DOCSLIB.ORG

Future Missions Related to the Determination of the Elemental And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Future Missions Related to the Determination of the Elemental And Future Missions related to the determination of the elemental and isotopic composition of Earth, Moon and the terrestrial planets Iannis Dandouras, Michel Blanc, Luca Fossati, Mikhail Gerasimov, Eike Guenther, Kristina Kislyakova, Helmut Lammer, Yangting Lin, Bernard Marty, Christian Mazelle, et al. To cite this version: Iannis Dandouras, Michel Blanc, Luca Fossati, Mikhail Gerasimov, Eike Guenther, et al.. Future Missions related to the determination of the elemental and isotopic composition of Earth, Moon and the terrestrial planets. Journal Space Science Reviews, 2020, Space Science Reviews, 10.1007/s11214- 020-00736-0. hal-02930740 HAL Id: hal-02930740 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02930740 Submitted on 4 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Future Missions 1 Chapter 12 2 3 Future Missions related to the determination of the elemental and isotopic 4 composition of Earth, Moon and the terrestrial planets 5 1 1 2 3 6 Iannis Dandouras , Michel Blanc , Luca Fossati , Mikhail Gerasimov , Eike W. 4 2,5 2 6 7 Guenther , Kristina G. Kislyakova , Helmut Lammer , Yangting Lin , Bernard 7 1 8 2 9 8 Marty , Christian Mazelle , Sarah Rugheimer , Manuel Scherf , Christophe Sotin , 2,10 11 12 13 9 Laurenz Sproß , Shogo Tachibana , Peter Wurz , Masatoshi Yamauchi 1 10 Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse / CNRS / 11 UPS / CNES, Toulouse, France 2 12 Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria 3 13 Space Research Institute of RAS (IKI), Moscow, Russia 4 14 Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany 5 15 Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 6 16 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 7 17 Nancy Université, Nancy, France 8 18 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK 9 19 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Pasadena, CA, USA 10 20 Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 11 21 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 12 22 University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut, Bern, Switzerland 13 23 Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden 24 Corresponding author: Iannis Dandouras ([email protected]) 25 Key Point: 26 • Future missions will strongly contribute to our understanding of planetary evolution 27 1 Future Missions 28 Abstract 29 In this chapter, we review the contribution of space missions to the determination of the 30 elemental and isotopic composition of Earth, Moon and the terrestrial planets, with special 31 emphasis on currently planned and future missions. We show how these missions are going 32 to significantly contribute to, or sometimes revolutionise, our understanding of planetary 33 evolution, from formation to the possible emergence of life. We start with the Earth, which is 34 a unique habitable body with actual life, and that is strongly related to its atmosphere. The 35 new wave of missions to the Moon is then reviewed, which are going to study its formation 36 history, the structure and dynamics of its tenuous exosphere and the interaction of the Moon’s 37 surface and exosphere with the different sources of plasma and radiation of its environment, 38 including the solar wind and the escaping Earth’s upper atmosphere. Missions to study the 39 noble gas atmospheres of the terrestrial planets, Venus and Mars, are then examined. These 40 missions are expected to trace the evolutionary paths of these two noble gas atmospheres, 41 with a special emphasis on understanding the effect of atmospheric escape on the fate of 42 water. Future missions to these planets will be key to help us establishing a comparative view 43 of the evolution of climates and habitability at Earth, Venus and Mars, one of the most 44 important and challenging open questions of planetary science. Finally, as the detection and 45 characterisation of exoplanets is currently revolutionising the scope of planetary science, we 46 review the missions aiming to characterise the internal structure and the atmospheres of these 47 exoplanets. 48 12.1. INTRODUCTION 49 The previous chapters of this topical series presented in considerable detail what we 50 know on the way the evolution of a planet and its atmosphere, from formation to the possible 51 emergence of habitable worlds, influences its elemental, chemical and isotopic composition. 52 Indeed, the chemical and isotopic composition of the different constituents of a planet are 53 shaped by initial conditions such as the composition and activity of its host star (Güdel, 2020) 54 and the structure and composition of the circumstellar nebula out of which it was born 55 (Bermingham et al., 2020). In the course of its evolution, each planetary atmosphere is fed by 56 additional material from its space environment and from the planet’s degassing interior 57 (Stüeken et al., 2020) while a fraction of its atmospheric chemical elements escape to outer 58 space (Lammer et al., 2020a). A quantitative assessment of the effects of these mechanisms 59 can be partly constrained in the chemical and isotopic composition of the different planetary 60 layers, among them its atmosphere, and in the meteorite record (e.g., O’Neil et al., 2020) 61 where they can be most easily measured. These measurements provide constraints on the 62 formation history of Earth, Moon and the terrestrial planets (Lammer et al., 2020b), on the 63 evolution of planetary atmospheres (Avice and Marty, 2020; Stüeken et al., 2020) and on their 64 current composition (Scherf et al., 2020). Last but not least, when life emerges, like on Earth, 65 it also leaves a strong imprint on the planet’s composition (Lloyd et al., 2020). 