Wisconsin I Magazine of History

Harry L. Russell in Europe EDWARD H. BEARDSLEY Irvine L. Lcnroot and the RepuWican Primary of 1908 ROBERT GRIFFITH Letters of a Wisconsin Boy in tfie A.E.F. Antimilitarism at State Universities JAMES H. HAWKES Proceedings of tlie One Hundred and l^neteenih Annual Meeting

Published by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin / Vol. XLIX, No. 1 / Autumn, 1965 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN

LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director

Officers SCOTT M. CUTLIP, President HERBERT V. KOHLER, Honorary Vice-President JOHN C. GEILFUSS, First Vice-President E. E. HoMSTAD, Treasurer CLIFFORD D. SWANSON, Second Vice-President LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Secretary

Board of Curators Ex-Officio WARREN P. KNOWLES, Governor of the State MRS. DENA A. SMITH, State Treasurer ROBERT C. ZIMMERMAN, Secretary of State FRED H. HARRINGTON, President of the University ANGUS B. ROTHWELL, Superintendent of Public Instruction MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, President of the Women's Auxiliary

Term Expires, 1966 E. DAVID CRONON MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND JOHN C. GEILFUSS J. WARD RECTOR Madison Hartland Milwaukee Milwaukee SCOTT M. CUTLIP EDWARD FROMM MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE JAMES A. RILEY Madison Hamburg Genesee Depot Eau Claire W. NORMAN FITZGERALD ROBERT A. GEHRKE ROBERT L. PIERCE CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Milwaukee Ripon Menomonie Stevens Point

Term Expires, 1967 THOMAS H. BARLAND E. E. HoMSTAD MRS. RAYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERIC SAMMOND Eau Claire Black River Falls Madison Milwaukee M. J. DYRUD MRS. CHARLES B. JACKSON FREDERICK I. OLSON DONALD C. SLIGHTER Prairie du Chien Nashotah Wauwatosa Milwaukee JIM DAN HILL MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH F. HARWOOD ORBISON LOUIS C. SMITH Middleton Janesville Appleton Lancaster

Term Expires, 1968 GEORGE BANTA, JR. MRS. JOHN N. MILLER MILO K. SWANTON CLARK WILKINSON Menasha Wisconsin Rapids Madison Baraboo KENNETH W. HAACENSEN ROBERT B. L. MURPHY FREDERICK N. TROWBRIDGE STEPHEN P. J. WOOD Oconomowoc Madison Green Bay Beloit WILLIAM F. STARK CEDRIC A. VIC Pewaukee Rhinelander

Honorary Honorary Life Members WILLIAM ASHBY MCCLOY, Winnipeg PRESTON E. MCNALL, Madison MRS. LITTA BASCOM, Madison DOROTHY L. PARK, Madison Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI ALICE E. SMITH

The Women's Auxiliary Officers MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, Madison, President MRS. WILLIAM H. L. SMYTHE, Milwaukee, Vice-President MRS. EDWARD H. RIKKERS, Madison, Secretary MRS. WILLIAM E. HUG, Neenah, Treasurer MRS. EDMUND K. NIELSON, Appleton, Assistant Treasurer MRS. W. NORMAN FITZGERALD, Milwaukee, Ex-Officio VOLUME 49, NUMBER 1/AUTUMN, 1965 Wisconsin Magazine of History

WILLIAM CONVERSE HAYGOOD, Editor PAUL H. HASS, Associate Editor

The Building Addition (Part 11) : The General Library 2

The Making of a Scientist: Harry L. Russell in Europe 3 EDWARD H. BEARDSLEY

Prelude to Insurgency: Irvine L. Lenroot and the Republican Primary of 1908 16 ROBERT GRIFFITH

Somewhere in France: Letters of a Wisconsin Boy in the A.E.F., 1918 29 Edited by PAUL H. HASS

Antimilitarism at State Universities: The Campaign Against Compulsory R.O.T.C, 1920-1940 41 JAMES H. HAWKES

Proceedings of the One Hundred and Nineteenth Annual Business Meeting of the State Historical Society 55

Book Reviews 82

Accessions 95

Contributors 98 Donors i-xxi

Published Quarterly by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published not assume responsibility for statements made by contribu­ quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, tors. Second-class postage paid at Madison, Wisconsin. 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Distributed Copyright 1965 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. to members as part of their dues (Annual membership, Paid for in part by the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial $5.00; Family membership, $7.00; Contributing, $10; Busi­ Fund and by the George B. Burrows Fund. Wisconsin news­ ness and Professional, $25 ; Sustaining, $100 or more annual­ papers may reprint any article appearing in the WISCON­ ly; Patron, $1000 or more annually). Single numbers, $1.25. SIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY providing the story carries Microfilmed copies available through University Microfilms, the following credit line: Reprinted from the State Histori­ 313 North First Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Communica­ cal Society's Wisconsin Magazine of History for [insert the tions should be addressed to the editor. The Society does season and year which appear on the Magazinel. THE BUILDING ADDITION (PART II): The General Library

HE Society has several distinct libraries using its own system. The prospect of new T which together make up our American quarters and physical changes raises the ques­ History Research Library. We have come to tion of whether we should abandon our pre­ distinguish among them, not to confuse our sent cataloging system. patrons and friends, but to give each the pro­ Our acquisitions policies need review, also. per emphasis and recognition it deserves. Sim­ Our function as the American history research ply stated, our libraries consist of our sepa­ library for the University of Wisconsin has rate collections of iconographic materials; increased, but our patrons now extend beyond state and local archives; manuscripts and the University family. We should make sure maps; and published books, newspapers, that we are collecting to meet these new de­ pamphlets, and government documents. mands. Furthermore, American history itself To this last category of published materials has expanded to include new areas like the we have given the name General Library. It history of technology or the history of mass is the library most familiar to our users, with communications which, once ignored, now de­ its attractive high-ceilinged reading room on mand close attention. As American historv the second floor. It is one of the nation's specializes, we are faced with a lack of acqui­ great research libraries. sitions specialists on our staff who are trained to follow publication developments in the vari­ The building addition, now under construc­ ous special fields and who can prepare biblio­ tion, promises to relieve some sensitive General graphic material to help our users. This is Library problems and open some new areas standard practice in research libraries but we for exploration. While the General Library have not had the funds to undertake it. These will not move its collections, it will have at are some of the questions which require care­ least six stack floors for needed expansion. ful reflection, as we expand into new quar­ The major physical changes will occur on the ters. second main floor. We expect to clear the reading room of the card catalogs and service As things stand now, we are not yet large desk, moving them back (or west) under the enough to use data processing equipment eco­ balcony and thereby providing twice the exist­ nomically, but the time is not far off. We ing space for reading purposes. We plan a want to be ready when that time comes, rare book room accessible to service staff and whether we think in terms of simple data pro­ a restricted book area for unique or valuable cessing problems like inventory control, books materials which are not rated as rare Ameri­ in circulation, or purchase orders, or whether cana. These and other physical changes will we think about the larger problems of com­ result in a closer juxtaposition of acquisi­ puterized cataloging systems and bibliogra­ tions, cataloging, reference, and service func­ phic aids. tions which will give us an opportunity to ex­ Here are the elements of a study in depth of periment with new procedures and make for our library, and the Board of Curators has more efficient working quarters for the libra­ instructed me to explore the possibilities of ry staff. such a study. We would call on specialists The building addition and the changes it in the library field from all over the country will bring call for an intensive look into the to assist us. We would count upon them to total program of the General Library. Basic acquaint themselves with our operation and questions of cataloging and acquisitions, which our problems intimately enough so that their rest on policy decisions at the Board of Cura­ recommendations will be relevant. We need tors level, confront us. From the beginning ideas, touched with the spirit of experiment, the Society has used the Cutter cataloging yet aimed at efficiency and grounded in ex­ system and it has worked out fairly well, but perience. The Society's General Library, a the system has some inelasticities and the dis­ Wisconsin jewel for generations, deserves no advantage of not being well known. More­ less. over, the Library of Congress performs a pre­ liminary cataloging service for most books, L. H. F., JR. The laboratory of Elie Metchnl- koff in the Pasteur Institute, Paris, where the young Harry Russell received part of his Euro­ pean training.

McClurc's Magazine, 1893

THE MAKING OF A SCIENTIST: Harry L. Russell in Europe

By EDWARD H. BEARDSLEY taken nearly every undergraduate botany course which the University offered. Excell­ ing in all of them, he soon won the chance EPTEMBER, 1884, saw the opening of to earn while he toiled. In the spring of 1886- S another school year at the University of 1887 he assisted in an Agricultural College Wisconsin in Madison. One of the incoming short course, teaching a class in grasses and freshmen, a strapping, curly-headed, big-fram­ weeds for twenty-five cents an hour—not a ed youth, was Harry Luman Russell, a doctor's bad wage for that day. Furthermore, the work son from the nearby town of Poynette. As offered "good training," Russell thought, "if a result of home influences, young Russell had I should decide to go into teaching as a pro­ a strong bent for the natural sciences. His fession."^ His progress soon caught the notice mother, an invalid since Harry's birth, had of biologist Edward A. Birge, who in addition transmitted to her son her own keen appre­ to his regular duties had taken over the in­ ciation of nature. Their informal botany ses­ struction in bacteriology. A brand-new field, sions not only enabled a chair-ridden woman bacteriology owed its existence to the astound­ to maintain a satisfying relationship with her ing discoveries of the two European germ hardy and active youngster, but they also fighters, Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. At sparked the boy's enthusiasm for the world of Birge's urging, Russell enrolled in the new plants. Russell's physician-father also con­ subject and got his first introduction to the tributed to the shaping of that interest. A exciting work of hunting for microbes. His man who combined wide scientific knowledge work was good; it was so good, in fact, that with the practice of medicine, E. Fred Russell Birge offered his young assistant a fellowship schooled his son in chemistry, botany, and in order to induce him to continue his studies zoology, and on their many hikes and fishing beyond the bachelor's degree. trips taught him to read nature with a skilled In the fall of 1888 the budding scientist and loving eye. Young Russell entered into his college work ' Harry Luman Russell Diary, vol. 1: 2, University with enthusiasm. By his junior year he had of Wisconsin Archives, Memorial Library, Madison. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN. 1965 launched his graduate career. At the time, the area of the unknown in the field of bac­ teriology was so immense that studies in any direction were almost sure to break new ground. Russell undertook to examine Madi­ son's Lake Mendota for the germ content of its ice. Madison's concern about its water •^*f* supply, he reasoned, was useless if the city did not also worry about the purity of its ice. While popular opinion held that freezing killed nearly all the germs in water, Russell's research found otherwise: nearly 40 per cent of the bacteria survived winter's icy drafts. Though his studies uncovered no evidence of pathogenic (disease-producing) bacteria in the ice, he did locate sewage contamination in some sections of the lake's crust. Such ice, he warned city residents in the local medical organ which printed his investigation, should not be used.' Enthusiastic about his progress, and fore­ seeing a real future in the new science, Rus­ sell decided to make research and teaching Society's Iconographic Collection in bacteriology his life's work. Although his Dr. Ephraiin Fred Russell, who encouraged his son mother, who died in 1887, did not live to see to embark on a scleniijic career. her son complete his college career, his father thing of everything,'" the twenty-four-year- applauded the choice which he had made. old Russell sailed from New York on the Dr. Russell was aware, however, of the limited steamer Amsterdam to pursue his doctoral prospects for gainful employment in bacteriol­ studies at the University of Berlin. On August ogy. He knew that the few jobs which were 28 he disembarked at Amsterdam, where he available—in hospitals, universities, and cer­ got his first taste of fine art. On the voyage tain federal government bureaus—would go he had made the acquaintance of a young lady to the men with the highest training. Conse­ who was a student of art and music, and on quently, he offered to stake his son to a year's their arrival in the Dutch port she introduced study on the Continent where he could work Russell to the Rijks Museum. The Rijks made with the undisputed masters of the science, a deep impression on him. He had never seen Koch and Pasteur. The proposition was a an art museum before, his only contact with tantalizing one to the young graduate, but fine paintings having been limited to photo­ he hated to journey so far from his widowed graphs. But enthusiasm over a photograph, father. Dr. Russell's assurances, however, plus he said, by comparison to what one exper­ the strong urging of Professor Birge, con­ ienced before the genuine article, was like vinced Russell that he must not miss such an "ecstasy over a [heating] register compared opportunity.'' with [one's emotion before] a bright cheery fire."" As he stood before Rembrandt's "Night- TN August, 1890, armed with a Baedeker's watch" and the madonnas of Reubens, "with •*- guide to Europe and with a determination all their wealth of color, venerable with age," to "know everything of something and some- Russell felt a new revelation dawn upon him." After his stimulating introduction to the Continent, Russell proceeded toward Berlin.

