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Amino Acids on Witness Coupons Collected from the ISAS/JAXA Curation Facility for the Assessment and Quality Control of the Haya

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Amino Acids on Witness Coupons Collected from the ISAS/JAXA Curation Facility for the Assessment and Quality Control of the Haya Sugahara et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2018) 70:194 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0965-7 TECHNICAL REPORT Open Access Amino acids on witness coupons collected from the ISAS/JAXA curation facility for the assessment and quality control of the Hayabusa2 sampling procedure Haruna Sugahara1,2* , Yoshinori Takano1, Yuzuru Karouji3, Kazuya Kumagai4, Toru Yada3, Naohiko Ohkouchi1, Masanao Abe3 and Hayabusa2 project team Abstract The Hayabusa2 mission aims to obtain pristine samples from a near-Earth carbonaceous-type (C-type) asteroid, 162173 Ryugu, and return them to Earth. One of the scientifc goals of the mission is to understand the origin and evolution of organic materials through the interactions between water and minerals in the early solar system. Thus, organic materials are the main focus of the analysis on the returned samples. The analysis of extraterrestrial organic materials, however, requires great care to avoid the introduction of terrestrial contaminants and artefacts to the sam- ples. To investigate the potential for contamination, we performed an assessment through the amino acid analysis of witness coupons that were exposed in a clean chamber in an Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA) curation room. In the study, the witness coupons were collected at difer- ent time periods, between 1 day and 1 month, to examine the accumulation rates of the contaminants. Seven com- mon terrestrial amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) were detected on the witness coupons. Among them, glycine was found to be most abundant, with the highest concen- tration of 10 pmol/cm2 detected on the day 7 witness coupon. Alanine was found in the next highest concentration, approximately one-third that of glycine. A time-dependent profle in terms of the increasing trend observed in the concentration from days 1 to 7 was found. The contaminants were considered to have multiple origins. Our results are similar to those reported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Johnson Space Center (NASA/JSC) OSIRIS-REx team, which indicates that the quality control against terrestrial contaminants in our facility is at the same quantitative level as in their facility. The knowledge obtained on the contaminants in this study will provide important information for the curation procedure of the Hayabusa2-returned samples. Keywords: Amino acid, Hayabusa2, Curation, Witness coupons, Quality control Introduction 2013). Te Hayabusa2 spacecraft is visiting a near-Earth Te Hayabusa2 mission is the second sample return carbonaceous-type (C-type) asteroid, 162173 Ryugu, mission from an asteroid undertaken by the Japan Aer- which was previously designated as 1999 JU­ 3, on a sam- ospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), following the suc- ple return mission (e.g. Tachibana et al. 2014; Okazaki cessful Hayabusa mission between 2003 and 2010 (e.g. et al. 2017; Sawada et al. 2017; Saiki et al. 2017; Watanabe Fujiwara et al. 2006; Kawaguchi et al. 2008; Tsuda et al. et al. 2017). C-type asteroids are considered to be related to carbonaceous chondrites that are rich in organic and volatile materials. Te scientifc goals of the Hayabusa2 *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), mission include an understanding of the “diversifcation Natsushima, Yokosuka 237‑0061, Japan of organic materials through interactions with minerals Full list of author information is available at the end of the article and water in a planetesimal (i.e. origin and evolution of © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Sugahara et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2018) 70:194 Page 2 of 10 volatile components in the early solar system and fnal Tus, it is important to be able to distinguish terrestrial state of organic matter and water prior to their delivery contaminants from other materials and investigate the to the rocky planets)” (Tachibana et al. 2014). Tus, the level of contamination, alongside improvements to lower investigation of the organic materials in the returned the level. samples is the principal aim of the Hayabusa2 mission. Te purpose of this study was to assess the level of Te analysis of pristine organic materials (e.g. the terrestrial organic contamination in the clean cham- chemical composition, isotopic signature, abundance ber of the curation room for the Hayabusa2 mission (cf. and morphology of the complex organic molecules) in the design of the Hayabusa2 sample container; Okazaki the returned samples requires great care with regard to et al. 2017; Sawada et al. 2017). We used