O Brasil Mágico De Bernardo Élis

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O Brasil Mágico De Bernardo Élis UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS – PPGL THIAGO FERNANDES SOARES RIBEIRO O BRASIL MÁGICO DE BERNARDO ÉLIS João Pessoa – Outubro 2016 THIAGO FERNANDES SOARES RIBEIRO O BRASIL MÁGICO DE BERNARDO ÉLIS Texto submetido à apreciação da Banca Examinadora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal da Paraíba–PPGL como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras. Orientação: Profa. Dra. Wilma Martins de Mendonça. João Pessoa – Outubro 2016 R484b Ribeiro, Thiago Fernandes Soares. O Brasil mágico de Bernardo Élis Bernardo / Thiago Fernandes Soares Ribeiro.- João Pessoa, 2016. 195f. Orientadora: Wilma Martins de Mendonça Tese (Doutorado) - UFPB/CCHL 1. Élis, Bernardo, 1915-1997 - crítica e interpretação. 2. Literatura brasileira - crítica e interpretação. 3. Narrativa curta. 4. Realismo mágico. 5. Mundo sertanejo. UFPB/BC CDU: 869.0(81)(043) Aos meus filhos, Luís e Maria Júlia, Dedico. AGRADECIMENTOS A esta força que me move e me guia. A todas as professoras e todos os professores que contribuíram de forma direta e indireta no meu aprendizado, no meu crescimento, na minha formação como pesquisador, como profissional, como cidadão e como homem. A todos os funcionários e servidores da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, sobremaneira às secretárias do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras desta instituição. A todas as examinadoras e examinadores que participaram das minhas bancas, principalmente pelas pertinentes observações, críticas e ótimos direcionamento que me deram e que eu, humildemente, recebo. Aos meus pais que me encaminharam nesta vereda, que me amaram e definiram meu caráter e minha conduta social baseada na ética e na justiça. Aos meus amigos que estiveram comigo nos piores momentos, aos companheiros e às companheiras de estudos com quem peregrinei pelas sendas do conhecimento, dentre os quais gostaria de citar, em nome de todos, Mário Simões. E, mormente, à professora Wilma Martins de Mendonça que me pegou pelo braço e mostrou-me o caminho da pesquisa, que me orientou, criticou, puxou-me a orelha quando mais precisei, e nos pouquíssimos momentos de merecimento que tive, soube mostrar que tinha qualidades. Sobretudo à Arilane, simplesmente por estar comigo todos os dias desta minha vida e que me suportou – só Deus sabe o quanto deve ter sido difícil – quando as dificuldades do trabalho se impuseram sobre o meu dia a dia. A todos, de coração aberto e espírito regozijante, agradeço. RESUMO O presente trabalho, O Brasil mágico de Bernardo Élis, tem como finalidade o estudo das representações do mágico nos contos do introdutor do modernismo em Goiás, através da perspectiva teórica do realismo mágico, termo cunhado, inicialmente, pelo historiador e crítico de arte Franz Roth, em 1925. Para tanto, escolhemos para a nossa análise as narrativas curtas “André Louco” e “Pai Norato” que compõem a obra Ermos e Gerais (1944); “Uma certa porta”, de Caminhos e descaminhos (1965) e “Joãoboi” da coletânea, Apenas um violão, publicado por Élis em 1984. Neste sentido, buscamos rastrear as origens dessa discursividade teórico-crítica, suas particularidades, suas adequações e /ou inadequações aos textos bernardianos que representam, artisticamente, o mundo sertanejo de Goiás, através da observação de seus aspectos físicos e, notadamente, da ambiência social e psicológica do sertanejo. Para tal fim, nos utilizamos, metodologicamente, dos pressupostos dialéticos de Antonio Candido acerca da relação entre o discurso literário e a sociedade. Palavras-chave: Literatura. Narrativa curta. Realismo mágico. Sertão. ABSTRACT The present work, The magical Brazil of Bernardo Élis, intents to study the representation of the magical in the short stories from the introductor of the modernism in Goiás state, in Brazil, through the theory of magical realism, term created, by the critic and art historiographer Franz Roth, in 1925. In this purpose, we have chosen for our analyses the short stories “André Louco” and “Pai Norato” from the book Ermos e Gerais (1944); “Uma certa porta”, from Caminhos e descaminhos (1965) and “Joãoboi” from Apenas um violão, published by Élis in 1984. In this sense, we searched to trace the origins of this discursivity theorical-critic, its particularities, its applicability and / or inapplicability to bernardians texts which represents, artistically, the sertão (hinterland) world from Goiás, through the observation of its physical aspects and, mainly, of the sertanejos` psychological and social environment. In this sense, we use, methodologically, Antonio Candido`s dialectical premises about the relationship between the literary discourse and the society. Keywords: Literature. Short Story. Magical realism. Hinterland (Sertão). RESUMEN