66 In this article, we review the contribution of space missions to Earth, Moon and the 67 terrestrial planets, to the determination of their elemental and isotopic composition, with 68 special emphasis on currently planned and future missions. We show how these missions are 69 going to strongly contribute to, or sometimes revolutionise, our understanding of planetary 70 evolution, from formation to the possible emergence of life. Our scope is not to provide an 71 exhaustive list of missions, but to highlight some missions to the inner planets of our Solar 72 System addressing these objectives, and then to expand our review to missions aiming to 73 characterise planets around other stars. 2 Future Missions 74 We start this review with missions to the Earth-Moon system (section 12.2). Building 75 on the legacy of Apollo and of several other important missions to the Moon, we review the 76 current plans for a new wave of Moon missions from a broad range of countries and from the 77 public and private spheres. These missions, combining orbiter and lander elements, are aimed 78 at studying the formation history of the Moon, the structure and dynamics of its tenuous 79 exosphere, and the interaction of the Moon’s surface and exosphere with the different sources 80 of plasma and radiation of its environment, including the solar wind and the escaping Earth’s 81 upper atmosphere. We also review the current plans for missions in Earth orbit that will help 82 better quantify the atmospheric losses processes and also their effects on the Earth’s upper 83 atmosphere and magnetosphere. 84 In section 12.3 we review past studies and current plans to use noble gases in the 85 atmospheres of the terrestrial planets, Venus and Mars, to trace the evolutionary paths of 86 these atmospheres, with a special emphasis on understanding the effect of atmospheric escape 87 on the fate of water. Future missions to these planets will be key to help us establish a 88 comparative view of the evolution of climates and habitability at Earth Venus and Mars, one 89 of the most important and challenging open questions of planetary science. In a similar way, 90 past (Messenger) and current (BepiColombo) missions to Mercury are expected to provide a 91 new view of the bulk and exosphere composition of this planet, the only example of a hot 92 close-in terrestrial planet in our Solar System. 93 While remote sensing and in situ measurements are expected to provide new insights 94 into these questions, return of samples of surface, sub-surface and atmospheres to our Earth 95 laboratories is the most promising perspective to write an accurate evolutionary history of 96 terrestrial planets, as illustrated by the outstanding scientific legacy of the Apollo and 97 Lunakhod programs. Future, currently planned sample return missions to the Moon (sections 98 12.2.2.2 and 12.2.2.3) will give us access to the broad diversity of Moon terrains, spanning 99 their different ages. They raise the hope of a far better understanding of the formation history 100 of the Earth-Moon system and of a comprehensive inventory of the Moon’s mineral and 101 water resources. At Mars, sample return is the pillar of future exploration, bearing our hope to 102 detect possible traces of extinct or extant life on the Red Planet (section 12.3.2). Sample 103 return from asteroids and comets, as the currently operating Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-Rex 104 (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer) 105 missions, will in parallel provide unique constraints on the initial composition of the building 106 blocks of terrestrial planets and on their sources of water (section 12.4).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
    On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Martin Rubin, Cécile Engrand, Colin Snodgrass, Paul Weissman, Kathrin Altwegg, Henner Busemann, Alessandro Morbidelli, Michael Mumma To cite this version: Martin Rubin, Cécile Engrand, Colin Snodgrass, Paul Weissman, Kathrin Altwegg, et al.. On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Space Sci.Rev., 2020, 216 (5), pp.102. 10.1007/s11214-020-00718-2. hal-02911974 HAL Id: hal-02911974 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02911974 Submitted on 9 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Space Sci Rev (2020) 216:102 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00718-2 On the Origin and Evolution of the Material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Martin Rubin1 · Cécile Engrand2 · Colin Snodgrass3 · Paul Weissman4 · Kathrin Altwegg1 · Henner Busemann5 · Alessandro Morbidelli6 · Michael Mumma7 Received: 9 September 2019 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 / Published online: 30 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Primitive objects like comets hold important information on the material that formed our solar system. Several comets have been visited by spacecraft and many more have been observed through Earth- and space-based telescopes.
