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Mrs. Henry Wood's East Lynne and Advice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Academic year 2011-2012 Constructing Femininities: Mrs. Henry Wood’s East Lynne and Advice Manuals of the Nineteenth Century Master dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Master in Language and Literature: English-Spanish” by EMME LAMPENS Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Marysa Demoor Acknowledgements During my first three years as a student of English (and Spanish) at Ghent University both my interest in feminine and/or feminist topics and my interest in Victorian literature and culture were sparked. It was because of these interests that I was immediately intrigued by Dr. Marianne Van Remoortel’s suggestion to examine discourses of femininity and domesticity in Victorian (household) manuals written for a female audience. This suggested topic ultimately inspired my decision to write a Master dissertation about the representation and construction of femininity in both fictional and non-fictional nineteenth- century literary sources. The first words of thanks, thus, go to Dr. Marianne Van Remoortel, who inspired my research topic, and (as my earlier supervisor) also helped me to specify my subject of research and to locate (many of) my primary sources. Naturally, I would also like to express my gratitude to my current supervisor, Prof. Dr. Marysa Demoor, firstly, for advising me during both the research and writing processes of this study and, secondly, for revising my work. In addition, her guidance and expertise definitely made the task to conduct an extensive study easier. I would also like to thank Lenore Lampens, my sister and a student of English and Italian at Ghent University, and Veronique Dept, English teacher at Don Bosco College Zwijnaarde, who both proofread my dissertation. Finally, I am grateful to my parents, my sister and, especially, my boyfriend for providing love, encouragement and support during the more difficult moments of the past year. 30 July 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 I. HISTORY: THE FEMININE IDEAL IN VICTORIAN CULTURE ................................. 4 2. Mrs. Henry Wood: A Biographical Sketch ....................................................................... 4 3. The Sensation Novel .......................................................................................................... 9 3.1. Defining the Sensation Novel ..................................................................................... 9 3.2. The Historical Context of the Sensation Novel ........................................................ 11 3.3. The Reception of the Sensation Novel ...................................................................... 13 3.4. Rediscovering the Sensation Novel .......................................................................... 15 4. Nineteenth-Century Advice Manuals and Etiquette Books ............................................. 18 4.1. The History of Conduct Literature ............................................................................ 18 4.2. The Characteristics of (Nineteenth-Century) Conduct Literature ............................ 20 4.3. Defining the Feminine Ideal ..................................................................................... 24 II. ANALYSIS : CONSTRUCTING FEMININITIES ....................................................... 28 5. Domesticity ...................................................................................................................... 28 5.1. Idealizing Middle-Class Domesticity ....................................................................... 28 5.2. Opposing Middle-Class Domesticity ........................................................................ 33 6. Maternity ......................................................................................................................... 39 6.1. Debating Ideal Motherhood ...................................................................................... 39 6.2. Demonstrating the Importance of Motherhood ......................................................... 45 7. Morality ........................................................................................................................... 49 7.1. The Importance of Propriety ..................................................................................... 50 7.1.1. Propriety of Dress .............................................................................................. 50 7.1.2. Propriety of Affect ............................................................................................. 54 7.2. The Ambiguity of the Narration ............................................................................... 63 8. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 68 9. Appendices ..................................................................................................................... 75 10. Works Cited ................................................................................................................. 81 1. Introduction The Victorian age is well known for its creation of a strong domestic ideology, often called the “cult of domesticity.” 1 This domestic ideology is related to the Victorian age’s division of upper- and, especially, middle-class society into two separate (gender-related) spheres: a male, public (economic and political) sphere and a female, private (domestic) sphere. 2 The private or domestic sphere (in other words, the Victorian home) was idealized as the place of refuge from the chaos, pressure and decadence of the public sphere. 3 Since this blissful domestic sphere was ideally presided over by women, the Victorian period’s “cult of domesticity” also entailed the idealization and definition of proper femininity or true womanhood. During the Victorian period, the domestic ideology and its accompanying views on proper womanhood were included in and disseminated by several public sources such as conduct literature (advice manuals and etiquette books), periodicals (mainly women’s magazines and family magazines), and even fiction. Nineteenth-century conduct literature, especially the advice manuals written for a female readership, constitutes an important source of information about the Victorian age’s views on womanhood since its specific aim was to provide detailed information about all the duties properly pertaining to the female sex. Interestingly, fictional literary works (intentionally or unintentionally) often included information about the Victorian period’s ideals and habits as well. For instance, in A Literature of Their Own , Elaine Showalter indicates that “domestic realism” (or “domestic fiction”), a notable (early) nineteenth-century literary genre mainly written by and for women, typically served to demonstrate “ woman’s proper sphere.” 4 The aim of this dissertation is to examine the construction and portrayal of (ideal) femininity in both fictional and non-fictional nineteenth-century literary sources. This dissertation will, thus, be based on two sets of primary sources which will be related and compared to one another: the Oxford World’s Classics edition of Mrs. Henry Wood’s three-volume novel East Lynne (originally published between 1860 and 1861) and a selection of nineteenth-century advice manuals (and etiquette books). Mrs. Henry Wood’s sensation novel East Lynne constitutes an interesting subject of research for several reasons. Firstly, sensation fiction was a popular literary genre of the 1860s and 1870s that 1 Deborah Gorham: 4. 2 Gorham: 4. 3 Gorham: 4. 4 Elaine Showalter: 20. 1 was hugely influenced by “domestic fiction,” the early- to mid-nineteenth century women’s genre that typically demonstrated the proper roles and duties of women in the domestic sphere. Secondly, Mrs. Henry Wood’s fiction is often described as some sort of “domesticated sensationalism” because it typically mingles a rather careful sensational plot, a thoroughly domestic setting, and much elaborately-described domestic detail. 5 Thirdly, Mrs. Henry Wood’s fiction generally featured female protagonists and (consequently) mainly appealed to a female readership. In The ‘Improper’ Feminine , Lyn Pykett writes about East Lynne that it is “not only a feminine narrative, [but] also a narrative of femininity” because “[m]ost of the central characters are women” who each represent a certain feminine stereotype. 6 To sum up, East Lynne lends itself perfectly to an investigation into the construction and portrayal of femininity. Since the late twentieth century, both nineteenth-century conduct literature and nineteenth-century popular fictional genres, such as the sensation novel, have been gradually rediscovered by historians and literary critics. Interestingly, both genres have also drawn the attention of feminist scholars. With regard to conduct literature, Jacques Carré has indicated that gender studies have recently started to research its different forms in order to “assess the social and cultural effects of [its] prescribed patterns of femininity and masculinity.” 7 Since the late 1970s, the genre of the sensation novel has increasingly been considered as an interesting subject of research by feminist literary critics as well. 8 The huge interest of feminist scholars in nineteenth-century sensation novels is probably related to the fact that sensation novels were mainly written by
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