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Morfološka Varijabilnost Vrste Sedum Acre L. (Saxifragales, Crassulaceae) U Srbiji MASTER RAD

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Morfološka Varijabilnost Vrste Sedum Acre L. (Saxifragales, Crassulaceae) U Srbiji MASTER RAD UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATI ČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Petruševska T. Biljana Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Sedum acre L. (Saxifragales, Crassulaceae) u Srbiji MASTER RAD Niš, 2015 UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATI ČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Sedum acre L. (Saxifragales, Crassulaceae) u Srbiji MASTER RAD Kandidat: Mentor: Petruševska T. Biljana Dr. Bojan Zlatkovi ć Br. Ind. 80 Niš, 2015 UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Morphological variability of species Sedum acre L. (Saxifragales, Crassulaceae) in Serbia MASTER THESIS Candidate: Mentor: Petruševska T. Biljana Dr. Bojan Zlatkovi ć No. Ind. 80 Niš, 2015 Biografija kandidata Biljana T. Petruševska, ro đena je u Negotinu 10.08.1990.god. Osnovnu školu „Vera Radosavljevi ć“ i Negotinsku gimnaziju (jezi čki smer) završila je u Negotinu. Prirodno- matemati čki fakultet u Nišu upisuje 2009.god. na Departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju, gde završava osnovne akademske studije 2012.god. i iste godine upisuje Master akademske studije, smer Biologija, koje završava 2015.god. Zahvalnica Najsrda čnije se zahvaljujem svom mentoru dr. Bojanu Zlatkovi ću, na ukazanom poverenju, pomo ći i sugestijama prilikom izrade ovog master rada. Tako đe, zahvaljujem dr. Zorici Šarac na pomo ći i savetima. Najve ću zahvalnost dugujem svojoj porodici, na nesebičnoj ljubavi, podršci i razumevanju tokom svih godina studiranja. Posebno želim da se zahvalim svom bratu Bojanu, kome i posve ćujem ovaj rad! SAŽETAK U master radu je analizarana morfološka varijabilnost vrste Sedum acre L. (ser. Acria Berger) na teritoriji Srbije. Istraživanja su zasnovana na činjenici da vrsta pokazuje visok stepen infraspecijske varijabilnosti širom svog areala. Osnovni cilj je bio ispitivanje stepena varijabilnosti ve ćeg broja osobina, kao i eventualne pojave taksonomske diferencijacije. Biljni materijal sakupljen je na teritoriji Srbije, sa 8 razli čitih lokaliteta, podrazumevaju ći širok dijapazon nadmorskih visina i staništa sa dve različite geološke podloge (karbonat i serpentinit). Morfometrijskom analizom je obuhva ćeno 13 kvantitativnih karaktera, uklju čuju ći vegetativni i generativni region biljke, ukupno 158 jedinki. Merenja karaktera ura đena su pomo ću digitalnog, pomi čnog merila. Analiza podataka podrazumevala je primenu analize varijanse (ANOVA), analize glavnih komponenti (PCA), diskriminantne analize (DA) i klaster analize (CA). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju izraženu varijabilnost pojedinih osobina vrste, dok se kod drugih, varijabilnost ne uo čava unutar analiziranih populacija. Konstatovano je slabo ili gotovo nikakvo izdvajanje taksona nižeg ranga, uklju čuju ći i var. zlatiborense (= S. zlatiborense Domin), opisan sa planine Zlatibor u Srbiji. Faktor nadmorske visine i tip geološke podloge, po svemu sude ći znatno uti ču na izdvajanje analiziranih osobina. Klju čne re či: Sedum acre , morfometrija, varijabilnost. ABSTRACT The master work analyzed morphological variability of Sedum acre L. (ser. Acria Berger) on the territory of Serbia. Research was based on the fact that the species shows a high level of infraspecific variability across its range. The main objective was to investigate the level of variability of a number of features, as well as the possible occurrence of taxonomic differentiation. Plant material was collected on the territory of Serbia, from 8 different locations, assuming wide range of altitudes and habitats with two different geological substrates (carbonate and serpentinite). Morphometric analysis included 13 quantitative characters, including vegetative and generative region plants. A total number of 158 individuals are included. The measurements were performed using a digital caliper. Data analysis included the application of analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and cluster analysis (CA). The results show a prominent variability of certain features of the spices, while others show low degree of variability within populations analyzed. Smal degree or almost no separation of the taxa of lower rank was observed, including var. zlatiborense (= S. zlatiborense Domin), described from the mountain Zlatibor in Serbia. Factors as altitude and type of geological ground, apparently significantly affect the positions of the analyzed traits. Keywords: Sedum acre, morphometry, variability SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD ..................................................................................................................................... 