    [Show full text]
  • New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period
    Hayabusa2 Extended Mission: New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period M. Hirabayashi1, Y. Mimasu2, N. Sakatani3, S. Watanabe4, Y. Tsuda2, T. Saiki2, S. Kikuchi2, T. Kouyama5, M. Yoshikawa2, S. Tanaka2, S. Nakazawa2, Y. Takei2, F. Terui2, H. Takeuchi2, A. Fujii2, T. Iwata2, K. Tsumura6, S. Matsuura7, Y. Shimaki2, S. Urakawa8, Y. Ishibashi9, S. Hasegawa2, M. Ishiguro10, D. Kuroda11, S. Okumura8, S. Sugita12, T. Okada2, S. Kameda3, S. Kamata13, A. Higuchi14, H. Senshu15, H. Noda16, K. Matsumoto16, R. Suetsugu17, T. Hirai15, K. Kitazato18, D. Farnocchia19, S.P. Naidu19, D.J. Tholen20, C.W. Hergenrother21, R.J. Whiteley22, N. A. Moskovitz23, P.A. Abell24, and the Hayabusa2 extended mission study group. 1Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA ([email protected]) 2Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan 3Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan 4Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan 5National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan 6Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan 7Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan 8Japan Spaceguard Association, Okayama, Japan 9Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan 10Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 11Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 12University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 13Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan 14University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan 15Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan 16National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Iwate, Japan 17National Institute of Technology, Oshima College, Yamaguchi, Japan 18University of Aizu, Fukushima, Japan 19Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 20University of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA 21University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 22Asgard Research, Denver, CO, USA 23Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA 24NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA 1 Highlights 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Planetary Phase Variations of the 55 Cancri System
    The Astrophysical Journal, 740:61 (7pp), 2011 October 20 doi:10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/61 C 2011. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. PLANETARY PHASE VARIATIONS OF THE 55 CANCRI SYSTEM Stephen R. Kane1, Dawn M. Gelino1, David R. Ciardi1, Diana Dragomir1,2, and Kaspar von Braun1 1 NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech, MS 100-22, 770 South Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada Received 2011 May 6; accepted 2011 July 21; published 2011 September 29 ABSTRACT Characterization of the composition, surface properties, and atmospheric conditions of exoplanets is a rapidly progressing field as the data to study such aspects become more accessible. Bright targets, such as the multi-planet 55 Cancri system, allow an opportunity to achieve high signal-to-noise for the detection of photometric phase variations to constrain the planetary albedos. The recent discovery that innermost planet, 55 Cancri e, transits the host star introduces new prospects for studying this system. Here we calculate photometric phase curves at optical wavelengths for the system with varying assumptions for the surface and atmospheric properties of 55 Cancri e. We show that the large differences in geometric albedo allows one to distinguish between various surface models, that the scattering phase function cannot be constrained with foreseeable data, and that planet b will contribute significantly to the phase variation, depending upon the surface of planet e. We discuss detection limits and how these models may be used with future instrumentation to further characterize these planets and distinguish between various assumptions regarding surface conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ices on Mercury: Chemistry of Volatiles in Permanently Cold Areas of Mercury’S North Polar Region
    Icarus 281 (2017) 19–31 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Ices on Mercury: Chemistry of volatiles in permanently cold areas of Mercury’s north polar region ∗ M.L. Delitsky a, , D.A. Paige b, M.A. Siegler c, E.R. Harju b,f, D. Schriver b, R.E. Johnson d, P. Travnicek e a California Specialty Engineering, Pasadena, CA b Dept of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA c Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ d Dept of Engineering Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA e Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA f Pasadena City College, Pasadena, CA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Observations by the MESSENGER spacecraft during its flyby and orbital observations of Mercury in 