° H. L. Russell, "Preliminary Observations on the Bacteria in Ice from Lake Mendota," in The Medical Ubid., vol. 10: 7. Also see vol. 8: 167. News (August 17, 1889). '•Ibid., vol. 8: 17. See also vol. 10: 5-8. " Russell Diary, voL 1: 6. 'Ibid., voL 8: 17. BE.4RDSLEY: RUSSELL IN EUROPE

Ever a careful observer, with a catholicity of by the architecture and by the mass held in interests, he took attentive note of Dutch and Cologne Cathedral, noting that "there is in German agricultural practices. He was par­ such a place as this ... a feeling that brings ticularly impressed by the job of reclamation one nearer to the sanctuary of the Most High."" that the thrifty and skilled Dutch had done. Coming from a small Midwestern town and Beginning with sandy silt and flooded land, a Presbyterian background, he naturally the Dutch, with their dikes and drainage proj­ brought with him some of Protestant Ameri­ ects, by the 1880's had developed neat and ca's mistrust of Catholic Europe. At St. Ursula productive farms. In Germany he found plots Cathedral in Cologne he recoiled before the to be considerably smaller than those in Amer­ commercialized deceptions that the guides ica, and he nowhere saw the use of machinery practiced on visitors. Shown, for a fee, bones as in the United States. Yet he noted that that were supposedly from the hand and arm the German farms were freer of weeds than of St. Ursula, the virgin slain by the Huns, the American and that the farmers obtained and a jug reputedly used by the Christ, Rus­ a higher yield per acre than their American sell commented acidly that such a collection counterparts.' would "be barely tolerated in a dime museum" Russell took his time getting to Berlin, in America." stopping at Cologne and Konigswinter, and About the middle of September Russell then taking the Rhine river trip to Mainz be­ reached Berlin. His impressions of the city fore directing himself towards the Prussian were mixed. As a commercial center he felt capital. At Cologne he saw his first Catholic that it compared favorably with American cathedral on the Continent. He was impressed cities of similar size. But Berlin's setting on the sandy north German plain he thought 'Ibid., voL 8: 13, 33. very dull, and the metropolitan architecture he found highly disappointing. The city build­ ings on the broad Unter den Linden, Berlin's central artery, were not nearly so fine as the Marshall Field structure or the city audi­ torium in Chicago. Even the royal palaces of young Kaiser Wilhelm II were "without exterior beauty or grace. . . .'"" Having settled himself in rented quarters, Russell paid a call at Koch's Hygienic Insti­ tute, at the opposite end of Unter den Linden. The Institute was on the top floor of a dilap­ idated old brick-and-plaster building, the kind of structure, in Russell's opinion, which would not do even for a warehouse in the United States. However, the laboratory was the scien­ tific home of Robert Koch, and that made all the difference. Koch's fame, in the eyes of the public, rested on his fight against disease. He had isolated for the first time the tiny microbes that were respectively responsible for anthrax fever, tuberculosis, and Asiatic cholera. In 1876 his discovery of Bacillus anthracis had proved conclusively that bac­ teria were the causative agents of certain diseases, but it was his isolation of the tuber-

Society's Iconographic Collection ' Ibid., 21-22. ' Ibid. Harry L. Russell, photographed in Naples in 1891. '"Ibid., 36. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

might not be able to gain a place with Koch during the coming term. Only two vacancies remained at the time of his arrival, and in the competition for places a fledgling student without a professional reputation stood little chance. As he feared, when the laboratory opened in October, two doctors received the places. But just when Russell had decided to seek his training elsewhere, a position opened owing to a cancellation. His good fortune in gaining a place in the Institute was character­ istic of the luck that was to accompany him during his whole stay in Europe. He worked in one of the five rooms pro­ vided for advanced students. Every kind of contemporary bacteriological apparatus was available. According to an 1890 description the laboratories were "well lit and lofty with rows of microscopes bristling along the DeKruif, Microbe Hunters tables. . . . Bunsen burners, reservoirs of dis­ tilled water, freezing machines for the cutting Robert Koch, the pioneering German bacteriologist. of microscopic sections, and every other con­ ceivable aid to the bacteriological student, lie culosis germ in 1882 which brought him world ready to his hand."" Each of the advanced- fame overnight. His laboratory became the student laboratories was under the direction mecca of "microbe hunters" from all parts of of one of Koch's assistants. Russell's overseer the globe. Crowds of doctors and scientists was Dr. Paul Frosch, a young privat-docenl, "rushed to Berlin to sit at Koch's feet to learn who was engaged in research on American how to make beef-broth jelly and how to stick hog cholera. Russell began in October by as­ syringes full of germs into the wiggling car­ sisting Frosch. His first work involved the casses of guinea pigs."" staining of tissue sections to distinguish the To a bacteriologist, however, Koch's fame bacteria from animal tissue, and although he went beyond his popularly acclaimed triumphs. grumbled a bit about its routine nature, Rus­ He had pioneered in the development of tech­ sell admitted that the work was an excellent niques for growing pure cultures of bacteria, exercise in the development of patience and first using the mundane potato slice as his that perhaps Frosch knew what training the medium. His procedure for establishing the young American most needed." After a few etiology of disease, known as Koch's postu­ months of preliminary work Russell would be lates, was in use wherever bacteriologists bent able to start a research project of his own. over a microscope." When Russell called at the Institute he Several of the coming young men in bac­ learned that the official opening of instruction teriology were at the Institute along with was a month away. In the interim a Koch Russell. His next-door neighbor was Dr. Emil assistant was giving a course in bacteriological Behring, the co-discoverer of the antitoxin technique, and although Russell felt he would for diptheria, who was working in 1890 to be repeating much that he had mastered at improve it. Shibasaburo Kitasako, the Jap­ Wisconsin, he nevertheless enrolled in order anese bacteriologist, was also there. Kitasako to get experience in handling technical Ger­ was then evolving his cure for lockjaw and man. At the same time the young American was busy making tests on the virulence of also discovered, much to his dismay, that he " A. Conan Doyle, W. T. Stead, R. Koch, "Charac­ "Paul DeKruif, Microbe Hunters (New York, ter Sketch — Dr. Robert Koch," in Review of Re­ 1959), 130. views, 11:552 (December, 1890). ^'Ibid., 113-134. "Russell Diary, vol. 8: 63-64. BEARDSLEY: RUSSELL IN EUROPE tetanus bacilli by injecting them into the tails anatomy and physiology of plants, parasitic of scores of laboratory mice.'" diseases of the oral cavity, and Darwinian theory. He studied natural science under the •pOBERT KOCH was a figure whom Rus- renowned physiologist Edward de Bois Ray­ -•-'- sell rarely saw after the first month, un­ mond, and occasionally he "would sneak in less he happened to catch a fleeting glimpse to hear Prof. Oscar Hertwig in history and of the short and bespectacled doctor as he the famed historian Otto Von Ranke just to passed through the laboratories. "He has just see how great men presented their work.'"" now," Russell noted in his diary, "something Russell had as full a schedule of extracur­ of more importance than the teaching of ricular activities as he did of formal studies. 'bugs'.'"" In November, 1890, Koch reported He planned to take a trip to the south of to the world his discovery of a cure for tu­ Europe during one of the vacations. Each berculosis—the wonder material, tuberculin. afternoon when the laboratory closed he went The effect of the news was immediate and to the Royal Library and studied Italian and awesome. "You should see," Russell wrote French art so that he could use his holiday home, "what effect this announcement had most effectively. Careful not to overlook Ger­ on the sick & suffering of the world. As soon as man art, he made regular visits to the Berlin an announcement was made of this discovery, Gallery of Painting to enjoy the works of the crowds began to flock daily to the laboratory. sixteenth-century masters Hans Holbein and Poor fellows, with the faces half eaten off by Albrecht Diirer. Often he visited the Volker- the dread disease . . . are standing around to kunde Museum. There the models of the ex­ get a chance to see the man that can cure cavations at Troy especially intrigued him, them." Physicians, too, came to Koch, eager to and with that inspiration he added archeology learn how to prepare tuberculin. The labora­ to his other spare-time avocations. Day after tory was packed after Koch's announcement, day Russell pursued his program of science and Russell realized that had he come a month and culture. In the evenings he returned to later he would not have found a place." his lodgings well after dark. The Spartan Although evidence soon showed that tuber­ schedule satisfied him, however. Alone as he culin was not the curative agent Koch claimed, was in a strange city, he admitted that "I was further study did indicate that it was a re­ much more contented than I would have been liable diagnostic aid. Any person with tuber­ had I had a lot of idle time." He saw his culosis who received an innoculation of tuber­ European stay as a grand opportunity for culin reacted in a standard way. His fever self-improvement. "I felt it incumbent on me," shot up to temperatures above 104° F., and he owned, "to make the most of it.'"" he suffered aches and nausea. The demonstra­ The Berlin stay gave him an excellent tion of the effectiveness of Koch's material chance to enjoy fine drama and music as well as an agent which could detect the disease as art and archeology. Coming most recently before the doctor could was not lost on Rus­ from Madison—a town with an 1890 popula­ sell. He would later apply tuberculin very tion of 10,000—Russell had never enjoyed effectively in the field of veterinary science.'" such opportunities. In Berlin he gorged him­ Russell's laboratory activities were not his self. From the cheap gallery seats of the Na­ whole academic program by any means. The tional Theater he saw the dramas of the Ger­ Hygienic Institute was a part of the Univer­ man playwrights Goethe and Schilling, as well sity of Berlin, and Russell enrolled in several as the plays of the Englishman, Shakespeare. courses in the parent institution. He took The operas Carmen, Aida, and Rigoletto like­ wise pleased him. One evening at the theater Russell met a young American of his own age, Charles War- ^""Ibid., vol. 10:20-21; DeKruif, Microbe Hunters, 183. dell Stiles, a recent graduate of Zurich Uni- "Russell Diary, vol 10: 20-23; Doyle, Stead, and Koch, "Character Sketch — Dr. Robert Koch," in Review of Reviews, II: 557-558 (December, 1890). " Ibid. ^'Ibid., 18-19. ^'Ibid., 559-560; Russell Diary, vol. 10: 25-27. ""Ibid., 19-20. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 versity with a Ph.D. in Zoology.°' Assessing the "American table" was no longer vacant, the significance of that chance meeting, Rus­ he would be happy to receive Russell at his, sell later concluded that it turned his life Dohrn's, own expense.'''' "into a wholly different channel." The two Russell was amenable to working for a men found themselves to be mutually com­ period in Naples. His proposed trip during patible, and a fast friendship soon developed. vacation would take him to that vicinity. Stiles was then in Berlin acting as a scout Furthermore, he was happy to be able to get for a group of American universities which away from Berlin for a while: the tuberculin were seeking a qualified student to place at episode had interrupted work in the labora­ the world-famed Zoological Station at Naples. tory and made Koch practically unavailable A wealthy businessman from Syracuse, New to his students. At the time of his departure York, Major Alexander Davis, had recently Russell still intended to return to Berlin for endowed an "American table" at the station." his doctoral research. Since early February Stiles, learning that Russell was planning a Dr. Frosch, his advisor, had been discussing trip to Italy, painted the Naples institution with him the possibility of his making a study in glowing colors and insisted that his Ameri­ of the differences between hog cholera and can friend spend a few weeks there with a other swine diseases."' view toward staying on as the American fel­ In early March, Russell and two acquaint­ low. In February, 1891, the two Americans ances from the laboratory started for Italy. corresponded with the station director, Dr. It was a leisurely, meandering journey. Their Anton Dohrn, and the latter replied that while route lay through Dresden, Nuremberg, and Munich, then to Naples via Verona, Venice, -^Russell Diary, vol. 10: 33. See also James Mc- and Florence. In Dresden he was much im­ Keen Cattell, American Men of Science (New York, pressed by the cathedral and the porcelain 1906), 309. '^ C. C. "Whitman, "The Question of a Table at the works. At the Royal Gallery of Art, Raphael's Naples Station," in Science, XVIII: 160 (September, 1891). A "table" was actually a worktable in the laboratory whose facilities and maintenance were en­ " Russell Diarv. 10: 33-35. dowed. -'Ibid., 27. 31.'

