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Hydrochemical Assessment of the Hutton and Precipice Sandstones in the Northern Surat Basin

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Hydrochemical Assessment of the Hutton and Precipice Sandstones in the Northern Surat Basin LAND & WATER Hydrochemical assessment of the Hutton and Precipice sandstones in the northern Surat Basin Matthias Raiber and Axel Suckow June 2017 Report Title: Hydrochemical assessment of the Hutton and Precipice sandstones in the northern Surat Basin ISBN (print): 978-1-4863-0869-9 ISBN (online): 978-1-4863-0870-5 The Gas Industry Social and Environmental Research Alliance (GISERA) undertakes publicly- reported research that addresses the socio-economic and environmental impacts of Australia's natural gas industries. GISERA was co-founded by CSIRO and Australia Pacific LNG in July 2011. For further information visit gisera.org.au. Citation Raiber, M. and Suckow, A. (2017) Hydrochemical assessment of the Hutton and Precipice sandstones in the northern Surat Basin. CSIRO, Australia Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2017. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limite d to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible. If you are having difficulties with accessing this document please contact [email protected]. Hydrochemical assessment of the Hutton and Precipice sandstones in the northern Surat Basin | i Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... v Executive summary ................................................................................................................. vi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aims of this report .................................................................................................. 3 2 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Aquifer assignments ................................................................................................ 7 2.2. Groundwater chemistry data ................................................................................ 10 2.3 Multi-variate statistical analysis ............................................................................. 10 3 Results and discussions ............................................................................................... 12 3.1 Hydrochemical variability within the Dawson River catchment (all aquifers) ........... 12 3.2 Hydrochemical variability within the Precipice Sandstone ...................................... 16 3.3 Hydrochemical variability within the Hutton Sandstone ......................................... 21 3.4 Hydrochemical evolution and implications for recharge processes ......................... 28 3.5 Limitations and future steps .................................................................................. 32 4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 34 5 References ................................................................................................................. 36 ii | Hydrochemical assessment of the Hutton and Precipice sandstones in the northern Surat Basin Figures Figure 1 Geological map of the northern Surat Basin ................................................................. 3 Figure 2 Potentiometric surface for the Hutton Sandstone inferred by geophysical methods (modified from Hodgkinson et al. 2010). The two flow paths marked as ‘Flow path 1’ and ‘Flow path 2’ in the Dawson River catchment will be assessed further using hydrochemistry in this report. ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3 Potentiometric surface for the Hutton Sandstone in the vicinity of the Dawson River catchment inferred using geophysical techniques (Ransley and Smerdon, 2012) ........................ 6 Figure 4 Cross-section through the northern Surat Basin (Mimosa Syncline) modified from Mallants et al. (2017); black and red arrows mark potential southwards pre-anthropogenic (inferred from the bedrock gradient) and present day northwards hydraulic pressure gradients (suggested for example by Hodgkinson and Grigorescu (2013), GABWRA (Ransley and Smerdon, 2012), and Underschultz and Vink (2015)), to be tested using hydrochemical data in this report. ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 5 Groundwater bore locations in the northern Surat Basin (DNRM, 2016) ....................... 7 Figure 6 Groundwater bore locations with hydrochemical records in aquifers in the northern Surat Basin (DNRM, 2016) ........................................................................................................ 8 Figure 7 Aquifer cluster membership of all major aquifers in the Dawson River catchment in the northern Surat Basin. The width of the bars represents the relative percentage of groundwater records assigned .................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 8 Ion/Cl versus electrical conductivity plots for groundwaters in selected major aquifers within the Dawson River catchment in the northern Surat Basin. Rainfall ion ratios are based on Crosbie et al. (2012) ............................................................................................................... 15 Figure 9 Molar chloride-bromide ratios in the Hutton Sandstone within the northern Surat Basin...................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 10 Ion/Cl versus electrical conductivity plots and cluster-membership for groundwaters in Precipice Sandstone groundwaters within the Dawson River catchment in the northern Surat Basin. Rainfall ion ratios are based on Crosbie et al. (2012) ..................................................... 19 Figure 11 Methane concentrations in Precipice Sandstone groundwaters versus electrical conductivity (relative to hydrochemical cluster) ...................................................................... 20 Figure 12 Spatial distribution of HCA-derived cluster membership of groundwaters in the Precipice Sandstone. The inset Piper plot shows the median concentrations of each cluster. The potentiometric surface map is based on Ransley and Smerdon (2012) ..................................... 21 Figure 13 Ion/Cl versus electrical conductivity plots and cluster-membership for groundwaters in Hutton Sandstone groundwaters within the Dawson River catchment in the northern Surat Basin. Rainfall ion ratios are based on Crosbie et al. (2012) ..................................................... 25 Figure 14 Dissolved methane concentrations of Hutton Sandstone groundwaters relative to electrical conductivity and hydrochemical cluster ................................................................... 26 Hydrochemical assessment of the Hutton and Precipice sandstones in the northern Surat Basin | iii Figure 15 Spatial distribution of HCA-derived cluster membership of groundwaters in the Hutton Sandstone. The inset Piper plot shows the median concentrations of each cluster. The potentiometric surface map is based on Ransley and Smerdon (2012). Arrows indicate potential groundwater flow directions................................................................................................... 27 Figure 16 Spatial distribution of groundwater chloride concentrations in the Precipice Sandstone .............................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 17 Spatial distribution of chloride concentrations of groundwaters in the Hutton Sandstone .............................................................................................................................. 32 Tables Table 1 Median concentrations of hydrochemical parameters for the seven groundwater chemistry clusters of all groundwaters in the Dawson River catchment in the northern Surat Basin...................................................................................................................................... 13 Table 2 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Precipice Sandstone groundwaters, median ion concentrations, ion ratios and dissolved methane concentrations of identified cluste rs (methane concentrations were not included in the HCA)......................................................... 17 Table 3 Hierarchical
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