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Karibiens Dolda Pärla Trotskismen På Kuba Gary Tennant Karibiens dolda pärla Trotskismen på Kuba Innehåll Förord och presentation .............................................................................................................. 1 Inledning till ”Trotskismen på Kuba” ........................................................................................ 2 Bakgrunden – Nationalism och kommunism på Kuba ............................................................... 6 J A Mella och rötterna till meningsskiljaktigheterna inom Kubas Kommunistiska Parti ........ 28 Uppkomsten av oliktänkande kubansk kommunism och Oposición Comunista de Cuba, 1930- 33 .............................................................................................................................................. 39 Bolsjevik-leninistiska partiet och 1930-talets revolution ......................................................... 54 Trotskismen på Kuba mellan revolutionerna ........................................................................... 86 Det återskapade Partido Obrero Revolucionario(Trotskista) och 1959 års revolution .......... 122 Bilagor .................................................................................................................................... 150 Till de kubanska arbetarna och bönderna ............................................................................... 150 Leo Trotskij: Om att uppmana till sovjeter på Kuba .............................................................. 155 Brev från Workers’ Party i USA till de kubanska trotskisterna ............................................. 156 Rapport till Fjärde internationalens kriskonferens (1940) ..................................................... 158 En intervju med Roberto Acosta Hechavarría ........................................................................ 159 Internationella Sekretariatet och de kubanska trotskisterna ................................................... 165 Trettio år sedan Ernesto Guevaras död .................................................................................. 172 Förkortningar .......................................................................................................................... 183 Kronologi ............................................................................................................................... 184 1 Förord och presentation Den kubanska trotskismens historia är ur flera aspekter lärorik och intressant, inte minst därför att trotskismen under 30-talet faktiskt hade ett inte föraktligt inflytande på Kuba, särskilt i vissa regioner och arbetargrupper. Fram till sekelskiftet fanns mycket litet skrivet om den kubanska trotskismen. På engelska ägnades c:a 20 sidor i R J Alexanders bok Trotskyism in Latin America (Stanford 1973) åt trotskismen på Kuba och på franska och spanska var det inte mycket bättre. 1999 förändrades detta radikalt när Gary Tennant lade fram sin doktorsavhandling, DISSIDENT CUBAN COMMUNISM: The Case of Trotskyism, 1932-1965, vid University of Bradford, England. Denna avhandling låg sedan till grund för ett helt nummer av den brittiska marxistiska tidskriften Revolutionary History (volym 7, nr.3, våren 2000). I sin doktorsavhandling och i artiklarna i Revolutionary History ger Tennant en ingående redogörelse för den kubanska trotskismens historia. Historiken är faktamässigt tillförlitlig och han ger även en bra översikt över den dokumentation och annan litteratur som behandlar ämnet, vilket underlättar för den som vill tränga in djupare i olika aspekter.* Vi tyckte att Tennants arbete är så viktigt att det borde göras tillgängligt även för en svensk publik och därför beslutade vi översätta och publicera det på marxistarkivet. Nu (i januari 2010) är i stort sett allt klart. Grundtexten och bilagorna är kompletta – bortsett från ett avsnitt med korta biografiska skisser över kända kubanska trotskister (som vi inte planerar att översätta). Tennants arbete om trotskismen på Kuba är inte okontroversiellt. Det finns en hel del som man kan ställa sig frågande till, ha invändningar mot eller ifrågasätta när det gäller hans analys och slutsatser. Två sådana kritiska kommentarer är Trotskismen på Cuba av den amerikanske marxistiske veteranen Tim Wolforth, samt Reflexioner om strategi och taktik utifrån Tennants arbete om Kuba och trotskismen av Martin Fahlgren. Se även Om Castros Kuba och trotskismen av Martin Fahlgren. Samtliga texter finns på marxistarkiv.se. Anmärkning om översättningarna: Flera personer har medverkat vid översättningen, vilket förklarar att stilen och översättningen av begrepp skiljer sig en del mellan olika artiklar, t ex förekommer ”bourgeoisi”, ”borgar- klass” och ”borgerskap” som översättningar till det engelska originalets ”bourgeoisie”. Vi har inte försökt