Society's Iconograplj^ Collection The Zoological Station at Naples, where Russell investigated the incidence of bacteria on the ocean floor. BEARDSLEY: RUSSELL IN EUROPE

"Sistine Madonna" thrilled him. The gory age and garbage that piled up about them. realism of a Poussin painting, however, de­ Fear of cholera was the only thing that moti­ picting the disembowelment of a victim of the vated whatever sanitation and clean-up meas­ Inquisition repulsed Russell. He thought such ures the city did institute. "horrors . . . should never be perpetuated on At first the plight of the beggars had touch­ canvas. . . .'"' At each stop Russell repeated ed Russell, and he was free with his charity. the pattern he followed at Dresden: he sought He soon learned, however, that the mendi­ out the chief cultural centers, inspected them cants were legion. In a half-hour's stroll he with a careful eye, and often made maps of often encountered twenty or more, all with floor plans or detailed notes on art collections. the same plea. As a result his charity con­ He did not like every town he saw. Verona tracted, and he was himself surprised at the he thought a dirty little place, made even less blunting of his philanthropic instincts. Even attractive by the foul weather.'"' toward the children he became as hard-heart­ Florence, however, left him speechless. He ed as the natives. Everywhere Russell went stayed in the city of the Medicis for four days in the poorer sections "the dirty ragged child­ and spent nearly every waking hour of the ren pause from their game of pennies to run time in the Pitti and Uffizi galleries. Not only after you with their cry of 'Senor, un Sol!'"''" did he find the galleries colossal, but he also Russell discovered that the little beggars pos­ observed that the "Square and public build­ sessed a persistence that came from long ings fairly groan under the profusion of dec­ practice. The only way to disperse them, he oration by the world's masters." Florence had found, was to take a coin and fling it back such a plenitude of treasures that many gems toward the rear of the group. He took almost of art remained under exposure to the sun a delight in hearing the wail of those in the and other weathering influences. If the United front ranks, who suddenly realized the sig­ States held such treasures, Russell conjectur­ nificance of the Biblical maxim, "the last ed, "they would be placed in glass cases and shall be first."" guarded by surly officials."" He intended to proceed from Florence to TF the city itself oppressed him, Russell found Naples via Rome, but even his great capacity -*- another and happier world at the Zoolog­ for absorbing culture had its saturation point. ical Station. Situated in the middle of a lovely "I have been so crammed with art seeing for park which fronted on the Bay of Naples, the the past month, scanned so many acres of station lay in a pleasing setting of fountains, canvas, that my brain is fairly whirling & flowers, and statuary. Spurred in its con­ my dreams are a kaleidoscope of paint mar­ ception by Darwin's work, the zoological cen­ ble & curios as heterogenous ... as Berlin ter was founded in 1872 as an international boarding house hash."'^ As a result Russell effort to learn more about marine life. Its literally ran away from the cultural attrac­ support came from any nation which wanted tions of Rome and went straight to Naples. to endow one or more tables; in practice the Seeing Naples after Florence was quite a German government was its chief sponsor. In shock. "There is a beautiful Naples, high up the laboratories, which occupied a large por­ on the hillsides," he noted, but there was also tion of two buildings erected expressly for "a Naples that is merely an aggregation of station purposes, there was room for fifty filth and poverty, dirty beyond belief—beg­ researchers. The enterprise, the world leader gars at every turn.'"" The filth with its at­ in marine life investigation, attracted the fore­ tendant stench and the mendicancy of the most figures in zoology. Workers had every people annoyed him the most. The Neapoli­ advantage; uninterrupted leisure, excellent tans seemed absolutely indifferent to the sew- apparatus, outlets for publication for their researches, and an abundant supply of the raw material of marine zoology. Located on '^•^ Russell Diary, vol. 8: 70-71. =« Russell Diary, vol. 8: 89. -"Ibid., 103. -" Ibid., 127. 'Ibid., vol. 8: 133. ••"Ibid.,\o\. 10: 31. ' Ibid. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

^mi^f s Injnographic Collection An 1890 view of the park surrounding the Zoological Station.

the water and owning two steam dredges, the as they were in the soil of the shore. But to station was able to satisfy nearly every request prove this was a difficult procedure. Many for live samples. Dr. Dohrn, the director, technical barriers stood in the way. Russell even instituted the policy of teaching naval had to conduct his sampling from the deck officers and ships' surgeons to collect and of the dredge at the water's surface, yet he preserve marine organisms. In that way the would have to collect specimens at depths up station was able to obtain sea life from all to 3,500 feet. His containers for his samples oceans of the globe.^" had to be sterile at the time they entered the Russell's work was a study of the micro­ water, and they had to stay that way as he organisms of the sea floor. He was interested lowered the apparatus. Furthermore, Russell in knowing if bacteria throve in the airless wanted to be able to take a water or mud and high-pressure conditions of an ocean sample at a specific depth while excluding bottom. The prevailing opinion was that uni­ material of other levels from entering the ves­ cellular life did not exist at such depths, but sel as he hoisted it to the surface. no bacteriologist had ever bothered to test He solved his problem with a simple, sturdy the possibility by investigation. test tube and a thin piece of glass piping, Russell had a hunch that tiny life forms which he bent into the shape of an L. After were present in the muck beneath the sea, just heating all parts with steam to render them sterile, Russell fitted the L-shaped tube through a cork in the top of the larger vessel. He "Ibid., vol. 10: 33, 34, 42, 43; vol. 8: 126; Anton next applied heat to the bottom of the appar­ Dohrn, "The Zoological Station of Naples," in Na­ ture, 43: 465-466 (March, 1891); PLS, "The Zoolo­ atus, driving the air out through the L-shaped gical Station of Naples," in Nature, 43: 392-393 tube. As the air passed out he quickly sealed (February, 1891) ; J. T. Cunningham, "The Zoolo­ off the only opening by melting the end of gical Station in Naples," in Nature, 27: 453-455 (March, 1883). the L tube, leaving an assembly with a partial

10 BEARDSLEY: RUSSELL IN EUROPE vacuum. With that done he could lower his lions," and as a result his travelling com­ apparatus to any depth, break the sealed end panions on the Naples excursions were his with a lead sinker, and the vacuum would suck German associates."" in a sample of water plus any bacteria that Russell and his cohorts did the usual things, happened to be around. The liquid sample visiting Capri and Ischia, the two islands in flowed in until it compressed the air in a the Bay of Naples, and tramping through the pocket at the top of the test tube. The pocket quiet, tomb-like streets of Herculaneum and of air exerted a back pressure that prevented Pompeii, the ancient restored cities. any more fluid from entering as Russell haul­ For excitement, however, they turned to ed the sample to the surface. Finally, the L Mount Vesuvius, and the assaults of the re­ shape of the small tube turned the opening nowned volcano gave Russell a taste of high away from the direction of movement up adventure. Fairly revelling in the physical through the water, and contaminating material pain and exertion that a climb of Vesuvius could not get in.'" demanded, Russell contemptuously avoided Besides sharpening his experimental tech­ the cable car which took the typical Cook's nique, Russell's work produced some surpris­ tourist up the mountain. Not only did a labor­ ing conclusions. Bacteria did indeed exist in ious climb give him a feeling of superiority the mud of the sea floor. The species were over the average comfort-seeking sightseer, different from those living in soil, a fact at­ but also he was convinced that Nature freely tributable to the altered environment. Russell gave only to those who sweated for her gifts. noted further that sea water contained fewer "She is not to be cajoled into giving up her bacteria than fresh water, but he found that wonders for a few paltry francs," he said, the distribution of micro-organisms in the "and it is only to the observant climber who salty fluid did not vary with depth. This was toils amid her retreats, who conquers by hard the most significant piece of research that labor . . . that she reveals herself . . . ."''' Russell had done up to that time. Dr. Dohrn Of Russell's eight ascents of the mountain, was very pleased with the project, and be­ the most thrilling for him was the last, made fore its completion the station director began while the volcano was in a stage of eruption. to make arrangements for its publication in On June 7, 1891, Vesuvius violently awaken­ the leading German bacteriological journal, ed after nearly twenty years of dormancy. the Centralblalt fixr Dakteriologie und Para- The major cone split, and several new craters silenkunde.''* opened at its base. In early July Russell and As he had done in Berlin, Russell gave a party of equally daring souls started the equal attention to his non-scholarly interests. ascent. They hugged the timbered area as In Naples, however, he set a different em­ long as possible, thinking they could swing phasis upon his play: "I studiously refrained up a tree and out of the reach of a torrent from my art craze," he said, "but I absolutely of lava if need be. Near the top they found revelled in the glories & beauties of Nature."''" their way barred by a large rock formation, Also he made his leisure do double duty. and they made a dangerous detour up a nar­ When he found that his research was to be row gorge heading directly into the area of published in a German journal, he took stock new craters. Had a sudden eruption sent a of his command of that language and found fiery deluge through the neck of land they it sadly lacking. Russell hit upon a simple were traversing, they would have been trap­ and effective remedy to the problem. If he ped. But they pushed through unharmed and surrounded himself with Germans, he would emerged onto the site of the new activity. soon master their tongue. So deciding, he The whole area "was covered with new lava "cut loose from all English-speaking connec- oozing out of the recently formed craters like huge drops of perspiration & crawling along like a tongue of fire over the black mass.""" "^ H. L. Russell, "Bacterial Investigation of the Sea and Its Floor," in Botanical Gazette, X'VII: 312- 321 (1892). '"'Ibid., vol. 10: 47-48. ^Ibid., Russell Diary, vol 1: 10-11. '' Ibid., vol 8: 150. "•'/iirf., vol. 8: 167. '" Ibid., 163.

11 ;^**"^^ %'

' '*•"•?;#«•• L^'Uau ^t the mouth of Mt. Vesuvius during the eruption of 1891. In the foreground an English geologist is collecting data on fumaroles, the openings in lava through which issue superheated gases and vapor.

