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Analysis of Groundwater Level Trends in the Hutton Sandstone, Springbok Sandstone and Condamine Alluvium

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Analysis of Groundwater Level Trends in the Hutton Sandstone, Springbok Sandstone and Condamine Alluvium Analysis of groundwater level trends in the Hutton Sandstone, Springbok Sandstone and Condamine Alluvium Surat Cumulative Management Area December 2019 Original version, authorised release in December 2019 by Sanjeev Pandey, Executive Director, Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment. This publication has been compiled by the Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment, Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy. Bibliographic reference: OGIA, 2019. Analysis of groundwater level trends in the Hutton Sandstone, Springbok Sandstone and Condamine Alluvium – Surat Cumulative Management Area. OGIA, Brisbane. Copyright statement: © State of Queensland, 2019 The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. Under this licence, you are free, without having to seek our permission, to use this publication in accordance with the licence terms. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The Queensland Government shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information. Interpreter statement: The Queensland Government is committed to providing accessible services to Queenslanders from all culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. If you have difficulty in understanding this document, you can contact us within Australia on 13QGOV (13 74 68) and we will arrange an interpreter to effectively communicate the report to you. 2019 Analysis of groundwater level trends in the Surat CMA Summary The Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment (OGIA) is responsible for undertaking cumulative impact assessment and establishing management arrangements within areas declared as ‘cumulative management areas’ (CMA). Currently there is one CMA in Queensland, the Surat CMA, established in 2011 in response to coal seam gas (CSG) development in the Surat and southern Bowen basins. OGIA’s impact assessment and management arrangements are established in an Underground Water Impact Report (UWIR), which is revised every three years, providing for an adaptive cycle of reporting-monitoring-research-modelling. The UWIR provides an assessment of regional impacts on groundwater pressures, springs and water supply bores, and establishes integrated management arrangements, such as regional monitoring strategies. Groundwater levels and the interpretation of observed trends are key data that underpin the impact assessment. At any given point in time, the observed trends may be influenced by a number of factors, which can be grouped into two categories: water balance (e.g. recharge, discharge, CSG groundwater extraction and non-CSG water use) and non-water balance (e.g. earth tides, barometric pressure and mechanical loading). This report is focussed on unpacking the impacts of CSG groundwater extraction from the Walloon Coal Measures on the observed groundwater level trends in adjacent aquifers – the Springbok Sandstone, Hutton Sandstone and Condamine Alluvium. In order to separate CSG impacts from other water balance factors (i.e. non-CSG water use), it is necessary to establish background aquifer conditions. Once background conditions and trends are established or contextualised, CSG impacts may then be inferred where there is a deviation from background trends. However, there are a number of challenges that make establishing background trends difficult, including the following: Many of the aquifers adjacent to the CSG reservoir have extensive current and historical non- CSG water use for which there is limited metering. The distribution of dedicated monitoring infrastructure prior to CSG commencement is limited to areas where aquifers are generally shallow or at outcrop, reflecting the primary areas of historical non-CSG water use. In the early stages of development, CSG impacts in adjacent aquifers are likely to represent a relatively minor component of the observed trends, and may be within the bounds of uncertainty associated with other more influential factors, such as climatic variations and estimated non-CSG water use. Consequently, OGIA applied a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach, including both qualitative and quantitative methods, to establish the nature of the trends and determine the likely causes of those trends. Specifically, the approach integrates statistical methods (Mann-Kendall and Spearman correlation), sub-regional and local-scale hydrogeological conceptualisation and numerical modelling. The outcomes from these individual methods are then integrated to assess where observed trends are interpreted to be influenced by CSG groundwater extraction. The Walloon Coal Measures is the primary reservoir for CSG development in the Surat Basin. Within the Upper Juandah and Taroom coal measures, groundwater level declines (up to 300 m) are largely restricted spatially to gas fields and the immediately surrounding areas. Drawdowns of greater than 10 m are rarely observed further than 10 km away from active CSG development areas. Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment i 2019 Analysis of groundwater level trends in the Surat CMA In the Springbok Sandstone – overlying the Walloon Coal Measures – variable groundwater level trends are observed. Consistent with previous predictions, there is evidence of CSG impacts at some locations, particularly where connectivity is enhanced due to local geological features such as faults. Three sites – Kenya East GW4, Broadwater GW11 and Isabella 7M – are identified as likely to be affected by CSG groundwater extraction. In the Hutton Sandstone – an aquifer underlying the Walloon Coal Measures – widespread declining groundwater level trends are observed. The observed trends in the available data correlate well with rainfall patterns – particularly in outcrop areas – and with non-CSG water use in the Hutton Sandstone, both inside and outside CSG production areas. There are no discernible changes in the rate of decline that correlate with CSG groundwater extraction. At this stage, there is no evidence to suggest that declining trends in the Hutton Sandstone are due to CSG groundwater extraction. Non-CSG water use from the aquifer itself is likely to be the primary cause of the declining trends. CSG depressurisation may be a contributing factor in some areas, but there is currently no definitive evidence at this stage. Some CSG impacts are predicted in the longer term in the Hutton Sandstone. The Condamine Alluvium is a major water supply aquifer. In some areas, groundwater levels have been depressed by more than 25 m since the 1960s. Groundwater level trends have been analysed along the western flank of the alluvial aquifer, the area closest to existing CSG development areas. In combination with very low head differences (<20 m for most areas), it is unlikely that CSG impacts have occurred in the Condamine Alluvium at this stage. Overall, the analysis suggests that there is definitive evidence of widespread CSG impact in the Walloon Coal Measures. In the overlying Springbok Sandstone, the groundwater level trends are mixed and there is evidence at some sites of CSG impact. In the underlying Hutton Sandstone, pronounced declining trends are observed, but these are likely to be due to increasing non-CSG water use. There is no evidence of significant CSG impact in the Hutton Sandstone at this stage. Ongoing analysis of water level trends is important for understanding groundwater system dynamics, such as flow directions, and for the identification of impacts from CSG and non-CSG development. Analysis of the influences on observed groundwater level trends in aquifers adjacent to CSG reservoirs will continue to be a major focus for OGIA during the next three-year cycle. Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment ii 2019 Analysis of groundwater level trends in the Surat CMA Table of contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project purpose .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Report scope .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Study area ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Relationship with other studies ....................................................................................................... 2 1.6 Report layout .................................................................................................................................. 4 2 Regional context ........................................................................................................................... 6
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