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Geodynamic Synthesis of the North Queensland Region and Implications for Metallogeny

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Geodynamic Synthesis of the North Queensland Region and Implications for Metallogeny GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA Geodynamic Synthesis of the North Queensland Region and Implications for Metallogeny Natalie Kositcin, David C. Champion and David L. Huston Record 2009/30 GeoCat # 69159 APPLYING GEOSCIENCE TO AUSTRALIA’S MOST IMPORTANT CHALLENGES Geodynamic Synthesis of the North Queensland Region and Implications for Metallogeny GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA RECORD 2009/30 by N. Kositcin1, D. C. Champion1 and D.L. Huston1 1. Onshore Energy and Minerals Division, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601 Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism Minister for Resources and Energy: The Hon. Martin Ferguson, AM MP Secretary: John Pierce Geoscience Australia Chief Executive Officer: Dr Neil Williams PSM © Commonwealth of Australia, 2009 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealings for the purpose of study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Copyright is the responsibility of the Chief Executive Officer, Geoscience Australia. Requests and enquiries should be directed to the Chief Executive Of ficer, Geos cience Australia, GPO Box 378 Canberra ACT 2601. Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible. However, it does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you should not solely rely on this information when making a commercial decision. ISSN 1448-2177 ISBN 978-1-921672-21-7 web ISBN 978-1-921672-22-4 print GeoCat # 69159 Bibliographic refer ence: Kositcin, N., Champion, D.C. and Huston, D.L. 2009. Geodynamic Synthesis of the North Queensland Region and Implications for Metallogeny. Geoscience Australia Record 2009/30, 196 pp. ii Contents Introduction 1 Acknowledgements 1 Section 1. Geological Summaries and Time-Space Plots for the North Queensland Region Introduction 2 1.1 Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic 2 1.2. Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian 13 1.3. Early to Middle Cambrian 16 1.4. Middle Cambrian to Ordovician-earliest Silurian 17 1.5. Middle Silurian to Middle-early Late Devonian 23 1.6. Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous 28 1.7. Middle Carboniferous to latest Permian 32 1.8. Mesozoic 40 1.9. Cenozoic 45 Section 2. The Tectonic Development of the North Queensland Region Introduction 52 2.1. Paleoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic geodynamics 52 2.2. Rodinia breakup and establishment of the Tasman Orogen 61 2.3. Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian 62 2.4. Early to Middle Cambrian 65 2.5. Late Cambrian to earliest Silurian 67 2.6. Silurian to Middle to early Late Devonian 72 2.7. Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous 77 2.8. Early Carboniferous to Middle Triassic 79 2.9. Mesozoic basin development and Late Mesozoic magmatism 83 2.10. Cenozoic basins and within-plate magmatism (± hotspot activity) 86 Section 3. North Queensland Mineralisation 90 Introduction 90 3.1. Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1750 Ma to 600 Ma) 90 3.2. Delamerian cycle (>600-490 Ma) 137 3.3. Benambran cycle (490-430 Ma) 138 3.4. Tabberabberan cycle (430-380 Ma) 144 3.5. Kanimblan cycle (380-350 Ma) 148 3.6. Hunter-Bowen cycle (350 Ma-230 Ma) 150 3.7. Mesozoic 161 3.8. Cenozoic 162 Section 4. References 165 iii iv Introduction This report presents the results of a geodynamic synthesis of North Queensland. This was undertaken with the dual aims: (1) to better understand the tectonic and geodynamic setting of existing mineral deposits within North Queensland, and (2) to provide a predictive capability, within the synthesised geodynamic framework, not just for extending potential regions of known mineralisation but also for possible new styles and commodities. The report combines the Mineral Systems approach of Wyborn (1997) with the ‘Five Questions’ methodology adopted by the Predictive Mineral Discovery CRC (pmd*CRC; http://www.pmdcrc.com.au/RESprograms.html; Barnicoat, 2007, 2008). It is clearly targeted at the first of the ‘Five Questions’, namely, constraining and understanding the regional and local geodynamic environment as the first step in delineating mineral systems. To achieve this we have synthesised geological data on a regional, largely orogenic, basis. This was undertaken to identify geological events and geodynamic cycles, and to produce regional geological syntheses and accompanying time-space-event plots. These regional syntheses were used to produce an interpreted geological and geodynamic synthesis of North Queensland. This new synthesis provided the geodynamic framework to both constrain known mineralisation and allow a predictive capability for potential new mineralisation. Outputs are delivered in 3 