TVA E Instituições De Desenvolvimento Regional

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TVA E Instituições De Desenvolvimento Regional TVA E INSTITUIÇÕES DE DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A HISTÓRIA DAS IDEIAS © Copyright: dos autores 1ª edição 2015 Direitos reservados desta edição: Reitora Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul Carmen Lúcia de Lima Helfer Vice-Reitor Eltor Breunig Pró-Reitor de Graduação Elenor José Schneider Capa: Denis Ricardo Puhl Pró-Reitora de Pesquisa (Assessoria de Comunicação e Marketing da UNISC) e Pós-Graduação Andréia Rosane de Moura Valim Pró-Reitor de Administração Editoração: Clarice Agnes, Jaime Laufer Julio Cezar S. de Mello Pró-Reitor de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Institucional Marcelino Hoppe Pró-Reitor de Extensão e Relações Comunitárias Angelo Hoff EDITORA DA UNISC Editora Helga Haas COMISSÃO EDITORIAL Helga Haas - Presidente Andréia Rosane de Moura Valim Angela Cristina Trevisan Felippi Felipe Gustsack Leandro T. Burgos Olgário Paulo Vogt Vanderlei Becker Ribeiro Wolmar Alípio Severo Filho T968 TVA e instituições de desenvolvimento regional: contribuições para a história das ideias [recurso eletrônico] / Markus E. Brose (Organizador). -- Santa Cruz do Sul : EDUNISC, 2015. Dados eletrônicos Texto eletrônico Modo de acesso: World Wide Web: <www.unisc.br/edunisc> ISBN 978-85-7578-427-3 1. Desenvolvimento regional. I. Brose, Markus Erwin. CDD 338.98165 Bibliotecária : Edi Focking - CRB 10/1197 Avenida Independência, 2293 Fones: (51) 3717-7461 e 3717-7462 - Fax: (051) 3717-7402 96815-900 - Santa Cruz do Sul - RS E-mail: [email protected] - www.unisc.br/edunisc TVA E INSTITUIÇÕES DE DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A HISTÓRIA DAS IDEIAS Markus E. Brose (Org.) Elisângela de A. Chiquito David Ekbladh Philip Hirsch Fiona Miller James C. Scott Mônica P. Vianna Santa Cruz do Sul EDUNISC 2015 SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO .........................................................................................................5 2 DO TENNESSEE AO VELHO CHICO: VIAGENS DE UMA IDEIA Markus Erwin Brose ....................................................................................................7 3 MULTI-PURPOSE RIVER VALLEY DEVELOPMENT: A REPERCUSSÃO DO IDEÁRIO E DAS EXPERIÊNCIAS DE PLANEJAMENTO REGIONAL NORTE-AMERICANOS NO BRASIL Elisângela de Almeida Chiquito ................................................................................40 4 O PLANEJAMENTO REGIONAL INTEGRADO DA TVA E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NO BRASIL: O CASO DA CESP Mônica Peixoto Vianna ..............................................................................................54 5 ENGENHARIA SOCIAL HIPERMODERNISTA: O CASO DA TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY James C. Scott ..........................................................................................................71 6 ‘SR. TVA’: DESENVOLVIMENTO DE BASE COMUNITÁRIA, DAVID LILIENTHAL, ASCENSÃO E QUEDA DA TVA COMO SÍMBOLO DA COOPERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DOS EUA, 1933-1973 David Ekbladh .........................................................................................................108 7 A SOCIEDADE CIVIL E A INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DA GESTÃO DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS Fiona Miller; Philip Hirsch .......................................................................................143 ANEXOS Anexo 1 – Extrato de palestra: LOPES (1949) O VALE DO SÃO FRANCISCO ......161 Anexo 2 – Extrato de folder informativo: MRC (2013) HISTÓRIA DO PLANO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA BACIA DO MEKONG ................................................167 1 INTRODUÇÃO Segundo mito grego, com um único gesto Pandora abriu a caixa que continha os males da humanidade, permitindo que estes escapassem. Assustada, ainda tentou colocá-los de volta, mas eles já haviam se espalhado. Não havia mais retorno. Podemos parafrasear este mito com o gesto do presidente norte-americano Franklin Roosevelt que, apenas três meses após sua posse, em maio de 1933, obteve autorização do Congresso para criar um novo tipo de organização pública. Foi criada uma instituição que não existia antes, uma vasta autarquia federal, autônoma, para um novo tipo de política pública, visando combater a pobreza e promover o desenvolvimento regional, denominada Tennessee Valley Authority – TVA. Como todo projeto piloto, a nova organização tinha falhas e problemas inerentes à sua concepção e poderia ter caído no esquecimento como muitas outras ideias similares na área do desenvolvimento regional. Porém, o grande número de concepções sobre desenvolvimento internalizadas pela TVA gerou uma fascinante ideia com força própria, que acabou dissociada dos seus resultados práticos e ganhou vida autônoma, em parte decorrente de uma campanha internacional de divulgação que durou décadas. A TVA tornou-se, desde