Une Revue Critique De L'histoire Et De La Littérature Sur L'institutionnalisation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Une Revue Critique De L'histoire Et De La Littérature Sur L'institutionnalisation Mémoire Projet ÉTIC Une revue critique de l’histoire et de la littérature sur l’institutionnalisation d’Internet Nicolas Adam Centre Études internationales et Mondialisation JUIN 2008 Institut d’études internationales de Montréal Université du Québec à Montréal C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8 Tel : (514) 987 3000 # 3910 http://www.ceim.uqam.ca Adam, Nicolas (2008), Normativités et Institutionnalisation d’internet, Mémoire soumis à Michèle Rioux en tant qu’exigence partielle pour l’obtention d’une Maîtrise en Relation Internationale (UQAM) 2 Table des matières Une revue critique de l’histoire et de la littérature sur l’institutionnalisation d’Internet................................................................................1 Une revue critique de l’histoire et de la littérature sur l’institutionnalisation d’Internet................................................................................3 Institutionnalisation et Internet comme objet d’étude............ 14 Sujet divisé : Institutionnalisation et revue critique de la littérature et de l’histoire politique d’Internet...................................................28 Chapitre 2― Internet : L’objet Technologique....................... 33 Internet..................................................................36 DNS et WWW ..........................................................40 Internet: La technologie et ses principes normatifs.............. 46 Chapitre 3 ― Objet Politique 1.0 : Coordination et Standards.... 53 Un « Conseil des aînés », un « grassroot movement », et un dinosaure international.....................................................................54 Institutionnalisation 1.0: Internet SOCiety (ISOC) ................59 Chapitre 4 ― Internet: Objet d’Économie Politique................. 62 Zone racine (pré-ICANN) : autorité diffuse........................ 65 DNS et relations internationales : ccTLDs .........................67 Gestion de l’allocation de l’espace nominal, deux « autorités » : IANA et InterNIC..........................................................................68 Noms de domaines : Objet commercial............................70 Noms de domaines: Source de revenus...........................72 “DNS Wars” ............................................................74 Chapitre 5 ― Internet : L’objet légal...................................79 Cyberespace ..........................................................80 Cyber-libertarianisme ................................................81 Territorialité et Cyberespace : « Traditionnalisme » et « cyber- séparatisme »...................................................................85 Chapitre 6 ― Objet politique 2.0: Conflits sur les arrangements institutionnels, Innovations institutionnelles et controverses............... 95 Négociations d’un arrangement institutionnel : appropriation de la Zone Racine............................................................................96 Des prescriptions d’arrangements institutionnels : le temps des coalitions.......................................................................105 Green Paper, White paper, IFWP et l’élargissement du dialogue114 Chapitre 7 ― Conclusion: L’objet (d’étude) politique 3.0......... 132 “Commons school of thought” et “Decentralised school of thought” ...................................................................................135 Cultures techno-politiques..........................................139 Bibliographie............................................................ 146 Brousseau, Éric (2005), “Multilevel Governance of the Digital Space: Does a “second ranK” Institutional FrameworK exist?”, in Éric Brousseau & Nicolas Curien (dir), Internet and Digital Economics : Principles, Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, pp. 617-649......................................149 Adam, Nicolas (2008), Normativités et Institutionnalisation d’internet, Mémoire 3 Une revue critique de l’histoire et de la littérature sur l’institutionnalisation d’Internet Résumé Ce mémoire est une revue historique critique de la formation d’ICANN, dont l’aspect critique a trait à l’identification des normativités agissantes dans les processus d’institutionnalisation. En refusant de considérer la gouvernance d’Internet comme un mode de coordination spécifique ― basé sur la continuité du dialogue entre agents indépendants, l’allocation des ressources pour le développement de projets mutuels bénéfiques, et la gestion des conflits qui y sont inévitables ― l’on découvre dans la sphère politique conflictuelle autour de la formation de ICANN que les systèmes de justification liés aux institutions possibles sont les protagonistes véritables de l’histoire. Bien que les sciences sociales ne disposent d’aucune théorie politique générale des normativités qui expliquerait quelques-unes des continuités et transformations de la société politique en représentant la manière dont les principes normatifs influent sur (ou sont instrumentalisés par) les agents, la revue historique découvre à travers la littérature que des visions normatives, concurrentes sur plusieurs dimensions, informent les conflits et tensions de la négociation globale (permanente) pour l’établissement d’un arrangement institutionnel pour Internet. Puisant support dans les positions ontologiques des institutionnalismes