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An Introduction to the Atayal Language with a Focus on Its Morphosyntax (And Semantics)

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An Introduction to the Atayal Language with a Focus on Its Morphosyntax (And Semantics) An introduction to the Atayal language with a focus on its morphosyntax (and semantics) Sihwei Chen Academia Sinica Fu Jen Catholic University Sept 16th, 2019 1 / 35 the languages of the aboriginal/indigenous peoples of Taiwan_ I Which language family do Formosan languages belong to? Austronesian _• It has around 1,200 or so languages, probably the largest family among the 6,000 languages of the modern world. I What is the distribution of the Austronesian languages? Background to Formosan languages I What do Formosan languages refer to? 2 / 35 I Which language family do Formosan languages belong to? Austronesian _• It has around 1,200 or so languages, probably the largest family among the 6,000 languages of the modern world. I What is the distribution of the Austronesian languages? Background to Formosan languages I What do Formosan languages refer to? the languages of the aboriginal/indigenous peoples of Taiwan_ 2 / 35 Austronesian _• It has around 1,200 or so languages, probably the largest family among the 6,000 languages of the modern world. I What is the distribution of the Austronesian languages? Background to Formosan languages I What do Formosan languages refer to? the languages of the aboriginal/indigenous peoples of Taiwan_ I Which language family do Formosan languages belong to? 2 / 35 • It has around 1,200 or so languages, probably the largest family among the 6,000 languages of the modern world. I What is the distribution of the Austronesian languages? Background to Formosan languages I What do Formosan languages refer to? the languages of the aboriginal/indigenous peoples of Taiwan_ I Which language family do Formosan languages belong to? Austronesian _ 2 / 35 Background to Formosan languages I What do Formosan languages refer to? the languages of the aboriginal/indigenous peoples of Taiwan_ I Which language family do Formosan languages belong to? Austronesian _• It has around 1,200 or so languages, probably the largest family among the 6,000 languages of the modern world. I What is the distribution of the Austronesian languages? 2 / 35 Austronesian languages (east: Easter Island; west: Madagascar; south: New Zealand; north: Taiwan) www.oup.com/us/ohcl 3 / 35 Subgroups of the Austronesian languages www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austronesian.html 4 / 35 Taiwan: birthplace of Austronesian The AN family has been considered as descending from an ances- tor spoken in Taiwan 5500-6000 years ago because Formosan lan- guages show the greatest linguistic diversity among Austronesian languages. Subgrouping of Proto-Austronesian Proto-Austronesian Rukai Puyuma ... Atayal ... Malayo-Polynesian Western Central-Eastern Formosan languages (an areal name) 1 1Yami (Tao) is the only language that belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch (Batanic, Philippine), cf. proj1.sinica.edu.tw/ damta/ly02-3.html 5 / 35 Subgrouping of Proto-Austronesian Proto-Austronesian Rukai Puyuma ... Atayal ... Malayo-Polynesian Western Central-Eastern Formosan languages (an areal name) 1 Taiwan: birthplace of Austronesian The AN family has been considered as descending from an ances- tor spoken in Taiwan 5500-6000 years ago because Formosan lan- guages show the greatest linguistic diversity among Austronesian languages. 1Yami (Tao) is the only language that belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch (Batanic, Philippine), cf. proj1.sinica.edu.tw/ damta/ly02-3.html 5 / 35 The great diversity of Formosan languages (Li 2008) 6 / 35 List of the 16 Formosan languages www.oup.com/us/ohcl www.apc.gov.tw 7 / 35 Subgrouping of Formosan languages Blust (1999) 8 / 35 Subgrouping of Formosan languages Ross (2009) 8 / 35 Atayalic languages Proto-Austronesian Tsouic Rukai Puyuma ... Atayalic ... MP Atayal Seediq Squliq C'uli' Tgdaya Toda Truku2 2The Truku dialect spoken in Hualian was officially separated from the rest Seediq dialects in 2004 and became the 12th aboriginal language of Taiwan. 