então, uma lenda que circula o mundo, multiplica- se mediante organizações similares, ocupando espaço em teses e dissertações acadêmicas, sendo objeto de uma bibliografia especializada que ao longo desses 80 anos preencheria uma biblioteca. Apesar de o projeto piloto nunca ter sido replicado nos Estados Unidos da América - EUA, não há mais como eliminar mitos e ideias pré-concebidas relacionadas à TVA do pensamento sobre desenvolvimento regional, seja nos EUA ou no Brasil. Embora a divulgação dessa ideia, no Brasil, tenha ocorrido desde os anos 1930 em aulas e debates na Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, e, nos anos 1940, junto à cúpula do Governo Vargas pelo relatório da Missão Cooke, o debate acadêmico e as políticas públicas na área do desenvolvimento regional ainda pouco reconhecem a força do ideário da TVA, seus resultados e sua revisão crítica na literatura especializada. Não cabe à presente publicação a pretensão de apresentar um panorama completo da fascinante vida própria dessa ideia, pretendemos, aqui, contribuir especificamente para maior conhecimento sobre a origem da TVA e seus principais impactos. Nesse sentido, a presente publicação apresenta-se subdividida em dois subgrupos. O primeiro grupo de três capítulos, busca resgatar a origem da TVA e seus impactos no Brasil, através de estudos de caso que analisam a Comissão de Desenvolvimento do Vale do São Francisco – CODEVASF, a Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste – SUDENE, a Companhia Energética de São Paulo – CESP e a Comissão Interestadual da Bacia do Paraná-Uruguai - CIBPU. O segundo grupo busca apresentar ao leitor um extrato do debate internacional TVA E INSTITUIÇÕES DE DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL: 6 Contribuições para a história das ideias sobre a TVA, que encontra-se em contínua construção. São três capítulos, sendo o primeiro uma tradução autorizada de um capítulo de livro publicado na Índia, que analisa o caráter autoritário da organização, um artigo de revista acadêmica publicado nos EUA que analisa a interação entre a TVA e a Guerra do Vietnã, e, por último um texto para discussão da Universidade de Sidney/Austrália que questiona a aplicação do modelo TVA no rio Mekong. Os três capítulos deste subgrupo constituem tradução livre pelo organizador, ou seja, não seguem o sistema de tradução literal, palavra por palavra. As traduções foram feitas com base no sentido que os autores atribuíram ao texto e privilegiam, assim, um texto de leitura fluente. A pesquisa, que originou esta publicação, foi possível mediante uma bolsa do Programa Nacional de Pós Doutorado PNPD/CAPES, concedida em 2015 pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional – PPGDR da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul – UNISC. O objeto da pesquisa foram os impactos da construção da rodovia BR 364 nos estados de Mato Grosso, Rondônia e Acre no período 1970-2010. Uma das componentes desta pesquisa foi uma análise da atuação da Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Centro Oeste – SUDECO, que originou a busca sobre suas origens. 2 DO TENNESSEE AO VELHO CHICO: VIAGENS DE UMA IDEIA Prof. Dr. Markus Erwin Brose1 2.1 A conflituosa criação da TVA: tensões entre utopias e resultados O espaço de intervenção da TVA A TVA foi criada para intervir na geografia e na economia, buscando modificar a sociedade, da bacia hidrográfica do rio Tennessee, um dos maiores rios dos EUA que drena uma área de 106.000 km2 dividida entre sete unidades da federação. Esta área equivale ao território da Guatemala, é maior que Portugal ou Pernambuco, e equivale a duas vezes a Dinamarca. Para além da impressionante escala dessa ideia, porque a bacia do Tennessee? O vale do rio Tennessee configura a interseção entre uma região geográfica montanhosa e duas regiões culturais específicas, gerando um território que nos anos 1930 era conhecido como um dos mais pobres dos EUA, contando uma população estimada em 2,3 milhões de pessoas. No norte do estado do Alabama, um terço da população que morava perto do rio sofria de malária. Mais de 80% da população da bacia era formada por agricultores familiares de subsistência, com média de 30 hectares por propriedade. Eram famílias com grande número de filhos, que viviam em choupanas cobertas por pedaços de madeira, sem banheiro, luz elétrica ou àgua tratada. Somente dois núcleos urbanos da região, Knoxville e Chattanooga, tinham população acima de 100.000 habitantes. Os sete estados ribeirinhos faziam parte da lista dos 10 estados com os piores índices de analfabetismo adulto, e baixa qualidade da educação, no país. As jazidas de carvão mineral estavam exauridas, 85% das terras agrícolas sofriam de erosão, o setor madeireiro estava falido pelo corte excessivo das florestas nativas (MILLER; REIDINGER, 1998). A região tem uma das mais altas intensidades de chuva do país, com índices pluviométricos que podem chegar a 2.280 mm/ano. Os ventos do sul e sudeste trazem umidade do Caribe, que no confronto com as
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