It began raining while they were there and fluence on his subsequent career. For some the party took cover under a rock ledge until time, Russell wrote, he had been unable to "the crawling stream with its breath of fire" dislodge "the thought that bacteriology of­ drove them scampering from their shelter.'''' fered an opportunity for development along The danger of the trip was acute, since a biological lines.'"" There was a need, he felt, major eruption could have occurred at any to study bacteria not merely as the causative time. Russell said that they were all ready factors of human and animal disease but also for "a trial of speed down the mountain side," from the standpoint of their normal functions. at any moment." The edges of the new craters The Zoological Station, by focusing attention were extremely dangerous because the ground on all aspects of biology and by supporting around each opening was unstable. One poor so generously the work that Russell was doing, unfortunate in another assaulting party step­ had convinced him that his ideas were sound. ped on such a weak ledge in peering over the But a study of bacteriology from the broad edge of the main crater. His footing gave biological view was almost impossible at any way, and he fell to his death in the fiery of the degree-granting institutions of Europe. opening.'" The University of Berlin was characteristic Russell's July ascent of Vesuvius marked in its attitude toward bacteriology as a whole the end of his stay in Naples. Intrigued by science. It considered the study of microbes both his work and play, his intended four- as an adjunct of medicine, and Koch's stu­ week visit had been extended to fourteen, in dents worked only in the area of disease the course of which he had arrived at deci­ causation." Although Russell's Wisconsin pro­ sions which would exert a fundamental in- fessors and the scholars in Berlin urged him to the contrary, Russell decided he would '•'Ibid. "Ibid., 164. " H. L. Russell, "Getting Started in Bacteriology," " H. J. Johnson-Lavis, "The Eruption of Vesuvius University of Wisconsin Archives. :if June 7, 1891," in Nature, 44: 322 (August, 1891). •" Ibid.

12 BEARDSLEY: RUSSELL IN EUROPE

have more opportunity to follow his own in­ Russell found the same rush of sick and terests at one of the newly emerging graduate frightened people to the Pasteur Institute as schools in the United States, schools which he had witnessed at the Institute in Berlin. because of their youth had no traditional at­ The French establishment provided free treat­ tachment to any single point of view in regard ment for rabies to all who needed it, but un­ to research. The Johns Hopkins University like the Koch institution, Pasteur's workshop particularly interested him as a place to do had a special clinic to receive patients, and his graduate work. Acting on his decision, there was no disturbance of the research he booked passage home at the end of the function. summer. Russell saw little of Pasteur, only occasion­ ally catching a glimpse of him limping through "O USSELL, however, did not want to leave the laboratory. The old gentleman was then -*-*• Europe without seeing the Pasteur Insti­ approaching his seventies, and ill health had tute in Paris. Although the Germans had forced him to discontinue active research. represented it to him as a second-rate labora­ Russell worked with the other investigators tory, he wanted to see for himself. When in the third-floor laboratories, under the he applied for a place in Paris he received direction of the erratic but brilliant Russian- word that no positions were available, but born and German-educated Elie Metchnikoff. again his contacts stood him in good stead. The tempermental Russian had made his He had become acquainted with Dr. J. J. reputation on the basis of his phagocyte Kinyoun, a pioneer American public health theory, a concept which explained bodily im­ worker and father of the Hygienic Laboratory munity in terms of wandering cells (phago­ in the United States. Kinyoun was a visitor cytes) which coursed through the blood at the Naples station and had come there stream and attacked dangerous microbes.'" fresh from the Pasteur Institute. He interced­ The work with Metchnikoff resulted in an­ ed for his young friend, and Russell obtained other unexpected change of plans for Russell. a place almost immediately."" The older man was embroiled at that time in Russell reached Paris in late July and pro­ a hot dispute over his theory, and at the ap- ceeded directly to the Institute. Contrary to the German descriptions, he found laboratory •*" Ida Tarbell, "Pasteur at Home," in McClure's facilities much superior to those in Berlin. Magazine, 1: 327-340 (September, 1893); DeKruif, The only person at work that Sunday hap­ Microbe Hunters, 91, 207-215; Metchnikoff, The Founders of Modern Medicine, 99. Pasteur's limp pened to be Emile Roux, the slight, pale man was the result of a brain hemorrhage which he suf­ who, as acting director, ran affairs at the fered in his forties. Institute. Roux, Pasteur's devoted assistant for many years, had done much of the leg- work in the discovery of the hydrophobia and anthrax antitoxins and had first earned a reputation in his own right as the first man to isolate the toxin of diphtheria.'" Russell was disappointed when he learned from Roux that the laboratory was to close in three weeks for vacations. He had planned to stay there until time to leave for home in September, but at least he could get the feel of the place in the time that remained.

" A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Gov­ ernment (Cambridge, 1957), 267-268; Russell Diary, vol. 10: 52-53. '" Elie Metchnikoff, The Founders of Modern Medi­ cine (New York, 1939), 98; DeKruif, Microbe Hunt­ McClure's Magazine, 18 ers, 148, 174; Russell Diary, vol. 10: 60-61. The Pasteur Institute in Paris in the 1890's.

13 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN. 196,"

mMg^.ii^Mf%>. UcKiUit, Mi.-robc Hunters (Left) Louis Pasteur, pictured in his mid-forties, and (right) Elie Metchnikoff, the brilliant Russian scientist for whom Russell served as translator at the Congress of Hygiene and Demography in London, 1891. proaching Congress of Hygiene and Demo­ somewhat blighted because he happened at graphy in London he expected to have to re­ that time to be without funds. He failed to pulse a major assault by English and German receive a much-needed bank draft from his microbiologists. Understanding no English, father while in Paris, and he made it to Lon­ Metchnikoff asked Russell to accompany him don with but five dollars in his pocket. For to London to translate the English papers into some reason Russell forbore seeking a short- German for him. The chance to serve as aide term loan from an associate in London. Pos­ to one of the world's leading "microbe hunt­ sibly his pride held him back, or perhaps the ers," even though no remuneration was in­ challenge of having to stretch five dollars volved, excited Russell, and he readily ac­ over a three-week period seemed like an ad­ cepted." venture to him. At any rate, he made do with The Congress was the year's biggest inter­ cheap lodgings and fourteen cents a day for national event for bacteriologists. The 1891 food, although he complained of being so sessions were the seventh in a series, and hungry that he would gladly have eaten "the scurrying to London along with Russell were husks that the swine did eat.'"" The buffet some 3,000 men and women, all with a com­ luncheons given to delegates of the Congress mon interest in public health and hygiene. by London's "good and great" provided a Russell reached the city on the Thames just welcome supplement to his meager diet. Rus­ in time for the opening of the sessions on sell admitted to circulating repeatedly through August 10." the serving lines until he succeeded in easing His enjoyment of the London visit was his hunger."" However, such occasions oc­ curred all too infrequently to prevent Russell " Russell Diary, vol. 1: 16: vol. 10: 61-63. •"^ "The International Congress of Hygiene and Demography," in Nature, 44: 337, 344 (August, '•'Russell Diary, vol. 10: 71. 1891). =" Ibid., 67.

14 BEARDSLEY: RUSSELL IN EUROPE

from losing fifteen pounds while in London. On August 17, the Congress ended and At the Congress sessions he got his mind Russell, now in funds, having received his off his stomach for a while. There he was father's draft, left London to spend his last busy renewing old acquaintances and making three weeks tramping through Shakespeare new ones. Dr. Roux from the Paris Institute and Wordsworth country. On September 11, was a delegate, as was Russell's old laboratory- 1891, he sailed from Glasgow on the steamer mate Kitasako. Others in attendance whom State of Nebraska, homeward bound."^ Russell probably met were Dr. D. E. Sammon, Seldom had any American student organ­ Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry in ized a year abroad so thoroughly and in so Washington; Dr. Paul Erlich, a Koch protege Spartan a fashion. "I had not spent my and later discoverer of the famed syphilis energies in useless carousing," Russell stated cure, "606"; and Sir Joseph Lister, prophet proudly. "I had applied myself unremittingly of antiseptic medicine and chairman of the to make the most of the unparalleled oppor­ bacteriological section of the Congress.'"' tunities that had been placed at my disposal.""' When Russell was not busy translating papers He summed up the significance of his Euro­ for Metchnikoff, he sat in on the sessions of pean year when he commented that "no one the bacteriological section. He probably at­ could have asked for a more complete prepar­ tended the one at which delegates discussed ation for their life activities than I had had."" the transmissibility of tuberculosis from ani­ He had learned his trade at three of the lead­ mals to man. The scientists and doctors cov­ ing bacteriological centers in the world, and ered all the ramifications of the subject—the had made useful connections with the leaders techniques of killing bacteria in meat and in that science from Europe and America. milk, the connection between the extent of in­ His professional successes had given him that fection in the animal and the degree of danger necessary measure of brash self-confidence of transmission, isolation of diseased animals which would aid him in the career that lay within a herd, and the legitimate sphere of ahead; and the cultural background he had state control over sick animals."" Russell would absorbed had given him a polish which would soon have a vital interest in all those questions. permit him to move gracefully in social and academic circles when the need arose.

"'' "The International Congress of Hygiene and Demography," in Nature, 44: 361, 422 (August, 1891) ; DeKruif, Microbe Hunters, 183, 330. =•'Russell Diary, vol. 9: 31-52. '"" "The International Congress of Hygiene and "'Ibid., vol. 10: 76-77. Demography," in Nature, 44: 393 (August, 1891). '"Ibid., 75-76.

(Tills is the first of two articles on tfie early career of Harry L. Russell.)

15 PRELUDE TO INSURGENCY:

Irvine L. Lenroot and the Republican Primary of 1908

BY ROBERT GRIFFITH

N EARLY 1908, W. D. Hoard, former consin the "progressives" captured the gov­ I Wisconsin governor and the influential ernor's office in 1900, and the legislature and editor of Hoard's Dairyman, wrote a long party machinery in the years immediately fol­ and worried letter to Congressman John J. lowing. Under the leadership of Governor Esch of La Crosse. "I have never seen the Robert M. La FoUette, they reformed the time when Congress so seriously mistook the state's electoral system, altered its tax struc­ deep underlying sentiment of the Masses as ture, and passed laws to regulate its railroads. at the present time," declared Hoard. "The The success of this program on the state level paralysis of a do nothing policy ... is per­ soon led the progressives into a quest for vading that body like a dry rot." Hoard called national office. for legislation to restrain "the rapacious Wall In this second stage of the political revolu­ Street Sharks," and he complained of inat­ tion, they broadened their platforms to in­ tention to the needs of farmers. "I guess we clude national issues and expanded their at­ need a political revolution," he concluded.' tacks on "stalwarts" into a blanket indictment In fact, just such a revolution was already of the conservative Republican leadership. By underway throughout much of the Midwest— 1910 this revolution would lead to wholesale a revolution within the ranks of the dominant revolt within Republican ranks, and in 1912 Republican party. It had perhaps begun as it would split the party in two, making pos­ a battle only for political power and prefer­ sible the triumph of Woodrow Wilson and the ment; but as able and ambitious leaders dust­ Democrats. The years which preceded these ed off the old Populist rhetoric of the 1890's events were filled with extraordinary ferment, and adapted it to the exigencies of intraparty during which the issues and divisions of what warfare, the struggle became one of Progres­ was to become the "insurgent movement" were sives versus Stalwarts. spelled out in the rough and tumble of state During the first stage of this "political revo­ politics. lution," the battle was fought over control of In 1908 Wisconsin's Eleventh Congression­ the state Republican organizations. In Wis- al District, composed of thirteen northern counties, was ripe for just such a revolution. For fourteen years the district had been repre­ '•W. D. Hoard to John J. Esch, March 6, 1908, in sented by "Judge" John J. Jenkins, a friendly the John J. Esch Papers. All manuscript collections and pliable politician who was then chairman herein cited may be found in the Manuscripts Division of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. of the House Judiciary Committee. First elect-