sections. Geological summaries and time- space-event plots are presented in Section 1. Our interpreted geological and geodynamic synthesis is presented in Section 2. Section 3 places metallogenic events into the framework established in Section 2 and uses the relationships between metallogeny and geodynamics to predict mineral potential for the North Queensland region. This report uses, to some extent, information synthesised as part of Geoscience Australia’s Phanerozoic Synthesis Project (Champion et al., 2009), which provided a synthesis and geodynamic framework of the Tasman Orogen of Eastern Australia, including North Queensland, for the Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian to the end of the Hunter-Bowen Orogeny (Triassic). For the current report we are focussing on the one region, and including all geological events, that is, encompassing the geological and geodynamic history of the North Queensland region from the Paleoproterozoic to Recent. The report also differs from the previous project in that less emphasis is placed on orogenic cycles, particularly for the Proterozoic and Mesozoic and younger rocks, where orogenic cycles are less well defined. The synthesis of North Queensland’s provinces and basins is presented as a series of time-space plots, based on information captured within GA’s PROVINCES and EVENTS databases. Although largely Province-based, the synthesis, and related figures, discuss the area in terms of geographic regions, e.g., Greenvale region. These regions are for the most part synonymous with the provinces, e.g., Charters Towers region mostly equates with the Charters Towers Province (Figures 2b, 3, 4), though because younger rocks and events (not strictly part of the Province) are also discussed the term ‘region’ is preferred. Also the large Etheridge Province (Figure 3) has here been subdivided into the Coen and Georgetown regions (Figure 4). Acknowledgements The report was greatly assisted by detailed discussions on Queensland geology, geodynamic environments and metallogeny, with I. Withnall, C. Murray, L. Hutton, J. Draper (Geological Survey of Queensland), C. Fergusson (University of Wollongong), R. Henderson, W. Collins, R. Wormald (James Cook University of North Queensland), and R. Blewett, P. Henson, R. Korsch, G. Gibson, L. Wyborn, A. Lambeck, N. Neumann (Geoscience Australia). We thank Terry Mernagh and Anthony Schofield for their contributions. We also thank Russell Korsch and Alan Whitaker who provided detailed internal reviews at Geoscience Australia, and Ian Withnall, Laurie Hutton, Margie Scott and Terry Denaro (Geological Survey of Queensland) are thanked for their reviews of the manuscript. 1 SECTION 1. GEOLOGICAL SUMMARIES AND TIME- SPACE PLOTS FOR THE NORTH QUEENSLAND REGION Introduction The North Queensland region (Figures 1, 2b) consists of Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic continental basement bounded by the accretionary North Queensland Orogen to the east, and enigmatic Thomson Orogen to the south. The Georgetown and Coen Regions (Figures 3, 4), the main exposed areas of Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic in eastern North Queensland, represent the remnant eastern margin of the Proterozoic Australian continent after Neoproterozoic Rodinian breakup (e.g., Cawood, 2005). The North Queensland Orogen (terminology of Glen, 2005), and constituent provinces, subprovinces and geographic regions (Figures 2a, b, 3, 4) represent the northern part of the largely Paleozoic Tasman Orogen, which dominates eastern Australia, and is generally thought to have been produced by a long-lived accretionary convergent margin (e.g., Cawood, 2005; Collins and Richards, 2008; Glen, 2005). The Thomson Orogen comprises Neoproterozoic to Middle Palaeozoic rocks best exposed within the Anakie Inlier (Withnall et al., 1995) and the Charters Towers region (e.g., Hutton et al., 1997). The Orogen, however, is poorly exposed, being largely covered by Paleozoic and Mesozoic basins, and is poorly understood. In particular the age, nature and origins of the basement rocks in the orogen are largely unknown, although a variety of models have been proposed (see discussion in Champion et al., 2009). The Charters Towers and Barnard regions, which may be part of either the North Queensland or the Thomson orogens are included within the North Queensland Orogen in this report. As such the Thomson Orogen is not discussed in any detail. Geological province and subprovince nomenclature used in this report follows Geological Survey of Queensland usage, largely as outlined in Bain and Draper (1997), but with the recent modifications of Withnall et al. (2009a; see Figures 2b, 3). 1.1. Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Geological and tectonic summary Rocks of Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic age in North Queensland are best represented in the Georgetown and Coen regions (e.g., Withnall et al., 1988; Bain and Draper,
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