dits « hybride » (rationaliste/cognitiviste), cette revue historique concentre son attention sur les éléments constitutifs des visions normatives concurrentes. C'est-à-dire que les principes normatifs promus et contestés par les agents de même que par la technologie informent la recherche et la narration historique. Le parcours est thématique ce qui permet de rendre compte de la globalité de l’espace social et politique Internet. Internet comme objet technologique, objet d’économie politique et objet légal suscite diverses dimensions normatives conflictuelles qui témoignent de l’élargissement des parties prenantes impliquées et informent les luttes qui s’y déploient en tant qu’objet politique. Bien que la narration ne soit pas analytique, elle éclaire la période conflictuelle de formation de ICANN sous un angle novateur, tout en contribuant à la mise sur pied de données normatives desquelles pourront se développer des avenues d’agrégation au sein d’une théorie générale. Elle ouvre notamment la possibilité de lier analytiquement les principes normatifs aux processus dynamiques et stratégiques de formation de coalitions dans un modèle spatial multidimensionnel caractérisé par l’incertitude cognitive. Mots clés : visions normatives de gouvernance ― institutionnalisation ― principes normatifs ― gouvernance d’Internet ― politique globale ― ICANN ― DNS ― Adam, Nicolas (2008), Normativités et Institutionnalisation d’internet, Mémoire 4 Chapitre 1 ― Introduction Au moins depuis Thomas Hobbes, si ce n’est encore plus loin, le « problème » de l’ordre social fut une préoccupation majeure des théoriciens. L’explication des choix sociaux, des structures sociales et de leurs transformations, peut en effet être considérée comme une tâche fondamentale des sciences sociales. Bâtissant sur une tradition théorique éclectique comprenant notoirement les divers « Institutionnalismes », la discipline des Relations Internationales est devenue un riche terreau où s’articule une large part de l’étude sur les structures sociales. À cet égard, les traditions institutionnalistes issues des sciences politiques, économiques et sociologiques se rejoignent et se recoupent au sein des RI pour faire de cette discipline une des plus intéressantes des sciences sociales. Il est coutume toutefois d’y distinguer trois grandes orientations « institutionnalistes », c’est-à-dire trois écoles de pensée relativement indépendantes qui font de 1) l’étude des impacts des institutions sur les comportements politiques des agents, d’une part, et de 2) l’étude de la genèse des institutions, d’autre part, leur focus analytique au premier chef. Ceci sans compter l’épineuse problématique de 3) la définition des institutions. St- Augustin a fameusement déclaré du « temps » qu’il croyait savoir ce que c’était, sauf lorsqu’il tentait de le définir. « Institution » est similairement problématique. D’une manière générale, les analystes institutionnalistes ne peuvent répondre à l’une ou l’autre des questions mentionnées ci-haut sans être en mesure d’offrir une réponse à toutes (impact, genèse, définition). Évidemment, ceci est dû à l’interrelation entre ces divers aspects des institutions. Ce fait établi offre pourtant, paradoxalement, le début d’une piste de réflexion, sous la forme d’une définition partielle du phénomène : l’on doit considérer comme établi que celles-ci naissent et se transforment, de même qu’elles ont des impacts sur les comportements des agents. Hall & Taylor (1998), dans un essai hautement instructif1, dégagent les racines des divers institutionnalismes en utilisant les catégories analytiques 1 Cet essai, le premier chapitre de Soltan, Uslaner & Haufler (dir.) (1998), a grandement influencé le sommaire ci-après proposé. Adam, Nicolas (2008), Normativités et Institutionnalisation d’internet, Mémoire 5 d’institutionnalisme historique, institutionnalisme du choix rationnel et institutionnalisme sociologique, lesquelles se sont développées de manière relativement indépendante quoiqu’en abordant sensiblement le même ensemble de questionnement. Avant de présenter et diviser davantage le sujet, il est nécessaire d’établir déjà une courte parenthèse théorique pour justifier cette
Recommended publications
  • CPS December 1994 - Publications - U.S
    CPS December 1994 - Publications - U.S. Census Bureau Publications You are here: Census.gov › Publications › Current Population Survey, December 1994: Lead Paint Survey E Publications Main Current Population Survey, December 1994: Lead Paint Survey E TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION - CPS-94 Current Population Survey, December 1994: Lead Paint Survey [machine-readable data file] / conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Department of Housing and Urban Development. --Washington: Bureau of the Census [producer and distributor], 1997. This file documentation consists of the following materials: Attachment 1 - Abstract Type of File: Microdata; unit of observation is individuals within housing units. Universe Description: The universe consists of all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States living in households. The probability sample selected to represent the universe consists of approximately 57,000 households. Subject-Matter Description: Data are provided on labor force activity for the week prior to the survey. Comprehensive data are available on the employment status, occupation, and industry of persons 15 years old and over. Also shown are personal characteristics such as age, sex, race, marital status, veteran status, household relationship, educational background, and Hispanic origin. The lead paint questions were asked for the household. They provide information on the current awareness of the health hazards associated with lead-based paint. Geographic Coverage: State of residence is uniquely identified as well as census geographic division and region. The 113 largest metropolitan areas (CMSA's or MSA's), 89 selected MSA's, 66 selected PMSA's, and 30 central cities in multi-central city MSA's or PMSA's also are uniquely identified.1 Within confidentiality restrictions, indicators are provided for MSA-PMSA/non-MSA-PMSA, central city/noncentral city, farm/non-farm, and MSA/CMSA size.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Internet Crime Report