16 GRIFFITH: PRELUDE TO INSURGENCY

ed to Congress in the sweeping Republican lette reforms" were enacted. In 1906 he ran victory of 1894, Jenkins had compiled a record for the Republican gubernatorial nomination of unswerving loyalty to the standpat machine against James 0. Davidson, but lost, despite of "Uncle Joe" Cannon of Illinois, the power­ progressive support, to the popular Norwe­ ful and conservative Speaker of the House of gian incumbent. In 1907 he was a strong Representatives. As chairman of the Judiciary contender for the U.S. Senate, but was finally Committee he was prominent among the in­ defeated by the wealthy lumberman, Isaac ner circle of party veterans who determined Stephenson.'' and executed Republican congressional strate­ The contrast between Jenkins and Lenroot gy. The editors of Collier's called Jenkins could hardly have been greater. As the editor "the keeper of Cannon's morgue, the quiet of Collier's observed, "the two candidates for embalmer who puts progressive measures the nomination represent, in their records, where they will not embarrass the members their experiences, their mental processes, their of Congress with a vote on the public rec­ public service, the two conflicting types of ord . . . ."" And though Jenkins had tried to public servant now struggling for the domi­ tack with the shifting winds of party faction­ nation of the Republican Party."* Jenkins alism, his ties with the progressives were was a genial political opportunist. A veteran never close. In 1908 he was challenged in the of the Civil War, he had used the aura sur­ Republican primary by a bright and energetic rounding the Grand Army of the Republic to Superior lawyer, Irvine Luther Lenroot. advance his own political career. At sixty-five Young, handsome, and ambitious, Lenroot he represented the politics of an older genera­ had first risen to political prominence under tion, a generation more at home with Mc- the tutelage of Robert La Follette. He had Kinley and Cleveland than with reformers like served three terms in the State Assembly and Roosevelt and Wilson. For Jenkins, party had been Speaker during the crucial session regularity was an article of faith and patron­ of 1904-1906, in which many of the "La Fol- age and pork its due reward. "This free lance business is alright in a campaign," he once told an audience, "but how many harbor im­ '-Collier's, XLI:8 (May 16, 1908). provements will it secure and how many fed­ eral buildings will it get you?"'" Lenroot, by contrast, was schooled in the politics of irregularity, and his first loyalty was not to the Republican party but to the La Follette brand of Republican progressiv- ism. Unlike Jenkins, he lacked the politician's customary sense for personal relationships. "He was no mixer," wrote a close acquaint­ ance; on the contrary, he was stiff and coldly formal even when greeting warm supporters. Lenroot's real strength lay in his intense com­ mitment to progressive reform. The primary

" For a brief campaign Jjiography of Lenroot, see Voter's Handbook—1906, in the Library of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Lenroot was well enough known in progressive circles to be asked to speak in Kansas on behalf of W. R. Stubbs, the pro­ gressive candidate for the gubernatorial nomination in 1908. Rodney A. Edward to Lenroot, January 8, 1908, in the Robert M. La Follette Papers. 'Collier's, XLI:8 (May 10, 1908). '^ Superior Telegram, July 8, 1908. For Jenkins' popularity with the G.A.R., see Nils P. Haugen to Society's Iconi,(_ .. ,,i i, > , .on Lenroot, August 22, 1908, in the Nils P. Haugen John J. Jenkins, Civil War veteran and Congressman. Papers.

17 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 object of politics, he once wrote, was "to ad­ vance right principles." Thus after his 1906 defeat for the gubernatorial nomination he could write to his campaign manager that "We must not regard this campaign as a de­ \ feat, but only as an incident in the great strug­ gle for a people's government."" V- •:' y^ **•* W-

But right principles were also good politics. • 1.-. i . , Lenroot's earnest and moralistic approach to politics was well attuned to the growing dis­ content among traditional Republican voters, A '" ^. and his plea to drive the money-changers from the temple and "restore government to the people" found an eager and receptive audi­ ence. The campaign was crucially important to both men. For Lenroot, defeated in his last two bids for public office, another loss might well mean political oblivion. For Jenkins the stakes were equally high: defeat would mean the end of a long and comfortable tenure of office—^hardly an appealing prospect for a Society's Iconographic Collection Congressman in his mid-sixties. At first it Irvine Luther Lenroot, "schooled in the politics of was rumored that Jenkins might accept an irregularity." appointive office rather than risk a hard fight vote and carrying all but three counties. He in the primary. Lenroot's supporters in Madi­ had defeated the Democratic candidate by an son and Washington attempted to secure for even more impressive four-to-one majority the old Congressman just such an appointment, in the general election. In 1908 he had at his but Jenkins refused to step down without a disposal a substantial campaign chest and a battle, and a week after Lenroot's candidacy large amount of patronage. He also had the was made in public he announced his own in­ support of a large majority of the district's tention to remain in Congress.' newspapers. It was not uncommon for a pro­ gressive party worker to complain that Len­ A S the campaign opened, the two candidates root "has lots of friends here but no press -^*- appeared evenly matched. Jenkins had the support."* advantage of having served the district for On the other hand, Lenroot was well known fourteen years and having risen to the chair­ throughout the district. He was especially manship of the important House Judiciary strong in populous Douglas County, where Committee. Only two years earlier he had local pride bolstered his personal and political overwhelmed his opponent in the Republican support. He could also count on the powerful primary, winning 62 per cent of the popular support of the progressive machine. Thus, as

" Edwin J. Gross, "A Political Grab Bag," type­ * Nels Stalheim to Herman L. Ekern, June 19, 1908, script, 3; Lenroot to Gross, January 27, 1908, and in the Herman L. Ekern Papers. Even the Demo­ September 10, 1906; all in the Edwin J. Gross Papers. cratic press supported Jenkins, although it is doubt­ '' Chippewa Falls Weekly Herald, February 7, 14, ful that they honestly approved his policies. They 1908; Superior Leader-Clarion, February 8, 1908; may have felt that Jenkins would be easier to beat Herman L. Ekern to Robert M. La Follette, January in the general election, or they may have been in­ 6, 1908, in the La Follette Papers; George F. Scott fluenced by the many columns of advertising to to C. F. Stout, February 5, 1908, in the C. F. Stout which Jenkins' supporters subscribed. The incum­ Papers. Lenroot had considered trying again for the bent Congressman also received strong support from Senate, but had decided not to face Stephenson a newspapers outside the district. Particularly impor­ second time. Lenroot to Gross, January 20, 1908. in tant among these were the Duluth News-Tribune, the the Gross Papers; Lenroot to James A. Stone, Feb­ St. Paul Pioneer Press, the Minneapolis Tribune, ruary 22, 1908, in the James A. Stone Papers. and the Eau Claire Leader.

18 GRIFFITH: PRELUDE TO INSURGENCY

one Democratic editor gleefully predicted, it sition to stiff railroad laws or the control of would be "war to the knife and the knife to commodity markets. To organized labor, it the hilt."" signified continued acquiescence in the use Lenroot began his canvass unofficially in of injunctions. And to many it simply meant early 1908, while Jenkins was still in Wash­ opposition to the policies of Theodore Roose­ ington. "I am already assured of much sup­ velt. Cannonism was thus an issue which port that I did not have for Governor two crystallized the various desires and discontents years ago," he told the influential Norwegian of those who came to support the Republican politician, Nils P. Haugen. "I am trying to progressives. It was a handy and increasingly sew things up as far as possible now in a twisted yardstick by which to measure friend quiet way, but later on will make a more active and foe in the developing factional struggle campaign." He wrote another supporter that within the Republican party, and Lenroot used he was "receiving most gratifying reports it skillfully in attempting to polarize issues from throughout the District and feel very between himself and his opponent. To "Can­ confident of success." By May he was able nonism" he opposed "progressivism," and he to assure Herman L. Ekern, the progressive asked the voters to decide which of "two di­ Speaker of the State Assembly, that "my cam­ verging pathways" the Republican party paign is progressing nicely.'"" would follow—the one blazed by La Follette Lenroot officially opened his campaign on and the progressives or the one represented June 12 with a long and comprehensive state­ by Cannon and the conservatives.'" ment of progressive legislative aims. Address­ But political victories are seldom won on ing a large audience in Superior, he called slogans and symbols alone. Rather it remain­ for downward revision of the tariff, for anti­ ed for Lenroot to give concrete meaning to trust legislation, for stricter control of rail­ "progressivism" and "Cannonism" in his ap­ roads, for conservation, and for federal aid peals to farmers, workers, immigrants, and for road construction. In the style of Bob other elements of the district's diverse popu­ La Follette he "read the record" on his oppo­ lation. nent, attacking the conservative Republican leadership of Congress and promising that if TN 1908, the Eleventh Congressional District elected he would vote against Cannon for •*- was largely rural, and a politician's success Speaker of the House. "If we are to have true often hinged on his ability to win the farm representative government," he declared, "we vote. It was among Wisconsin's farmers, more­ must retire from public life the Aldriches, the over, that revolt against traditional Republi­ Forakers, the Cannons, the Paynes and the can policies was growing. "There is a quiet men like them."" undercurrent of dissatisfaction with our par­ As the campaign developed, "Cannonism" ty," wrote a correspondent of Representative became a chief issue. To some, Cannonism John J. Esch, whose congressional district meant a continuation of high tariff policies; bordered the Eleventh. Another was even to others a refusal to pass federal road legis­ more explicit: "A few Republicans up this lation. To farmers, Cannonism meant oppo- way are talking Bryan and I fear we are going to have the scrap of our lives this fall . . . ." Similarly, a "farmer taxpayer" writing in the Wisconsin Equity News declared that "if we ' Superior Leader-Clarion, February 8, 1908. The editor of the Leader-Clarion was "Silver Joe" Konkel, can't get the right man on the republican ticket, a perennial Democratic office-seeker who supported I am ready right now to join hands with the Jenkins in the primary and who was to oppose Len­ root in the general election in November. other fellow if we can get the right man " Lenroot to Haugen, February 7, 1908, in the there.'"" Haugen Papers; Lenroot to James A. Stone, Feb­ ruary 22, 1908, in the Stone Papers; Lenroot to Ekern, May 1, 1908, in the La Follette Papers. " Superior Telegram, June 12, 1908. Senator Nel­ ^Superior Telegram, July 4, 1908. son W. Aldrich, Senator Joseph B. Foraker, Repre­ "Walter H. Smith to Esch, May 30, 1908; George sentative Joseph ("Uncle Joe") Cannon, and Repre­ B. Parkhill to Esch, July 17, 1908; both in the John sentative Sereno E. Payne were all conservative Re­ J. Esch Papers. Wisconsin Equity News, July 15, publican leaders. 1908.