2008– Received 3 January 2016 2015 indicated the presence of cold icy materials hiding in permanently-shadowed craters in Mercury’s Revised 29 July 2016 north polar region. These icy condensed volatiles are thought to be composed of water ice and frozen Accepted 2 August 2016 organics that can persist over long geologic timescales and evolve under the influence of the Mercury Available online 4 August 2016 space environment. Polar ices never see solar photons because at such high latitudes, sunlight cannot Keywords: reach over the crater rims. The craters maintain a permanently cold environment for the ices to persist. Mercury surface ices magnetospheres However, the magnetosphere will supply a beam of ions and electrons that can reach the frozen volatiles radiolysis and induce ice chemistry.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Science Society Annual Meeting San Diego, California 15-18 November 2012
    History of Science Society Annual Meeting San Diego, California 15-18 November 2012 Session Abstracts Alphabetized by Session Title. Abstracts only available for organized sessions. Agricultural Sciences in Modern East Asia Abstract: Agriculture has more significance than the production of capital along. The cultivation of rice by men and the weaving of silk by women have been long regarded as the two foundational pillars of the civilization. However, agricultural activities in East Asia, having been built around such iconic relationships, came under great questioning and processes of negation during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as people began to embrace Western science and technology in order to survive. And yet, amongst many sub-disciplines of science and technology, a particular vein of agricultural science emerged out of technological and scientific practices of agriculture in ways that were integral to East Asian governance and political economy. What did it mean for indigenous people to learn and practice new agricultural sciences in their respective contexts? With this border-crossing theme, this panel seeks to identify and question the commonalities and differences in the political complication of agricultural sciences in modern East Asia. Lavelle’s paper explores that agricultural experimentation practiced by Qing agrarian scholars circulated new ideas to wider audience, regardless of literacy. Onaga’s paper traces Japanese sericultural scientists who adapted hybridization science to the Japanese context at the turn of the twentieth century. Lee’s paper investigates Chinese agricultural scientists’ efforts to deal with the question of rice quality in the 1930s. American Motherhood at the Intersection of Nature and Science, 1945-1975 Abstract: This panel explores how scientific and popular ideas about “the natural” and motherhood have impacted the construction and experience of maternal identities and practices in 20th century America.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Hayabusa2 Mission and Asteroid 162173 Ryugu
    Asteroid Science 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2189) 2086.pdf AN OVERVIEW OF HAYABUSA2 MISSION AND ASTEROID 162173 RYUGU. S. Watanabe1,2, M. Hira- bayashi3, N. Hirata4, N. Hirata5, M. Yoshikawa2, S. Tanaka2, S. Sugita6, K. Kitazato4, T. Okada2, N. Namiki7, S. Tachibana6,2, M. Arakawa5, H. Ikeda8, T. Morota6,1, K. Sugiura9,1, H. Kobayashi1, T. Saiki2, Y. Tsuda2, and Haya- busa2 Joint Science Team10, 1Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan ([email protected]), 2Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Japan, 3Auburn University, U.S.A., 4University of Aizu, Japan, 5Kobe University, Japan, 6University of Tokyo, Japan, 7National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Japan, 8Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Japan, 9Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, 10Hayabusa2 Project Summary: The Hayabusa2 mission reveals the na- Combined with the rotational motion of the asteroid, ture of a carbonaceous asteroid through a combination global surveys of Ryugu were conducted several times of remote-sensing observations, in situ surface meas- from ~20 km above the sub-Earth point (SEP), includ- urements by rovers and a lander, an active impact ex- ing global mapping from ONC-T (Fig. 1) and TIR, and periment, and analyses of samples returned to Earth. scan mapping from NIRS3 and LIDAR. Descent ob- Introduction: Asteroids are fossils of planetesi- servations covering the equatorial zone were performed mals, building blocks of planetary formation. In partic- from 3-7 km altitudes above SEP. Off-SEP observa- ular carbonaceous asteroids (or C-complex asteroids) tions of the polar regions were also conducted. Based are expected to have keys identifying the material mix- on these observations, we constructed two types of the ing in the early Solar System and deciphering the global shape models (using the Structure-from-Motion origin of water and organic materials on Earth [1].