    1 2 2020 Internet Crime Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 About the Internet Crime Complaint Center…..…………………………………………………………………………………..4 IC3 History ........................................................................................................................................... 5 The IC3 Role in Combating Cyber Crime .............................................................................................. 7 IC3 Core Functions ............................................................................................................................... 8 Hot Topics for 2020 ................................................................................................................................. 9 Business Email Compromise (BEC) .................................................................................................... 10 IC3 Recovery Asset Team (RAT) ......................................................................................................... 11 RAT Successes .................................................................................................................................... 12 Tech Support Fraud ........................................................................................................................... 13 Ransomware .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Diego Garcia Dispute Hits Cyberspace As Internet Domains Go, .Io Is a Money Spinner
    The Diego Garcia dispute hits cyberspace As internet domains go, .io is a money spinner. Would a change to the “British Indian Ocean Territory” cancel an asset? By Dr James Mortensen & Samuel Bashfield The dispute over the ownership of Diego Garcia and the rest of the Chagos Archipelago involves a complex array of legal, human rights, security and geopolitical issues. The United Kingdom wants to retain the islands it calls the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Mauritius wants to see the islands ceded to it. The United States wants to keep its military base. And many of the Chagossian diaspora who were forcibly removed decades ago want to return. This multi-sided dispute has now been further complicated by arguments over ownership of the territory’s internet domain – “.io”. It seems that digital players may be increasingly caught up in geopolitics. In the early days of the internet, countries and dependent territories were assigned a two-letter code to form part of the domain extension in a web address – .au for Australia, .uk for the United Kingdom, .nz for New Zealand, and so on. What might have initially seemed just an administrative designation has now become big business. Responsibility for administration of these codes was granted by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to so-called “responsible agents”. The identity of these agents varied widely between different nations. For example, the .au domain is regulated by the Australian government, but the .uk domain is left to the private sector. BIOT received the domain designation .io, and the UK government left it entirely to the private sector to manage and profit from.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota Ultra High-Speed Broadband Report
    Ultra High-Speed Boradband Task Force MINNESOTA ULTRA HIGH-SPEED BROADBAND REPORT © Explore Minnesota Tourism photo Minnesota Ultra High-Speed Broadband Report © Explore Minnesota Tourism photos 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TableofContents .............................................................1 Letter from the Chair . 3 Executive Summary . 7 Section 1 – Ultra High-Speed Broadband Task Force Values . 15 Section 2 – History – Where We’ve Been. 17 Section 3 – Present – Where We Are Today . 19 Section 4 – Recommendations – Where We Want To Be . 51 Section 5 – Conclusion . 97 Appendix A: Legislative Charge. 99 Appendix B: Historical Milestones . 103 Appendix C: Broadband Deployment and Adoption Incentive Programs by State. 107 Appendix D: Telecommunications, Broadband and Communications Equipment Exemptions and Credits. 122 Appendix E: Public - Private - Nonprofit Collaborative Broadband Adoption/Digital Literacy Programs . 127 Appendix F: Glossary . 133 Index......................................................................137 Task Force Members . 140 2 Minnesota Ultra High-Speed Broadband Report LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Letter From the Chair 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR I don't pay bills online because it is quicker to write a check and mail it. Judy Adamec, Otter Tail County, MN Ms. Adamec’s predicament is not unusual. Like her, thousands of residents across Minnesota lack functional access to what is, undoubtedly, the most meaningful technological development of our lifetimes. If Ms. Adamec’s connection doesn’t allow her to pay bills online, she certainly will not be able to take advantage of online education, telemedicine, or telecommuting. These broadband-intensive applications (requiring, at a minimum, 10 Megabits per second, some up to 1 Gigabit per second, and all growing) give users the capability to perform remotely functions traditionally done in person, allowing services to reach more people, for a lower cost, and with a lower impact to the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Internet Usability – a Framework for Domain Name Policy Evaluation