witness coupons terrestrial contamination. Comprehensive and specifc made from aluminium foil to collect the contaminants management is essential to minimise the terrestrial con- in the curation room at the Institute of Space and Astro- tamination throughout the mission. In the frst Hayabusa nautical Science Japan/Aerospace Exploration Agency mission, a series of assessments on terrestrial contami- (ISAS/JAXA). To examine the accumulation rate, we col- nants were conducted at the Extraterrestrial Sample lected the coupons at diferent exposure times, ranging Curation Center (ESCuC) sample curation facility, for- from 1 day to 1 month. We analysed the concentrations merly called the Planetary Material Sample Curation of amino acids as an indicator of the contamination level. Facility (Yada et al. 2014). Te returned samples were Amino acids are suitable molecules to use as an indicator recovered from the sample container inside clean cham- because they are one of the targets of the Hayabusa2 mis- bers at the ESCuC. More than 800 particles on the ~ μm sion, due to their importance in the evolution of organic scale were analysed by feld-emission scanning electron molecules, as well as in the origins of life. However, their microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spec- terrestrial contamination is often present in the analysis troscopy (FE-SEM/EDS) and then classifed into four of extraterrestrial materials (e.g. carbonaceous chon- categories based on their chemical composition. Te cat- drites and interplanetary dust particles). Amino acids egory 1 and 2 particles (silicate particles) were confrmed are the building blocks that make up proteins, and they to be indigenous to the asteroid, but the category 3 par- exist everywhere in the terrestrial environment and can ticles, made up of carbonaceous materials, were deter- thus easily become incorporated into samples. Amino mined by a sequential analysis to be terrestrial or artefact acids were also used as a target species to track organic materials of multiple origins, (e.g. Ito et al. 2014; Uesugi contaminants in the OSIRIS-REx mission (Dworkin et al. et al. 2014; Yabuta et al. 2014; Kitajima et al. 2015; Nara- 2018). oka et al. 2015). Te frst sample return mission from a small body was the Stardust mission, led by NASA. Te mission Sampling Procedure succeeded in obtaining cometary grains from the 81P/ Profles of the cleanroom and clean chambers at ISAS/JAXA Wild 2 comet by capturing particles using an aerogel. In In 2008, the ESCuC was established for the reception and the mission, the team introduced the concept “witness curation of returned samples from extraterrestrial bod- coupons” for the assessment of the organic contamina- ies. It is mainly composed of four cleanrooms: the plan- tion throughout the mission. Te witness coupons were etary sample handling room (class 100–1000 in FedStd. aluminium or sapphire plates and aerogel tiles used to 209E), the electron microscope room (class 1000), the track the origins and routes of incorporation of the con- sample preparation room (class 1000) and the manufac- taminants found at each stage of the mission (e.g. the turing and machining room (class 10,000). Boron-free construction of the spacecraft, the fight and the recov- ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) flters are set up in all of ery of the sample) (Sandford et al. 2010). Te analysis of them, and they are equipped with flter fan units (FFUs). the witness coupons revealed that the aerogel used to Additionally, chemical flters for volatile organics, acids capture the cometary grains contained terrestrial con- and alkalis are present in the FFUs in the planetary sam- taminants. Tese contaminants were simple forms of ple handling room. carbon (mostly –CH3 groups) and ε-amino-n-caproic To handle the returned samples from the Hayabusa acid (EACA, NH2(CH2)5COOH). EACA is the hydrolysis mission, clean chambers (CCs) were installed in the plan- product of Nylon 6, and the source of the EACA in the etary sample handling room (Fig. 1a). Tey consist of aerogel was proposed to be from Nylon 6 that originated two parts: clean chambers No. 1 (CC1) and No. 2 (CC2). from a shipping bag (Elsila et al. 2009; Sandford et al. Tey are mainly made of stainless steel 304, quartz and 2010). Tese past sample return missions showed that tempered glass (only for CC2) for the viewports and trace levels of terrestrial contamination are inevitable, windows, Viton for the O-rings and gloves, and copper even when the best eforts are made to minimise them. for the gaskets. Tey are flled with nitrogen gas that is Sugahara et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2018) 70:194 Page 3 of 10 circulated using a gas purifer and ULPA flters that are CC2, all the gloves are folded and all the arm holes of the set into the introduction ports for the circulated nitrogen gloves are covered with stainless steal plates from outside gas.
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