19 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

It was to this quiet undercurrent of dis­ company in the next Congress. "We've got satisfaction that Lenroot directed his appeal. the Jenkins crowd on the run with a down hill Energetically stumping the small, scattered pull on 'em," he declared.'' farm towns of the district, he reiterated time By the end of the campaign, numerous local and again his opposition to the policies of politicians were confirming newspaper reports Cannon and the conservative Republicans, call­ of Lenroot's strength among farm voters. "As ing for tariff revision, federal aid for road near as I can learn, Lenroot is strong in the construction, and other progressive measures." rural districts," wrote one to Herman L. Lenroot was strongly supported in his bid Ekern. "He has the farmers' vote," declared for the farm vote by the American Society of another.'" Equity, a transitional farm organization which Lenroot also campaigned hard for the dis­ was briefly active in Wisconsin and which trict's large ethnic vote. With immigrants and was especially strong in the wheat-growing the children of immigrants constituting a counties of the upper Mississippi and St. Croix majority of the district's population, Lenroot rivers.'" Although the leaders of the society faced problems similar to those of his coun­ assumed an outward pose of nonpartisanship, terparts in the large cities of the East. In they conducted a vigorous campaign on Len­ early twentieth-century Wisconsin, as in New root's behalf. The president of the Wisconsin York or Boston, a politician's success often branch of the society, for example, though he depended upon his understanding of the intri­ took no stand publicly, confided to Herman cacies of ethnic politics. L. Ekern that he was strongly supporting In Douglas County, for example, the for­ Lenroot. The editor of the society's news­ eign-born and the native-born children of paper, the Wisconsin Equity News, was far foreign parents constituted almost sixty per less circumspect. Jenkins was "no good for cent of the total population. Scandinavians a rural constituency," he declared. "His mas­ comprised the largest single group: 3,557 ter is in Wall Street and Wall Street has no Swedes, 2,341 Norwegians, 500 Finns, and business to expect that the Eleventh District 252 Danes. There were also 2,851 British- shall furnish henchmen for its dirty work.'"" Canadians and 632 French-Canadians; over The Equity organizer for northwestern Wis­ 1,000 Germans; 685 Irish; 449 English; over consin, J. Weller Long, worked hard drum­ 300 Poles; and nearly 300 Russians. Church ming up grass-roots support for Lenroot. organizations ranged from St. Stanislaus' Po­ He made speeches and wrote articles on the lish Catholic congregation to the First Swe­ candidate's behalf, and towards the end of dish Methodist Church and benevolent and the campaign he circulated among Equity men fraternal orders from L'Union Frangaise Ca- a letter which a pro-Jenkins newspaper char­ nadienne to the Sons of Erin.'" acterized as a "vicious attack" on the incum­ Lenroot counted most heavily on the more bent Congressman. Lenroot himself addressed than 30,000 Scandinavians in the Eleventh Dis­ at least one large Equity rally, and Long spoke trict. The Scandinavians were one of the most at others. By mid-August Long was able to important elements in the coalition which had assure La Follette that the Senator would have brought La Follette into power. Under the

^'Superior Telegram, July 10, 14, 22, 25, August '^ Superior Telegram, August 24, 26, 1908; Chip­ 24,25, 1908. pewa Falls Weekly Herald, August 28, 1908; ^° In the Eleventh District, the Equity movement J. Weller Long to Robert M. La Follette, August 12, was strong in Pierce, St. Croix, Dunn, Chippewa, 1908, in the La Follette Papers. Polk, Burnett, and Barron counties. It was of little ''George E. Scott to Ekern, July 21, 1908; T. A. or no importance in the more northern counties of Roy craft to Ekern, August 20, 1908; both in the Washburn, Rusk, Sawyer, Douglas and Bayfield. Ekern Papers. Wisconsin Equity News, June 10, 1908. For a good ^•'Wisconsin Blue Book, 1909 (Madison, 1909), discussion of the Equity movement, see Theodore 133. Douglas County's foreign population was slight­ Saloutos and John Hicks, Agrarian Discontent in the ly higher (60 per cent) than that of the District as Middle West, 1900^19.39 (Madison, 1951), Chapter V. a whole (56 per cent). A great deal of information ^"Herman L. Ekern to Lenroot, July 18, 1908, in on Superior's population is contained in the annual the Ekern Papers. Wisconsin Equity News, August "Industrial Edition" of the Superior Telegram, 15, 1908. August 8, 1908.

20 GRIFFITH: PRELUDE TO INSURGENCY leadership of Nils P. Haugen and James O. Lenroot's opposition to the popular Norwe­ Davidson, as well as younger politicians such gian governor in their canvass."' as Herman L. Ekern and John M. Nelson, the The main problem facing Lenroot was that Scandinavians had consistently supported pro­ of wooing Norwegians back into the progres­ gressive candidates and measures."" sive fold. A key factor in this part of the Lenroot himself was the son of Swedish campaign was the C/iicago Skandinaven, one immigrants and could depend on the strong of the most influential foreign-language news­ support of this important group. Burnett papers circulated in Wisconsin. The paper County, heavily Swedish, had been one of the had opposed Lenroot in 1906, but there was few counties to give Lenroot a majority in reason to believe it might support him in the his race for the gubernatorial nomination in present race. Both candidates solicited the 1906. It did not necessarily follow, however, paper's endorsement, and Nils P. Haugen that he would be strong among all Scandina­ made a special trip to Chicago on Lenroot's vian voters. There was, in fact, a good deal behalf. But the Skandinaven, in Haugen's of mutual distrust between Swedes and Nor­ words, "proved itself a traitor" and endorsed wegians, for until 1905 Norway had been part Jenkins. It was a case of "Swedephobia" on of the Swedish monarchy and many Norwe­ the part of the paper's editor, reported Hau­ gian immigrants harbored strong prejudices gen, who consoled Lenroot with the thought developed during the struggle for indepen­ that many Norwegians would ignore the pa­ dence. Lenroot had further alienated the Nor­ per's endorsement. "If we can get along with­ wegians by his opposition to "Yim" David­ out it, it is a good precedent to establish," he son in 1906. Jenkins' managers were aware advised."" of this fact, and they cleverly played upon Although the opposition of the Skandinaven undoubtedly hurt Lenroot, he was enheart- ened by the strong support his candidacy re­ •° Robert S. Maxwell, La Follette and the Rise of the Progressives in Wisconsin (Madison, 1956), 13, ceived from prominent Norwegian politicians 19, 60, 91. like Ekern and Haugen. The backing of Hau­ gen, a former Congressman and one of the state's earliest "progressives," was especially important. Although he had opposed Len­ root's 1906 campaign against Davidson, Hau­ gen was now quick to throw his considerable influence behind Lenroot's candidacy. He en­ dorsed Lenroot early in the campaign, wrote letters and articles on his behalf, interceded for him with the Chicago Skandinaven, and sent him frequent letters of advice and en­ couragement."^ To neutralize his earlier opposition to Da­ vidson, Lenroot now assured the governor's friends that his campaign workers were strong­ ly supporting Davidson, this despite the fact that relations between Davidson and the pro­ gressives had been noticeably cool since 1906.

-'Superior Telegram, August 15, 1908; H. C. Mc- Rae to Bryan J. Castle, August 21, 1908, in the Bryan J. Castle Papers. - Haugen to Lenroot, August 22, 1908, in the Hau­ gen Papers. This cartoon from the Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin, '^Lenroot to Haugen, February 7, 22, 1908; Judge July 21, 1906, satirizes La Follette's sponsorship of Charles Smith to Haugen, July 12, 1908; Haugen to Lenroot's political career. Lenroot, August 22, 1908; all in the Haugen Papers.

21 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

^' ip'iic (,ollcctn>n Governor James 0. Davidson (right) holding an office conference with his aides.

Lenroot also addressed large meetings of the the city of Superior, with a population of al­ Sons of Norway and the Independent Scandi­ most 40,000, was then the second largest muni­ navian Workingman's Association, and late cipality in the state. Superior had grown phe­ in the campaign he took time out to dedicate nomenally during the early 1890's as a center a Norwegian hospital in Eau Claire.''' for the transshipment of wheat and iron ore. On balance, Lenroot could not report un­ By 1908 it had a large working-class popula­ qualified success in his canvass for the Scan­ tion centered about the railroads, grain eleva­ dinavian vote; the opposition of the Skandi­ tors, ore docks, and manufacturing plants. naven assured that. Nevertheless, he clearly Organized labor in Superior was surprisingly anticipated strong Scandinavian support in strong. Nearly 20 per cent of the male work the election, and this in itself was an important force was organized, and a wide variety of factor in increasing confidence in the Len­ unions was represented. With the exception root camp. of the railroad brotherhoods, most of these unions were affiliates of the A.F. of L. and r^RGANIZED LABOR was a third major were members of the Superior Trades and ^-^ factor in Lenroot's campaign. Although Labor Assembly."" the Eleventh District was predominantly rural, In 1906, the A.F. of L. had departed from its traditional nonpartisanship and adopted a new policy of "rewarding your friends and ^ Lewis Larson to James 0. Davidson, May 15, 1908, in the James 0. Davidson Papers; Ekern to Len­ root, July 18, August 14, 1908, and Ekern to Robert M. La Follette, August 14, 1908, both in the Ekern ^ For an excellent short history of the labor move­ Papers. New Richmond News, August 22, 1908; ment in .Superior, see the "Industrial Edition" of Superior Telegram, May 14, August 29, 1908. the Superior Telegram, August 8, 1908.

22 GRIFFITH: PRELUDE TO INSURGENCY punishing your enemies." Although the Fed­ rights, and not to perpetuate wrongs.""" In the eration leaders had not been overly success­ weeks which followed, Lenroot reiterated his ful in their efforts, the continued reversals opposition to the use of injunctions, a posi­ suffered by labor in the courts prompted them tion which was warmly endorsed by his chief to try again in 1908. Early that year A.F. of campaign organ, the Superior Telegram. The L. president Samuel Gompers summoned a Telegram also defended Samuel Gompers "protest conference" to present labor's de­ against the attacks of Republican newspapers mands to Congress. Chief among these de­ which criticized the labor leader for his en­ mands was that Congress pass legislation re­ dorsement of William Jennings Bryan. Final­ gulating and limiting the use of injunctions ly, Lenroot's supporters drew attention to the in labor disputes. Despite this protest and the excellent record on labor legislation which flood of mail which accompanied it, the Re­ Lenroot had established in the State Assem­ publican-dominated Congress declined to act. bly."" Although top Republican leaders met with Mobilization of the "labor vote" for Len­ A.F. of L. spokesmen on two successive eve­ root, however, was no cut-and-dried proposi­ nings, no agreement was reached. Under the tion. In the first place, the Wisconsin State conservative influence of Speaker Cannon the Federation of Labor was heartily opposed to party caucus voted to shelve all labor bills and to seek an early adjournment."" In the wake of this rebuff, Gompers once "'' Superior Telegram, June 12, 1908. ""Superior Telegram, June 18, July 1, 18, 24, 29, again called for political activism. "The work­ 30, August 21, 1908. An issue of local interest to ers . . . will stand faithfully by our friends labor was also injected into the campaign. Lenroot charged that Jenkins had acquiesced in the passage of and elect them," he declared. "They will op­ a bill which would have allowed the collection of pose their enemies and defeat them. . . .""' tolls by a steel company constructing a bridge be­ Congressman Jenkins was undoubtedly one tween Superior and Duluth. Only the efforts of La Follette in the Senate, declared Lenroot, had saved of these enemies. As chairman of the judi­ Superior workingmen from having to pay this toll. ciary Committee, he had referred the crucially Superior Telegram, July 30, 1903. important Pearre anti-injunction bill to a sub-committee headed by Charles Littlefield of Maine, a notorious foe of organized labor. As a member of the Republican leadership caucus which met with A.F. of L. leaders, he had joined Cannon and Littlefield in opposing union demands. In an editorial in the Ameri­ can Federationist, Samuel Gompers singled out Jenkins as a member of the conservative clique which had done so much to oppose labor legislation."" It was not surprising, therefore, that Superior workingmen were pre­ disposed to favor Lenroot's candidacy. In the opening speech of his campaign, Len­ root made a direct bid for labor support by calling for the limitation of the use of injunc­ tions. "The issuing of injunctions should be regulated," he declared, "and they should be invoked only for the protection of legitimate

"^ Report of the A.F. of L. Legislative Committee, in the American Federationist, XV:584-595 (August, 1908). Society's Iconographic Collection '" Samuel Gompers, "Congressional Perfidy," ibid., XV:528 (Julv, 1908). Nits P. Haugen, the Norwegian-born politician who =« Ibid. actively supported Lenroot's campaign.