Este trabajo, Brasil mágico de Bernardo Élis, tiene como objetivo estudiar las representaciones de magia en los cuentos del introductor del modernismo en Goiás, a través de la perspectiva teórica del realismo mágico, un término acuñado inicialmente por el historiador y crítico de arte Franz Roth en 1925. Con este fin, hemos elegido para nuestro análisis de los cuentos "André Louco" y "Pai Norato" que componen Ermos e Gerais (1944); "Uma certa porta", de Caminhos e descaminhos (1965) y "Joãoboi" de la colección, Apenas um violão, publicado por Élis en 1984. En este sentido, tratamos de rastrear el origen de este discurso teórico y crítico, sus peculiaridades, sus adaptaciones y / o sus insuficiencias a los textos bernardianos que representan artísticamente el sertão (desierto) de Goiás, a través de la observación de sus aspectos físicos y, en particular, el ambiente, social y psicológico de lo sertanejo. Con este fin, hemos utilizado, del punto de vista metodológico, de supuestos dialécticas de Antonio Candido sobre la relación entre el discurso literario y la sociedad. Palabras clave: Literatura. Narrativa corta. Realismo Mágico. Desierto (Sertão). SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 9 VIBRAÇÕES PROTEIFORMES: NOS CAMINHOS DO MÁGICO 15 2.1 Sobre realismo mágico: origens, definições e ligações com o surrealismo 16 2.2 O ser e o sagrado: realidade por excelência 30 2.3 Práticas mágicas e feitiçaria: os sortilégios de amor e de violência 34 2.4 A metamorfose: transformação da vida em vida 42 2.5 Tendências irmãs: o realismo mágico antilhano; o real maravilhoso americano de Carpentier; o fantástico sulamericano de Borges, Rubião e Cortázar; e o realismo mágico brasileiro 50 NOITE CHEIA DE ESPECTROS: REPRESENTAÇÕES DO MÁGICO NOS CONTOS DE BERNARDO ÉLIS 53 3.1 O ninho da noite: o mágico em “Pai Norato” 65 3.2 A cruz e o chicote: o sagrado no mundo patriarcal do conto “Uma certa porta” 97 3.3 Prinspiava pela incerteza: A ambiguidade na construção de “Joãoboi” 134 3.4 Assombrações e pesadelos: Espíritos, possuídos e santos em “André Louco” 167 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 191 REFERÊNCIAS 195 9 INTRODUÇÃO Minhas histórias referem-se sempre à realidade. Não digo que eu as tenha vivido, mas outros podem tê-las vivido […]. História imaginada, simplesmente? Creio que não: temos aí um pouco da situação social e psicológica de nossa gente. Bernardo Élis Nosso estudo propõe-se averiguar as configurações e representações da temática do mágico na obra de Bernardo Élis, mais especificamente em seus contos “André Louco”, “Pai Norato”, ambos da coletânea Ermos e Gerais (1944); “Uma certa porta”, de Caminhos e descaminhos (1965) e “Joãoboi”, do livro Apenas um violão, publicado por Bernardo Élis em 1984, nos quais se sobressaem um acentuado misticismo, expresso pelas crenças rústicas de assombrações, de encantamentos e de magias. Essas histórias de assombrações e de encantamentos, que perpassam o discurso literário sobre o mundo do sertão de Bernardo Élis, constituem um fenômeno universal, comum aos mais diversos povos do mundo, como nos atesta o historiador britânico, Eric Hobsbawm, em seu livro Rebeldes primitivos (1969), no qual analisa o surgimento das diversas formas de crenças do sobrenatural, em especial dentro do universo da violência social: E os camponeses, em compensação, acrescentam a invulnerabilidade às várias outras heróicas e lendárias qualidades do bandido. Diziam que Angiolillo possuía um anel mágico que desviava as balas. Shuhaj era invulnerável porque – as teorias divergem – tinha uma vara verde com que espantava as balas ou porque uma bruxa o tinha feito beber um líquido fermentado que o tornara resistente às balas; que, por causa disso, ele tinha que ser morto com um machado. Oleska Dovbush, o lendário bandido-herói dos Cárpatos, no século XVIII, só podia ser assassinado com uma bala de prata que tivesse sido conservada durante um ano num prato de brotos de trigo, benzido por um padre no dia dos doze grandes santos e sobre o qual doze padres tivessem rezado doze missas. Não tenho a menor dúvida de que mitos similares existam no folclore de muitos outros bandidos. É óbvio que nenhuma dessas práticas ou crenças deriva uma da outra (HOBSBAWM, 1970, p. 27-28). Dessa maneira, o historiador britânico retoma a visão do mágico expressa por Gabriel García Márquez, que compreendia o realismo mágico, nas Letras da América Latina, em plena aproximação com a sociedade, num olhar voltado para a importância do nosso passado 10 social. Para Márquez, na vida da América Hispânica, sucedem as coisas mais extraordinárias, todos os dias (apud JOZEF, 1986, p. 86). Na verdade, nos mundos arcaicos, ainda marcados pela violência e pela crueldade dos poderosos frente aos dominados, o medo e a morte tornam-se presentes no dia a dia das populações destas
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