redigera bort sådana skiljaktigheter (ev. gör vi en allmän språklig översyn när allt är översatt). Martin Fahlgren (i januari 2010) Tillägg 31 mars 2016: Nu finns på marxistarkivet även Zbigniew M Kowalewski, Kamrat Mauser har ordet: Trotskisternas allians med de nationalistiska revolutionärerna på Kuba, som är en längre kritisk kommentar till Tennants arbete. * Tennant behandlar det ”officiella” kommunistpartiet enbart då det har relevans för den kubanska trotskismen, vilket betyder att från och med början av 30-talet, då kommunistpartiet staliniserats och trotskisterna organise- rade sig fristående från kommunistpartiet, så får vi veta ganska lite om detta partis politik, vilken givetvis är intressant, inte minst som en kontrast mot trotskisterna. Kommunistpartiets historia tas dock upp ganska utförligt i både K S Karols bok Castros Kuba och S Tutinos Den kubanska oktoberrevolutionen som därför rekommen- deras för den som vill veta mer om detta. 2 Inledning till ”Trotskismen på Kuba” Artiklarna nedan tecknar trotskismens historia på Kuba. De koncentrerar sig på den teoretiska, taktiska och organisatoriska utvecklingen av Oposición Comunista de Cuba (OCC) i början av 1930-talet, Partido Bolchevique Leninista (PBL) och Partido Obrero Revolucionario (POR) på 1930- och 1940-talen, och Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista) (POR(T)), den trotskistiska grupp som omorganiserades efter den kubanska revolutionen 1959. Den första, och till nyligen mest omfattande studien av dessa oliktänkande kommunistiska grupper på Kuba, gjordes av Robert Alexander.1 Han drog den preliminära slutsatsen att de kubanska trotskisterna, när de var som allra mest inflytelserika inom den revolutionära rörelsen på 1930-talet, stod närmare socialdemokratin eller Joaquín Maurín, ledare för Bloque Obrero y Campesino (BOC) i Spanien, än vad de stod Trotskij. Denna karakteristik antyder att de ku- banska trotskisterna i själva verket var högerkommunister som trodde på en revolutionär process i två stadier, där det första stadiet skulle vara en demokratisk revolution.2 Men trots att Trotskij orubbligt betecknade Maurín som ”urtypen för en småborgerlig revolutionär”, så hade Mauríns politiska strategi många rötter, och under inflytande från Andreu Nin övergav han på 1930-talet denna entydiga tvåstadiestrategi.3 Andy Durgans studie av BOC har t ex övertygande visat att Maurín trodde att den småborgerliga nationalismen så småningom skulle falla sönder och tvinga sina anhängare att förena sig antingen med proletariatet eller kontra- revolutionen.4 I ljuset av denna syn på den revolutionära processen, som underförstått accep- terar Trotskijs åsikt att småbourgeoisin bara kan hålla statsmakten tillfälligt, och att revolutio- nen till sist antingen måste bli proletär eller besegras, så drar Durgan slutsatsen att det är lika felaktigt att kalla det spanska Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM) för ”trotskis- tiskt”, som att kalla BOC för ”högerkommunister”.5 Alexander nämner inte Mauríns komplicerade politiska utveckling. Samtidigt lider hans arbe- te om trotskismens historia på Kuba också av att det verkar lita på vittnesmål från personer som förvisso deltog i händelserna på Kuba på 1930-talet, men som vid tidpunkten för inter- vjuerna på 1970-talet hade en egen politisk agenda att främja som antikommunistiska lands- flyktingar i Miami. Allra mest talande är att Charles Simeón Ramírez, en exil-kuban som vid tiden för intervjun uppenbarligen försökte omgruppera olika före detta Auténtico-medlemmar6 till en Castro-fientlig socialdemokratisk grupp i USA, och som håller med om Alexanders bedömning av de kubanska trotskisternas teoretiska och organisatoriska utveckling på 1930- talet, hade ett uppenbart intresse av att tona ner det revolutionärt socialistiska innehållet i de organisationer som han tidigare hade tillhört. Frånsett att framhäva Maurín-vinklingen var han således ganska blygsam angående sin egen aktivitet i den trotskistiska miljön. När Simeón beskriver sitt deltagande och sin roll inom rörelsen, hävdar han att han lämnade PBL 1934.7 Men källdokumenten visar att han var aktiv i det trotskistiska partiet fram till slutet av 1930- 1 R J Alexander, Trotskyism in Latin America, Stanford 1973, s 215-35. Det korta stycket i R J Alexanders International Trotskyism 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement, Durham 1991, s 228-31, är bara en sammanfattning av kapitlet i hans tidigare arbete från 1973. 2 Joaquin Maurín (1897-1973) och BOC är kanske mest kända för att de förespråkade en ”folkfront” där de proletära, agrara och nationella befrielserörelserna skulle förenas i kampen för en ”demokratiskt socialistisk” revolution. Maurín är också ihågkommen för att en gång ha hävdat att man inte bara behövde vinna över den existerande nationella
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