    [Show full text]
  • The 1761 Transit of Venus and Hell's Transition to Fame
    Chapter 3 A New Node of Science in Action: The 1761 Transit of Venus and Hell’s Transition to Fame I reckon there is no one interested in astronomy who does not wait impa- tiently to learn what was observed during the recent meeting of Venus with the Sun, especially since there is no other encounter between celes- tial bodies from which we are able to ascertain with a greater degree of exactness the still unknown, or not yet sufficiently well defined, paral- laxes of the Sun and Venus. Eustachio Zanotti 17611 1 A Golden Opportunity The above assessment of Hell’s Bolognese colleague Eustachio Zanotti could hardly have been more to the point. The passage (or transit) of Venus in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth is a rare astronomical phenomenon: it comes in pairs separated by eight years, after which it does not take place for more than a whole century. The first transit of Venus observed by means of astro- nomical equipment was in 1639. Since then, transits of Venus have occurred in the years 1761 and 1769, 1874 and 1882, and 2004 and 2012—but they will not happen again until 2117 and 2125. The 1639 transit of Venus made no immediate impact and (as far is known) was only observed by two amateur astronomers in the English countryside.2 By contrast, the pre-calculated transits of 1761 and 1 Eustachio Zanotti, De Veneris ac Solis Congressu Observatio habita in Astronomico Specula Bononiensis Scientiarum Instituti Die 5 Junii mdcclxi (Bologna: Laelii e Vulpe, 1761), 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Origen Y Evolución
    1 2 Manuel Riveira Porta VIDA EXTRATERRESTRE Curso de Astrobiología Grupo de Astrobiología Agrupación Astronómica de Madrid Marzo de 2015 Portada: Vía Láctea Fotografía de Antonio Sánchez Agrupación Astronómica de Madrid 3 4 ÍNDICE Prólogo 9 1. Introducción 11 2. Desde el Big Bang hasta los elementos químicos 15 Origen del universo 15 Formación de las galaxias 16 Formación de las estrellas 18 Objeción de Maxwell 22 Estrellas: fábricas de los elementos químicos 23 Supernovas: formación de los elementos más pesados que el hierro 25 Nubes moleculares 25 Origen de los elementos químicos: resumen 26 3. Formación de los sistemas planetarios 29 Estructura de los discos protoplanetarios 30 Formación y evolución de los gigantes gaseosos 31 Formación de los planetas rocosos o terrestres 32 Metalicidad 33 Migraciones planetarias 34 Evidencias de las migraciones planetarias 35 Particularidades del Sistema Solar 36 Bombardeo Intenso Tardío (BIT) 37 Dataciones del Sistema Solar 38 Futuro del Sistema Solar 38 4. La Tierra: planeta “vivo” 43 ¿Cómo transcurre el tiempo? 43 Edades de la Tierra 44 La Tierra: su lugar en el Sistema Solar 46 Tierra “sólida”. Estructura dinámica 46 Temperatura interior de la Tierra 46 Capas composicionales 47 Campo magnético terrestre 49 Tectónica de placas 50 Ciclo del carbono 53 Ciclo carbonatos-silicatos 54 Efecto invernadero 54 Regulación de la temperatura del planeta 56 Historia evolutiva de la Tierra 56 Tierra sólida 57 Formaciones de hierro bandeado (BIF) 55 Súpercontinentes 59 5 Formación y fragmentación de Pangea 60 Grandes glaciaciones 61 Atmósfera 62 Historia del oxígeno 63 Atmósfera actual, capas 65 Funciones biológicas de la atmósfera 66 Hidrosfera 66 Origen del agua en la Tierra 67 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Gao-21-330, Nasa Lunar Programs