    Improving Internet Usability – A Framework For Domain Name Policy Evaluation By Joshua Rowe B. App. Sci. (Comp. Sci.) School of Business Information Technology Faculty of Business October 2008 DomainUsability.com A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of eBusiness from RMIT University Improving Internet Usability – A Framework For Domain Name Policy Evaluation Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; and, any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged. __________________________ Joshua Luke Rowe Dated Saturday, 25 October 2008 ii Improving Internet Usability – A Framework For Domain Name Policy Evaluation Copyright Licence I hereby grant to the RMIT University or its agents the right to archive and to reproduce and communicate to the public my thesis or appropriate durable record in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain ownership of copyright and all other proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis. __________________________ Joshua Luke Rowe Dated Saturday, 25 October 2008 iii Improving Internet Usability – A Framework For Domain Name Policy Evaluation Acknowledgements Internet co-inventors such as Vint Cerf, Tim Berners-Lee and Ray Tomlinson provided me with the canvas on which I could begin my professional career that has centred on the commercial use of the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • [The Management of Internet Names and Adddresses
    THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERNET NAMES AND ADDRESSES: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES Final Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process http://wipo2.wipo.int April 30, 1999 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an organization founded through a treaty by States, which has 171 States of the World as members. The member States established the Organization as the vehicle for promoting the protection, dissemination and use of intellectual property throughout the world for economic, cultural and social development. The Organization provides services both to its Member States and to the individuals and enterprises that are constituent of those States. The services provided by WIPO to its member States include the provision of a forum for the development and implementation of intellectual property policies internationally through treaties and other policy instruments. The services provided to the private sector by WIPO include the administration of systems that make it possible to obtain protection for patents, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications in multiple countries through a single international procedure. The operations of WIPO are financed as to 88 per cent by fees generated by the Organization for the services it renders to the private sector, and as to the remaining 12 per cent by contributions made by the Member States. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 34, chemin des Colombettes P.O. Box 18 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland * * * * For information concerning the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process: Office of Legal and Organization Affairs Telephone: (41 22) 338 91 64 Fax: (41 22) 733 31 68 Internet: http://wipo2.wipo.int e-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Paragraph Numbers 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Request-715599- [email protected]
    Information Rights Unit WH 2.177 King Charles Street London SW1A 2AH Email: [email protected] www.gov.uk/fcdo Dr Jonathan Levy Email to: request-715599- [email protected] 26 May 2021 Dear Dr Levy, FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) 2000: INTERNAL REVIEW: IR2021/03127 Thank you for your email of 10 February requesting an Internal Review (IR) of our response to your request ref FOI2021/00635 as follows: I am writing to request an internal review of Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office's handling of my FOI request 'Re: BIOT 1997 ICB (Internet Computer Bureau) Agreement'. The document witheld deals with the creation of CCTLD .IO in 1997. CCTLD .IO is a Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD and refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country" targeted ones. Use of CCTLD .IO is not restricted to BIOT but has been used commercially internationally by tens of thousands of companies. The current owner is Donuts Inc. which is the parent company of Internet Computer Bureau Ltd (ICB) which it acquired through the purchase of Afilias Inc. in December 2020. Afilias Inc. acquired Internet Computer Bureau Ltd. in 2017. It is therefore doubtful that release of a 1997 document would harm Donuts Inc. Release is in the public interest as the ownership of CCTLD .IO is under dispute by the Chagossian people. Further the derecognition of the BIOT entity by the United Nations has placed in question the substantial investments that thousands of Internet based companies have made in ccTLD .IO.