9 / 35 Officially recognized Atayalic languages and dialects 10 / 35 Officially recognized Atayalic languages and dialects 10 / 35 The distribution of Atayal Huang and Wu (2016) 11 / 35 Vowels and consonants 5 vowels: a e i o u 19 consonants: p b t k gqcshlrmn ng[ N]wxyz'[ P] papak `ear' qmalup `hunt' bazing `egg' kakay `foot, feet' gamil `root` ruku `umbrella' ngasal [Na.sal] 'house, home' qoli' [qo.liP] `mouse, mice' web.klokah.tw 12 / 35 Do you notice anything not yet mentioned from this set of data? Stress Stress falls on the last syllable. papak [pa.p´ak]`ear' qmalup [[email protected]´up]`hunt' bazing [ba.z´ıN] `egg' kakay [ka.k´ay]`foot, feet' gamil [ga.m´ıl]‘root` ruku [ru.k´u]`umbrella' ngasal [Na.s´al]'house, home' qoli' [qo.l´ıP] `mouse, mice' 13 / 35 Stress Stress falls on the last syllable. papak [pa.p´ak]`ear' qmalup [[email protected]´up]`hunt' bazing [ba.z´ıN] `egg' kakay [ka.k´ay]`foot, feet' gamil [ga.m´ıl]‘root` ruku [ru.k´u]`umbrella' ngasal [Na.s´al]'house, home' qoli' [qo.l´ıP] `mouse, mice' Do you notice anything not yet mentioned from this set of data? 13 / 35 I A schwa is epenthesized to separate consonant clusters: blaq [[email protected]] ghap [[email protected]] I Pre-penultimate vowels are consistently reduced to a schwa. huziq `wet' + -an `LV' = hziqan [[email protected]] biq `give' + -i `PV/LV.DEP' = biqi [bi.qi] Weak vowels3 ppshtoq `will cause something to fall off' 3They either surface as a schwa or an apical vowel homorganic to the preceding sibilant (Huang 2006:11). 14 / 35 Weak vowels3 ppshtoq `will cause something to fall off' I A schwa is epenthesized to separate consonant clusters: blaq [[email protected]] ghap [[email protected]] I Pre-penultimate vowels are consistently reduced to a schwa. huziq `wet' + -an `LV' = hziqan [[email protected]] biq `give' + -i `PV/LV.DEP' = biqi [bi.qi] 3They either surface as a schwa or an apical vowel homorganic to the preceding sibilant (Huang 2006:11). 14 / 35 Exercise kki'an `the place where someone lives' ggalan `will be taken for something' pinsbkan `the place where a stone splits/Atayal's birthplace' tciku' `shrink' mpsgagay `separate from each other' 15 / 35 Basic classification of words • simple words • complex words I affixation I reduplication I compounding I ... Can you think of examples in Mandarin Chinese for each class? Words and morphology There are many ways to form a word. I Morphology is the study of the structure of words. 16 / 35 Can you think of examples in Mandarin Chinese for each class? Words and morphology There are many ways to form a word. I Morphology is the study of the structure of words. Basic classification of words • simple words • complex words I affixation I reduplication I compounding I ... 16 / 35 Words and morphology There are many ways to form a word. I Morphology is the study of the structure of words. Basic classification of words • simple words • complex words I affixation I reduplication I compounding I ... Can you think of examples in Mandarin Chinese for each class? 16 / 35 Affixation in Atayal Identifying root and affix is the first step of understanding word composition. hinbyatan ) h-in-byat-an hbyat `pull out something' verb root -in- 'PST (past tense)' infix -an `LV (locative voice)' suffix minpahuw ) m-in-pahuw pahuw `break something' verb root -in- 'PST (past tense)' infix m- `AV (actor voice)' prefix 17 / 35 Affixation in Atayal k- bway `fruit' k-bway `to bear fruit' yamil `shoes' k-yamil `to wear shoes' 'ulay' 'Wulai' k-'ulay' `to come from Wulai' talah 'red' k-talah `to become red' babaw 'above' k-babaw `to go above something' kin- labang `wide' kin-labaang `width' krahu' `big' kin-krahu' `bigness' p- laqi' `child' p-laqi' `to give birth to a child' lukus `clothes' p-lukus `to wear clothes' tara' ‘fish net' p-tara' `to net fish with fish net' qaniq `to eat' p-qaniq `to feed someone' tucing `to hit someone' p-tucing `to hit each other' qalup `to hunt' p-qalup `hunter' 17 / 35 Affixation in Atayal t- s- k- p- suffixes -an c- infixes -in- prefixesa '- in-...-an l- lk- circumfixes kin-...-an -in-...-an pk- cin- pin- ... aSee Wu (2008) for the details. 17 / 35 Sentences and syntax Sentences are formed by words. Syntax is the study of how words form a sentence. I Word order I Voice/focus system I Case and pronouns 18 / 35 Word order Mandarin Chinese: ? English: ? Japanese: ? Atayal: ? 19 / 35 Atayal word order I (1) ms'su' balay qu Payan. quiet.av truly abs Payan `Payang is very quiet.' (2) cyux p-qaniq `laqi'=nya' i Ciwas. prog.dist caus-eat.av child=3sg.gen abs Ciwas `Ciwas is feeding her child.' (3) p-tah-un ni Umaw kwara' ngahi' qani. caus-grill-pv erg Umaw all sweet.potato this `Umaw will grill all these potatos.' Taken from: https://m-dictionary.apc.gov.tw 20 / 35 Atayal word order II (4) nyux=saku' mtquh. prog.prox=1sg.abs hurry.av `I am in a hurry.' (5) p-'agal=saku' pila' kira'. fut.av-take=1sg.abs money later.today `I will have money later.' (6) nyux=saku'=nya' p-ras-an patus. prog.prox=1sg.abs=3sg.erg caus-bring=lv gun `He allows me to bring a gun.' Taken from: https://m-dictionary.apc.gov.tw 21 / 35 Marking on verbs Mandarin Chinese: none English: person agreement; tense Other languages?? 22 / 35 Voice/focus 23 / 35 Voice/focus See Huang and Wu (2006). 23 / 35 Voice/focus All sentences are marked with voice/focus (but can be without aspect or tense). (7) a. (AUX) V+Actor-Focus (OBL) NOM b. (AUX) V+Non-Actor-Focus (OBL) GEN NOM PF/LF/CF (8) a.
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