    Report to Congressional Committees May 2021 NASA LUNAR PROGRAMS Significant Work Remains, Underscoring Challenges to Achieving Moon Landing in 2024 GAO-21-330 May 2021 NASA LUNAR PROGRAMS Significant Work Remains, Underscoring Challenges to Achieving Moon Landing in 2024 Highlights of GAO-21-330, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found In March 2019, the White House The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has initiated eight directed NASA to accelerate its plans lunar programs since 2017 to help NASA achieve its goal of returning humans to for a lunar landing by 4 years, to 2024. the Moon. NASA plans to conduct this mission, known as Artemis III, in 2024. Accomplishing this goal will require NASA has made progress by completing some early lunar program development extensive coordination across lunar activities including initial contract awards, but an ambitious schedule decreases programs and contractors to ensure the likelihood of NASA achieving its goal. For example, NASA’s planned pace to systems operate together seamlessly develop a Human Landing System, shown below, is months faster than other and safely. In December 2019, GAO spaceflight programs, and a lander is inherently more complex because it found that NASA had begun making supports human spaceflight. decisions related to requirements, cost, and schedule for individual lunar Notional Human Landing System programs but was behind in taking these steps for the Artemis III mission. The House Committee on Appropriations included a provision in 2018 for GAO to review NASA’s proposed lunar-focused programs. This is the second such report.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography from ADS File: Gingerich.Bib June 27, 2021 1
    Bibliography from ADS file: gingerich.bib Gingerich, O., “Year of astronomy: Mankind’s place in the Universe”, August 16, 2021 2009Natur.457...28G ADS Gingerich, O., “Book Review: Mikołaj Kopernik Dzieła Wszystkie, iii”, 2008JHA....39..416G ADS Gingerich, O., “The Role of Ephemerides from Ptolemy to Kepler”, Gingerich, O., “Not so amateur”, 2008Natur.453..156G ADS 2017ASSP...50...17G ADS Gingerich, O.: 2007a, Revisiting The Fitness of the Environment, 20 Gingerich, O., “Book Review: The Abridged Almagest”, 2007fcl..book...20G ADS 2016JHA....47..448G ADS Gingerich, O., “Publish or Perish: The Case of Thomas Harriot”, Gingerich, O.: 2016b, Copernicus: A Very Short Introduction 2007AAS...211.3401G ADS 2016cvsi.book.....G ADS Gingerich, O., “Quests of a theoretical astronomer”, 2007Natur.450..480G Gingerich, O., “Book Review: Longitude for the Coffee Table”, ADS 2016JHA....47..224G ADS Gingerich, O., “Book review: Heinrich Rantzau und die Astrologie / Disqui- Gingerich, O., “Letter: On Galileo and the Moon”, 2016JRASC.110...95G sitiones Historiae Scientiarum, Braunschweiger Beiträge zur Wissenschafts- ADS geschichte, Band 2; Braunschweig, 318 pp., 2004, ISBN 3-927939-65-X.”, Gingerich, O., “Book Review: Studien zur ”Sphaera’ des Johannes de Sacro- 2007JHA....38..510G ADS bosco”, 2015JHA....46..101G ADS Gingerich, O., “Gutenberg’s Gift”, 2007ASPC..377..319G ADS Pasachoff, J. M., Needham, P. S., Wright, E. T., & Gingerich, O., “Recreating Gingerich, O., “Book Review: le Conflit Entre L’astronomie Nouvelle et Galileo’s 1609 Discovery of Lunar Mountains”,
    [Show full text]