    [Show full text]
  • Icann Governance Hearing Subcommittee on Communications Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation United States Senate
    S. HRG. 107–1100 ICANN GOVERNANCE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COMMUNICATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION FEBRUARY 14, 2001 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 87–255 PDF WASHINGTON : 2005 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 03-FEB-2003 14:21 Feb 10, 2005 Jkt 087255 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 D:\DOCS\87255.TXT SSC1 PsN: SSC1 COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JOHN McCAIN, Arizona, Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska ERNEST F. HOLLINGS, South Carolina CONRAD BURNS, Montana DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii TRENT LOTT, Mississippi JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine JOHN B. BREAUX, Louisiana SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota GORDON SMITH, Oregon RON WYDEN, Oregon PETER G. FITZGERALD, Illinois MAX CLELAND, Georgia JOHN ENSIGN, Nevada BARBARA BOXER, California GEORGE ALLEN, Virginia JOHN EDWARDS, North Carolina JEAN CARNAHAN, Missouri MARK BUSE, Republican Staff Director ANN CHOINIERE, Republican General Counsel KEVIN D. KAYES, Democratic Staff Director MOSES BOYD, Democratic Chief Counsel SUBCOMMITTEE ON COMMUNICATIONS CONRAD BURNS, Montana, Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska ERNEST F. HOLLINGS, South Carolina TRENT LOTT, Mississippi DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas JOHN F.
    [Show full text]
  • In Retrospect 2015
    A GLOBAL MULTI-STAKEHOLDER DIALOGUE PROCESS 2015 IN RETROSPECT INTERNET & JURISDICTION PROJECT GLOBAL TRENDS VOLUME 4 INTERNET & MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE JURISDICTION INTERNETMore & JURISDICTION information PROJECT about AT OBSERVATORY the Internetwww.internetjurisdiction.net & Jurisdiction Project at: K EEPING TRACK O F TRENDS www.internetjurisdiction.net @IJurisdiction TO STAY UP-TO-DATE ON THE INTERNET & JURISDICTION PROJECT AND THE LATEST TRENDS WITH REGARD TO THE TENSION BETWEEN THE CROSS-BORDER INTERNET AND NATIONAL JURISDICTIONS, SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER AT WWW.INTERNETJURISDICTION.NET AND F OLLOW @IJURISDICTION ON TWITTER. ENABLING MULTI-STAKEHOLDER COOPERATION STATES INTERNET TECHNICAL CIVIL ACADEMIA INTERNATIONAL PLATFORMS OPERATORS SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS 2015 IN RETROSPECT CROWD-CURATION I & J DATABASE WITH CATEGORIZED CASES The Internet & Jurisdiction Project facilitates since 2012 a pioneering global multi-stakeholder process. It addresses the challenge of how to handle the digital coexistence CROWD-RANKING of diverse national laws in shared cross-border online BY THE I & J OBSERVATORY spaces and prevent a fragmentation of cyberspace. The Internet & Jurisdiction Project enables multi-stakeholder cooperation in order to develop new mechanisms that are as transnational as the Internet itself and guarantee due RETROSPECT process across borders. MONTHLY NEWSLETTER WITH TOP 20 CASES The process has a high visibility in various global Inter- net Governance fora and actively engages over 100 key entities including states, Internet companies, technical In- POLICY DIALOGUE ternet operators, civil society organizations, international AND COOPERATION organizations and leading universities around the world. ABOUT 2015 IN RETROSPECT Retrospect is a fl agship publication of the Internet & Jurisdiction Project. It provides since 2012 a unique source to study and understand emerging trends and high-level patterns regarding the tension between the cross-border nature of the Internet and the patchwork of geographically defi ned national jurisdictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Report of Dennis W. Carlton
