biology – Plant Morphology and Systematics pollen not saccate; ovules 1–20 Cupressus Diselma Glyptostrobus Fitzroya Fokienia Freie Universität Berlin cotyledons many seed cones terminal Altensteinstr. 6 Cupressaceae Juniperus Libocedrus Metasequoia Neocallitropsis D-14195 Berlin, Germany Papuacedrus Pilgerodendron Platycladus ______• hypothetical tree based on molecular phylogenetic data (July 2016) Sequoia Sequoiadendron Taiwania Taxodium • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale Tetraclinis Thuja Thujopsis Widdringtonia Xanthocyparis • if a character is marked as being a potential synapomorphy at a node/for a clade, this does not mean that all members of that clade possess that character • References: Judd W et al. (2016); Simpson M (2010); Soltis DE et al. (2005/2011); Christenhusz MJM et al. (2011/2014); see also: bisexual flower; fruit (ovules enclosed by carpel) Stevens PF (2016) APweb – www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb loss of spermatozoids * Polypodiaceae (Eupolypods I) and Aspleniaceae (Eupolypods II) each considered pollen tube penetrating stigma/style/nucellus (penetrating siphonogamy) here sensu lato, i.e., comprising several subfamilies that in certain other vessels; pollenkitt; primarily zoophilous contemporary classifications are list as individual families ** the here presented sister relationship of Pinaceae to the Gnetaceae-Ephedraceae- double fertilization: triploid endosperm Angiosperms see Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster Welwitschiaceae clade ("Gnepine"), remaining controversial to date, places the latter within Pinales and thus Gnetales would not represent a separate order Angiosperm Tracheophyte Bryophyte Phylogeny Phylogeny Phylogeny Poster Poster Poster © The Authors (CC-BY) © The
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