23 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

Gompers' strategy of rewarding friends and labor legislation, and in a last-hour burst punishing enemies. The state Federation, of energy he carried the campaign to Lenroot's which was dominated by the socialistic Mil­ doorstep by addressing a large crowd of work­ waukee labor movement, declined to support ingmen in Superior's tenth ward. He took any but Socialist candidates. The working- the offensive, dredging up an issue from the men of Wisconsin, one Milwaukee labor lead­ 1906 gubernatorial campaign by accusing er wrote Gompers, refused to use their in­ Lenroot of supporting a bill which was against fluence to "place in control of the government the best interests of labor.''' Finally, on the of these United States the Democratic or any eve of the election. Jenkins' supporters in Su­ other capitalist political party. . . ."'" The perior circulated a petition purportedly show­ state Federation could not be counted upon ing the support of prominent union men for to aid in the campaign against Jenkins. Jenkins. Although the circular was exposed A second problem arose from the fact that as a fraud, it further contributed to the Jen­ the real battle against Jenkins was taking place kins strategy of confusing the issues." in the Republican primary and not in the gen­ Despite these handicaps, Superior union eral election. Direct primary elections were leaders waged an aggressive campaign on themselves a novelty in early twentieth-century Lenroot's behalf. John H. Hatch, an officer of America, and the Lenroot-Jenkins contest was the Carpenter's Union and later business agent even further overshadowed by the Democratic for the Building Trades Council of Superior, and Republican national conventions and by was a strong Lenroot man from the beginning. Gompers' subsequent endorsement of the So was P. J. McKeague, head of the Typo­ Democratic presidential candidate, William graphical Union. More important than the sup­ Jennings Bryan. The A.F. of L. devoted no port of individual labor leaders, however, was more than passing attention to the campaign. the strong support given Lenroot by the Su­ There was certainly no expenditure of time or perior Trades and Labor Assembly. As the money such as marked the attempt to defeat "labor central" for the Superior area, the Charles Littlefield of Maine in 1906. In that Trades Assembly played an important role in election the A.F. of L. had contributed both the campaign, even opening the Assembly's funds and speakers in an attempt to defeat hall to Lenroot when the candidate spoke on the strongly anti-labor Congressman. Similar­ labor issues. As one officer of the Assembly ly, the Duluth Labor World and the St. Paul stated, labor put up "a hot fight" against the Union Advocate, the two labor papers most nomination of Judge Jenkins.'" likely to circulate in northwestern Wisconsin, Although the national Federation took little devoted columns of fiery prose to a defense interest in the campaign, Gompers did link of Bryan, but published not a word about Jenkins with the "Parry-Post-Van Cleave out­ the battle taking place in the Wisconsin fit" in an editorial in the American Federa­ Eleventh."" Superior workingmen, then, could tionist—and the editorial was reproduced in not look to their state or national federation, the columns of the Superior Telegram.'' Even nor even to the nearby Minnesota labor press, for the support and articulation of a political "" As a member of the State Assembly, Lenroot had program. supported a bill to lower the exemption from collec­ Yet a third factor influencing the "labor tion for debt from $60 to $30. La Follette subsequent­ ly vetoed the measure. Chippewa Falls Weekly vote" was Representative Jenkins himself. Jen­ Herald, August 28, 1908. For Lenroot's defense sec kins resolutely denied that he was opposed to the Superior Telegram, August 22, 1908. '^New Richmond News, August 22, 1908; Chip­ pewa Falls Weekly Herald, August 28, 1908. P. J. McKeague, head of the Superior Typographical '^' Fred Brackhausen, secretary-treasurer. Executive Union, exposed the circular as a fraud. Superior Board of the Wisconsin Federation of Labor, to the Telegram, August 31, 1908. Also see A. J. Nys, Executive Council of the A.F. of L., August 7, 1908; corresponding secretary of the Superior Trades and John Reichert, corresponding secretary of the Fed­ Labor Assembly, to Samuel Gompers, September 3, erated Trades Council of Milwaukee, to Samuel Gom­ 1908, in the A.F. of L. Papers, President's File. pers, August 22, 1908; both in the A.F. of L. Papers, '^' A. J. Nys to Gompers, cited above; Superior President's File. Telegram, July 29, August 31, 1908. ^- Duluth Labor World and St. Paul Union Advo­ ^ Superior Telegram, August 14, 1908. The re­ cate, June-September, 1908. ference is to David Mclean Parry, a spokesman for

24 GRIFFITH: PRELUDE TO INSURGENCY

more important was the reply A.F. of L. Sec­ respective wards and towns. Lenroot's cam­ retary Frank Morrison made to an inquiry paign managers, Joel S. Gates and A. D. S. by an officer of the Superior Trades and Gillette, were treasurer and secretary, respec­ Labor Assembly. Jenkins' labor record was a tively, of the club. Some of Lenroot's backers "very unsavory one," declared Morrison, "and had been involved in the progressive move­ no measure in which we are interested has ever ment for nearly a decade. As early as 1900 received any favorable attention." The letter a small group of professional men had found­ was reprinted in the Superior Telegram short­ ed the Superior Economic League in order to ly before the election, and Lenroot himself discuss such questions as "The Evolution of read it to a large gathering of union men in Great Aggregations of Capital, popularly Chippewa Falls.'" known as Trusts." This discussion group pro­ Lenroot's appeal to labor clearly nettled duced at least six important Lenroot support­ Jenkins. The old Congressman had not only ers, including Gillette, a teacher of civics and been forced to defend his "unsavory record," history at the State Normal School, and C. H. but had even had to resort to subterfuge in an Crownhart, a prominent attorney who was effort to overcome Lenroot's advantage. Los­ later to become chairman of the State In­ ing his temper at one point, he denounced Len­ dustrial Commission.*" Other Lenroot sup­ root as an "unscrupulous demagogue who stirs porters had probably enlisted behind the pro­ up class prejudice and factional strife.""" gressive banner only when the exigencies of local politics made such a shift seem attractive, HILE Lenroot appealed to farmers, im­ but in any case there was a disproportionately W migrants, and workers, his support was large number of city and county officeholders by no means limited to these groups. Of sixty among these sixty men. Douglas County voters who publicly declared At the state level, the progressive "machine" for Lenroot, there were, to be sure, a number was also active in promoting Lenroot's can­ of workers and farmers. But there were also didacy. Some progressive leaders wrote en­ grocers, lawyers, saloonkeepers, a teacher, a dorsements, letters, and articles for Lenroot; small manufacturer, and even a pawnbroker. others took to the stump on his behalf. L. B. This group reflected the county's diverse Nagler, chief clerk of the Department of State, ethnic composition. Among those of foreign confided to Herman L. Ekern that he had birth or parentage, Norwegians and Swedes "taken a shot at the Jenkins gang" in a St. predominated, but there were also Irish, Cana­ Croix County newspaper and that Secretary dians, and Germans. Six members of Su­ of State James A. Frear had also gotten into perior's small Jewish community were among the contest by issuing a release "which blocked the group.™ one of the gang's latest arguments."" One The characteristic most common to these progressive campaigner, a deputy factory in­ men, however, was neither occupation nor spector, was so enthusiastic in his work for ethnic background, but rather their mutual Lenroot that his activities were brought to the participation in progressive Republican poli­ attention of Governor Davidson, who sent tics. A large number of them were leaders of State Labor Commissioner James D. Beck to the Douglas County La Follette Club in their investigate."*" By contrast, when State Land Commissioner Bryan J. Castle applied for a leave of absence in order to speak for Jen- the National Association of Manufacturers; Louis Freeland Post, editor of The Public, an antilabor journal; and James Wallace Van Cleave, president of the National Association of Manufacturers. •*" Others included W. R. Foly, district attorney; '^ Ibid., August 27, 1908. Lyman B. Shehan, a prominent physician; T. L. Mc­ "'New Richmond News, August 22, 1908. intosh, the assistant city attorney; and S. D. Seavey. "" A list of Lenroot's Douglas County supporters See "Superior Economic League, Constitution and appeared in the Superior Telegram, July 29, 1908. lecture courses for 1900-1901," in the Local History Occupation could usually be determined from the Collections of the State Historical Society of Wiscon­ Superior city directories and from state business ga­ sin. zettes. The Commemorative Biographical Record of "L. B. Nagler to Ekern, August 3, 1908, in the the Upper Lake Region (Chicago, 1905) was also Ekern Papers; Superior Telegram, July 30, 1908. helpful. *' Superior Telegram, May 14, August 23, 1908.

25 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 kins, his request was turned down by a com­ tervene to soothe injured feelings or to un­ mittee which included Secretary of State Frear ravel a delicate local issue. As the campaign and State Treasurer A. H. Dahl, both of whom progressed he kept up a steady volume of had endorsed Lenroot.'' correspondence with Lenroot and his mana­ The most diligent of Lenroot's supporters gers, exchanging intelligence, advice, and en­ was Herman L. Ekern, the progressive Speak­ couragement. Indeed, Ekern devoted so much er of the State Assembly. From his office in time to the Lenroot campaign that he ne­ Madison, where he had helped organize the glected his own constituency and was defeated "La Follette for President" movement during by a virtually unknown challenger in the the spring and early summer of 1908, Ekern September primary." now turned his attention to the contest in Finally, Senator La Follette himself used his the Eleventh District. In the months which immense personal influence to help ensure Len­ followed, his desk became a clearinghouse for root's election. Late in the campaign Jen­ the progressive organization. He was con­ kins' supporters had circulated the rumor that stantly in touch with the multitude of local La Follette was favoring Jenkins for the nom­ politicians and party workers who constituted ination. In order to put an end to this rumor, the La Follette machine. To one he might send Ekern advised La Follette to "get into one of campaign pamphlets for distribution, to your speeches something as to the eleventh another a personal endorsement or word of en­ district situation and get this into the papers couragement. In some instances he would in- there." La Follette's reply was an open letter in which he urged Lenroot's nomination and branded as absolutely untrue any rumors to '" Chippewa Falls Weekly Herald, August 14, 1908. Castle resigned his office and campaigned for Jen­ the contrary.'" Thus, from the county to the kins. See E. A. LeClair to CasUe, July 30, 1908, in the capital the full weight of the progressive ma­ Bryan J. Castle Papers. chinery was placed behind Lenroot's candi­ dacy. John Jenkins was on the defensive from the outset of the campaign. The Congressman labored hard, but in vain, to refute the charge of "Cannonism." He denied that he was op­ posed to progressive legislation or that he was "V a tool of Cannon; and he interpreted as a per­ sonal endorsement a letter from Theodore Roosevelt thanking him for his support of the Roosevelt-backed ship-subsidy bill. Although he had never been a warm supporter of the progressives, he endorsed La Follette for the Republican presidential nomination.'" f Positively, Jenkins stressed his long years of service and his importance as chairman of

"" For detailed evidence of Ekern's involvement in the Lenroot campainn see Ekern's correspondence for May-August, 1908, in both the Ekern and the La Follette Papers. For Ekern's assessment of his defeat, see Ekern to Lenroot, September 3, 1908, and Ekern to La Follette, September 2, 1908; both in the Ekern Papers. '" Ekern to Robert M. La Follette, August 14, 1908, in the Ekern Papers; Robert M. La Follette to Len­ root, August 21, 1908, in the Superior Telegram, Society's Iconographic Collection August 29, 1908. '" Chippewa Falls Weekly Herald, February 21, Herman L. Ekern, progressive Republican speaker of July 10, August 21, 28, 1908; New Richmond News, the State Assembly. February 12, August 22, 1908.