    IN THE MATTER OF AN INDEPENDENT REVIEW PROCESS BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR DISPUTE RESOLUTION AFILIAS DOMAINS NO. 3 LIMITED, Claimant v. INTERNET CORPORATION FOR ASSIGNED NAMES AND NUMBERS, Respondent ICDR Case No. 01-18-0004-2702 REPORT OF DENNIS W. CARLTON 30 May 2019 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS ....................................................... 1 A. Qualifications .................................................................................................................... 1 B. Summary of My Conclusions .......................................................................................... 3 II. OVERVIEW OF THE NEW gTLD PROGRAM ......................................................................... 6 A. History ................................................................................................................................ 6 B. Goals of the New gTLD Program................................................................................... 7 C. Application and Auction Process ................................................................................... 8 D. Results of the New gTLD Program ................................................................................ 9 E. Challenges to the Verisign’s Efforts to Operate .WEB ............................................. 10 III. PRIMARY CONCLUSIONS REACHED BY PROFESSOR ZITTRAIN AND DR. SADOWSKY ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A First Look at the African's Cctlds Technical Environment
    A first look at the African's ccTLDs technical environment Alfred Arouna1, Amreesh Phokeer2, and Ahmed Elmokashfi1 1 Simula Metropolitan CDE, Norway falfred,[email protected] 2 African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC), Mauritius [email protected] Abstract. Leveraging multiple datasets, we evaluate the current sta- tus of African ccTLDs technical environment with regard to best prac- tices. Compared to the top 10 ccTLDs, African ccTLDs appear to have enough IPs to maintain service availability while handling authoritative DNS queries. With regard to the early stage of IPv6 deployment in the AFRINIC region, it is interesting to note that 94% of African ccTLDs support IPv6. This is due to the huge adoption of out of region or offshore DNS anycast provider. The majority (84%) of African anycast traffic is handled by non-profit foundations and/or organisations using resources from other RIRs such as RIPE-NCC and ARIN. Furthermore, less than 30% (16) of African ccTLD have signed their zone. From this group, the majority is using the recommended algorithm RSASHA256 (Algo- rithm 8) as suggested by BCP 14. Strangely some African ccTLDs lack basic DNS configuration such as missing PTR records, lame delegation, EDNS compliance and consistent serial numbers. These misconfigura- tions can be easily fixed with consistent monitoring or the use of modern automated registry software which comes with internal checks. Overall, African ccTLDs are characterised by the usage of out of region resources. 1 Introduction The Domain Name System (DNS) is a global hierarchical and decentralized distributed directory service. The DNS maps a resource to a value. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the global coordinator of the DNS Root, which is the highest level in the DNS hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Governance Forum 2012 Panellists Biographies
    INTERNET GOVERNANCE FORUM 2012 PANELLISTS BIOGRAPHIES Table of contents Abdul Rahim Rinalia (Ms) ..................................................................................................................... 10 Abou Zahra Shadi (Mr) .......................................................................................................................... 10 Abraham Sunil (Mr) ............................................................................................................................... 11 Acuña Antonio (Mr) ............................................................................................................................... 11 Adeleye Peter Olugbenga (Mr) .............................................................................................................. 12 Afonso Carlos (Mr) ................................................................................................................................ 13 Aguerre Carolina (Ms) ........................................................................................................................... 14 Aguirre Carlos Dionisio (Mr) ................................................................................................................. 14 Ahmad Shahzad (Mr) ............................................................................................................................. 16 Aizu Izumi (Mr) ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Akoh
    [Show full text]