9 2. OPŠTI PODACI .................................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Sistematski položaj vrste Sedum acre L. ............................................................................ 10 2.2. Opšte karakteristike familije Crassulaceae DC .................................................................. 11 2.3. Opšte karakteristike roda Sedum L..................................................................................... 13 2.4. Opšte karakteristike vrste Sedum acre L. ........................................................................... 15 3. MATERIJAL I METODE ..................................................................................................... 17 4. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA ................................................................................................. 19 4.1. Uporedni pregled kvantitativnih karaktera ......................................................................... 19 4.1.2. Statisti čka obrada podataka ............................................................................................. 20 4.1.3. Analiza varijanse (ANOVA) ........................................................................................... 26 4.1.4. Analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) ................................................................................ 27 4.1.5. Diskriminantna analiza (DA) .......................................................................................... 29 4.1.6. Klaster analiza (CA) ........................................................................................................ 31 5. ZAKLJU ČAK ....................................................................................................................... 33 LITERATURA .......................................................................................................................... 34 1. UVOD Pojedine razlike u fenotipu jedinki razli čitih populacija ne mogu se uvek shvatiti kao posledica geneti čke varijabilnosti vrste. Naime, isti genotip pod uticajem razli čitih uslova životne sredine može proizvesti razli čite fenotipove i ta se pojava naziva fenotipska plasti čnost (Nikoli ć, 2013). Životna sredina je u stvari činilac razvi ća, koji u velikoj meri može uticati na opseg fenotipova koje će proizvesti jedan genotip. Fenotipska plasti čnost biljaka pokazuje razli čite morfološke i fiziološke osobine, pa u interakciji sa sredinskim faktorima dolazi do promena u morfologiji i fiziologiji same biljke (Tuci ć, 2003). Primenom metoda merenja i upore đivanja morfoloških osobina, morfometrijskom analizom koja podrazumeva merenje vegetativnih i generativnih karaktera, može se utvrditi stepen razli čitosti analiziranih osobina, pri čemu rezultati mogu ukazati na mogu ću varijabilnost populacija i dovesti do izdavajanja intraspecijskih taksona ili novih taksona. U ovom radu analizirana je morfološka varijabilnost vrste Sedum acre na teritoriji Srbije, sa 8 razli čitih lokaliteta, čiji je osnovni cilj bio ispitivanje stepena varijabilnosti ve ćine osobina, kao i eventualne pojave taksonomske diferencijacije. 9 2. OPŠTI PODACI 2.1. Sistematski položaj vrste Sedum acre L. Vrsta Sedum acre u filogenetskom sistemu (Marhold, 2011) viših biljaka ima slede ći položaj: Regnum – Plantae Divisio – Trachaeophyta Subdivisio – Spermatophytina Classis – Magnoliopsida Superordo – Saxifraganae Ordo – Saxifragales Familia – Crassulaceae DC. Genus – Sedum L. Species – Sedum acre L. Slika 1: Sedum acre - izgled biljke. Jedinka sa lokaliteta Dankovi će, Kuršumlija, centralna Srbija (foto:B. Zlatkovi ć) 10 2.2. Opšte karakteristike familije Crassulaceae DC Familija Crassulaceae obuhvata četiri centra diverziteta, Meksiko i jugozapadna Amerika sa oko 300 vrsta, južna Afrika sa oko 250 vrsta, Mediteranski region i Makronezija sa oko 200 vrsta i jugoisto čna Azija sa oko 200 vrsta. Obuhvata oko 1500 uglavnom sukulentnih vrsta, me đu kojima se izdvajaju Echeveria , Sempervivum i Sedum kao zna čajne hortikulturne vrste (Mort, 2005). Vrste Kolanchoe , Crassula, Echeveria i Sedum su i od bitnog ekonomskog zna čaja. Kosmopolitski rasprostranjena familija Crassulaceae obuhvata 177 vrsta u Mediteranskom regionu, koja je u pogledu bogatstva vrsta na tre ćem mestu po raznovrsnosti unutar reda i obuhvata 12 rodova (Greuter & al., 1986). Pojedine vrste familije Crassulaceae iz mediteranskog regiona, smatraju se endemi čnom. Familija vodi poreklo sa Afri čkog kontinenta, ali je svoju najvecu raznolikost dostigla na severnoj hemisferi. Prema Bergeru ( 1930 ) familija Crassulaceae obuhvata podfamilije: Crassuloideae, Kalanchoideae, Cotyledoinoideae, Sempervivoideae, Sedoideae. U mediteranskom regionu, u okviru familije Crassulaceae, 87 % predstavnika pripada podfamiliji Sedoideae, ( Berger, 1930; Greuter & al., 1986 ). Na nivou rodova, rod Sedum sa 66 % vrsta, dominira na prostoru severne hemisfere.
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