  • Arecibo Radar Observations of 14 High-Priority Near-Earth Asteroids in CY2020 and January 2021 Patrick A
    Arecibo Radar Observations of 14 High-Priority Near-Earth Asteroids in CY2020 and January 2021 Patrick A. Taylor (LPI, USRA), Anne K. Virkki, Flaviane C.F. Venditti, Sean E. Marshall, Dylan C. Hickson, Luisa F. Zambrano-Marin (Arecibo Observatory, UCF), Edgard G. Rivera-Valent´ın, Sriram S. Bhiravarasu, Betzaida Aponte-Hernandez (LPI, USRA), Michael C. Nolan, Ellen S. Howell (U. Arizona), Tracy M. Becker (SwRI), Jon D. Giorgini, Lance A. M. Benner, Marina Brozovic, Shantanu P. Naidu (JPL), Michael W. Busch (SETI), Jean-Luc Margot, Sanjana Prabhu Desai (UCLA), Agata Rozek˙ (U. Kent), Mary L. Hinkle (UCF), Michael K. Shepard (Bloomsburg U.), and Christopher Magri (U. Maine) Summary We propose the continuation of the long-running project R3037 to physically and dynamically characterize the population of near-Earth asteroids with the Arecibo S-band (2380 MHz; 12.6 cm) planetary radar system. The objectives of project R3037 are to: (1) collect high-resolution radar images of and (2) report ultra-precise radar astrometry for the strongest predicted radar targets for the 2020 calendar year plus early January 2021. Such images will be used for three-dimensional shape modeling as the data sets allow. These observations will be carried out as part of the NASA- funded Arecibo planetary radar program, Grant No. 80NSSC19K0523, to PI Anne Virkki (Arecibo Observatory, University of Central Florida) with Patrick Taylor as Institutional PI at the Lunar and Planetary Institute (Universities Space Research Association). Background Radar is arguably the most powerful Earth-based technique for post-discovery physical and dynamical characterization of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and plays a crucial role in the nation’s planetary defense initiatives led through the NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is an Electronic Reprint of the Original Article. This Reprint May Differ from the Original in Pagination and Typographic Detail
    This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Author(s): Sterken, Christiaan; Aspaas, Per Pippin; Dunér, David; Kontler, László; Neul, Reinhard; Pekonen, Osmo; Posch, Thomas Title: A voyage to Vardø - A scientific account of an unscientific expedition Year: 2013 Version: Please cite the original version: Sterken, C., Aspaas, P. P., Dunér, D., Kontler, L., Neul, R., Pekonen, O., & Posch, T. (2013). A voyage to Vardø - A scientific account of an unscientific expedition. The Journal of Astronomical Data, 19(1), 203-232. http://www.vub.ac.be/STER/JAD/JAD19/jad19.htm All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. MEETING VENUS C. Sterken, P. P. Aspaas (Eds.) The Journal of Astronomical Data 19, 1, 2013 A Voyage to Vardø. A Scientific Account of an Unscientific Expedition Christiaan Sterken1, Per Pippin Aspaas,2 David Dun´er,3,4 L´aszl´oKontler,5 Reinhard Neul,6 Osmo Pekonen,7 and Thomas Posch8 1Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium 2University of Tromsø, Norway 3History of Science and Ideas, Lund University, Sweden 4Centre for Cognitive Semiotics, Lund University, Sweden 5Central European University, Budapest, Hungary 6Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany 7University of Jyv¨askyl¨a, Finland 8Institut f¨ur Astronomie, University of Vienna, Austria Abstract.
    [Show full text]