26 GRIFFITH: PRELUDE TO INSURGENCY the House Judiciary Committee, arguing that he admitted that the "Jenkins crowd are awful­ he was in a position to "do more" for the dis­ ly busy and are spending lots of money." The trict. He generally skirted or ignored the is­ situation varied, he reported, from "all right" sues raised by Lenroot. Revision of the tariff in Barron and Burnett counties to "extreme­ was "dangerous," federal aid for roads was ly encouraging" in Polk and "practically "unconstitutional," and in the matter of the solid" in Douglas. Herman Ekern wrote La anti-injunction bill he was but the "servant of Follette that "Lenroot looks well and appears the committee."" To Lenroot's charge of to feel his prospects are excellent." By late Cannonism he replied that only a man work­ August, as reports from the various counties ing with the regular Republican organization poured in, Ekern was able to assure Lenroot could produce results. "Don't you depend on that "there is a feeling that the band wagon a man that says I am going to fight the orga­ is with you.""" nization," he told his audiences. "That man Indeed it was. Lenroot overwhelmed his can do nothing for you.""* Jenkins' assess­ opponent, winning 17,284 votes to Jenkins' ment of his own political philosophy was com- 11,003. He ran especially strong in the dis­ mendably forthright and honest, but at a time trict's rural areas. In the 1906 primary there when there was a "quiet undercurrent of dis­ had been no significant variation between satisfaction" among the voters, such an appeal town and country voting patterns; in 1908 was simply not destined to attract a wide Lenroot carried 65 per cent of the vote in the following. rural areas as compared to only 54 per cent While Jenkins droned on about harbor im­ in the towns with a population over 1,500. provements and political appointments, Len­ As local politicians had predicted, Lenroot root was winning enthusiastic response to is­ carried the farm vote."' sues such as tariff reform, railroad legislation, Local labor leaders also found cause for and popular control of the government. Be­ rejoicing. "As the primary is now over, allow ginning in early June he traveled throughout me to say that after a hot fight we were suc­ the sparsely settled district, speaking two and cessful in defeating the Hon. Jno. J. Jenkins," sometimes three times a day. Everywhere his boasted the corresponding secretary of the method was the same—an intense and straight­ Superior Trades and Labor Assembly in a forward exposition of progressive aims, in­ letter to Samuel Gompers. "Now if organized terrupted only to "read the record" of his op­ labor elsewhere will vote the same way," wrote ponent's sins and errors. Even pro-Jenkins another union officer, "they will not need to papers conceded that Lenroot was "a pleasing send any more protests in to Congress.'""" and earnest speaker and a ready talker along the lines on which he has prepared him­ CTUALLY, the election returns only par­ self '"" A tially confirmed these enthusiastic conclu­ Lenroot and his supporters maintained an sions. While Lenroot did win strong support in attitude of aggressive confidence from the be­ ginning of the campaign. During the early months of 1908, when Lenroot was trying to '^ Lenroot to Haugen, February 7, 1908, in the Haugen Papers; Lenroot to James A. Stone, Feb­ "sew things up" in a quiet fashion, he was ruary 22, 1908, in the Stone Papers; A. D. S. Gillette already "very confident of success." By the to Ekern, June 26, July 1, 1908; Ekern to Nels Stalheim, July 18, 1908; Ekern to George E. Scott, time the campaign officially opened in June, July 18, 1908; George E. Scott to Ekern, July 21, campaign manager Gillette believed Lenroot's 1908; L. B. Nagler to Ekern, August 3, 1908; and chances to be "exceedingly good," although Ekern to Lenroot, August 15, 1908; all in the Her­ man L. Ekern Papers. ^' Percentages were derived from election returns filed with the Office of the Secretary of State, Wis­ consin State Archives, State Historical Society of " Chippewa Falls Weekly Herald, May 8, June 19, Wisconsin. August 21, 28, 1908; Superior Telegram, July 11, "' A. J. Nys, corresponding secretary of the Su­ 23, August 15, 26, 1908; New Richmond News, perior Trades and Labor Assembly, to Samuel Gom­ August 22, 1908; The Superior Leader-Clarion, July pers, September 3, 1908; J. H. Hatch, recording sec­ 11, 1908. retary of the Lnited Brotherhood of Carpenters and •** The Superior Leader-Clarion, July 11, 1908. Joiners, Local 755, to Frank Morrison, September 2, ^'New Richmond News, August 22, 1908. 1908; both in the A.F. of L. Papers, President's File.

27 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 some "labor wards," the situation as a whole of discontent among Republican voters, Len­ was too confused to permit any categorical as­ root had attracted a large following to the La sertions. A friend was rewarded and an enemy Follette brand of Republican progressivism. punished, but it was far from certain to what And by defining his own position in terms of extent organized labor was responsible."" The opposition to Cannonism and the conserva­ turnout in Superior, moreover, was unexpect­ tive leadership of the Republican party, he edly light. Although Lenroot carried the city had taken a long stride closer to insurgency. by a wide margin, the returns were somewhat In the November election Irvine Lenroot disappointing. With most political indicators overwhelmed his Democratic opponent, J. S. predicting an almost certain Lenroot victory, Konkel, by a lopsided three-to-one margin, many Superior residents may simply have running well ahead of William Howard Taft not bothered to vote.''" and the national Republican ticket. When In the remainder of the state the results the new Congress convened, he redeemed his of the primary were confusing. There were campaign pledges by voting against Cannon; victories and defeats for all factions. "The and in 1910 he played a leading role in the defeat of Ekern would reconcile me to almost successful House rules fight to strip the Speak­ anything, but hardly to the nomination of er of his power. His advocacy of progressive Lenroot," confided a conservative correspon­ Republicanism led to successive terms in the dent of Governor Davidson. "Yes," the gov­ House of Representatives and eventually to a ernor agreed, "the late struggle has brought seat in the U.S. Senate. But in September, many surprises, some gratifying; some not 1908, all this was still in the future. so much so.""" Lenroot's 1908 primary campaign is signi­ Surprising or not, Lenroot had won an ficant insofar as it shows that many of the important victory. In the 1906 primary Jen­ political and economic issues later raised by kins had won 62 per cent of the vote; now the progressives were well formulated by this it was Lenroot who carried the district by 61 date and, more importantly, that they com­ per cent. There had indeed been a "political prised an effective political platform for Mid­ revolution." Capitalizing on the undercurrent western Republicans on the make. These new politicians could take advantage of the "quiet undercurrent of dissatisfaction" which was running throughout the Midwest; they could gain office, power, and preferment at the ex­ "^ Superior's rapid growth had so jumbled its popu­ pense of the party regulars without surrender­ lation that it is extremely difficult to separate "blue collar" from "blue stocking" wards. Even when ing to the Democrats. Thus Lenroot entered this was possible, the results were far from clear. Congress already pledged to oppose Uncle Lenroot did very well, for example, in the predomi­ nantly lower-class third ward, but fared poorly in the Joe Cannon and the conservative Republicans. equally lower-class fourth ward. Local variables, The issues which had been raised in the Wis­ moreover, render extremely questionable any con­ consin primary could not be interred; instead, clusions which might be based on any ward-by-ward analysis. they led on a collision course with the party " Superior Telegram, September 2, 1908. leadership and ultimately with the party it­ ° C. W. Bright to James O. Davidson, September self. This, then, was the "prelude to insur­ 4, 1908; Davidson to Bright, September 8, 1908; both in the Davidson Papers. gency."

28 SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE:

Letters of a Wisconsin Boy in the A.E.F., 1918

EDITED BY PAUL H. HASS

T EE FRANCIS PICKETT, whose wartime In February, 1918, shortly after he arrived ^-^ letters are published below, was twenty- in France, Lieutenant Pickett was assigned three years old when President Woodrow to the 102nd Infantry Regiment of the 26th Wilson signed the declaration of war against Division. The Yankee Division, a proud old Germany in the spring of 1917. He was born National Guard unit with a lineage going back on February 17, 1894, in the little town of to Gettysburg and Saratoga, was comprised Spencer in Marathon County, where his almost exclusively of New Englanders; it had mother taught school. He graduated in 1911 been mobilized in the summer of 1917 and from the Rice Lake high school, taught second shipped to France in October, preceded only grade in North Dakota for several years, and by units of the 1st Division of U.S. regulars. in September, 1915, enrolled in the two-year It was, in effect, the first self-contained body program at the Oshkosh Normal School to of American troops to arrive in France. prepare himself for teaching in Wisconsin. The 26th Division was tutored by French As a student, Pickett's interests were varied veterans in tactics and weaponry, and at the and numerous. He played the violin and sev­ end of February, 1918, the 25,000 Yankees eral brass instruments, sang in the glee club, were brigaded with the 11th French Army lettered in football, and took part in college Corps on the Chemin des Dames north of the debating and literary societies. As a practice Aisne River. They spent the winter learning teacher in neighboring Kaukauna, he showed at first hand the fundamentals of trench war­ "splendid natural ability." He was, in sum, a fare, carrying out numerous small raids, and bright and enthusiastic young man on the skirmishing with German patrols. On April 3 verge of a promising career. But even before the division was moved into the line on the graduation day America was at war, and in southern face of the St. Mihiel salient, where November, 1917, Lee Pickett was inducted by the Germans had earlier driven a broad wedge the U.S. Army and sent to the officers' train­ into the Allied front. From this point on­ ing school at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Within ward, except for a few scattered days of re­ two months he was commissioned a second grouping and retraining, the 26th Division lieutenant.^ was continuously engaged until the end of the war. On April 10, 12, and 13 it repulsed successive German attacks at the Bois Brule; ' This biographical sketch is derived from data in a savage fight on April 20-21 it regained generously supplied by Professor Edward Noyes of the town of Seicheprey, which it had lost in Wisconsin State University, Oshkosh, and from The Fort Sheridan Officer's Training Camps (Chicago, a pre-dawn assault to specially trained Ger­ 1920), 135. Lee Pickett's wartime letters were do­ man shock troops. The division then held its nated to the Society in 1942 by his sister. Merle Pickett of Manitowoc. defensive positions until the end of June, when

29 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

the Allies, and he was forbidden by the mili­ tary censor even to mention the locale in which he was stationed. So he wrote, instead, of homely things—of the construction of stone buildings in France, of desperate homesick­ ness, of a lark singing between the opposing lines. He unashamedly wrote that he loved his mother, and his last wish, expressed in the foreknowledge that he was doomed, was that she know he was still the same boy who had left home. Lieutenant Pickett wrote very little about either the glory or the horror of war; he left it to a shattered Europe to romanticize the poppies of Flanders and to weep for the dead of Passchendaele. And perhaps this is pre­ cisely what makes his letters so moving. Lee Pickett was a brave man—twice cited for heroism, once recommended for the Distin­ guished Service Cross—but he did not revel in combat; he was also a very sensitive man, but he did not wring his hands at the things he saw and did. Like thousands of other Society's Iconographic Collection Americans of his generation, he was impelled Lee Francis Pickett, photographed in France in 1918. by nothing more nor less than a simple, half- articulated patriotism and the certain knowl­ it was shifted a hundred miles to the west to edge that an unpleasant job needed doing. In­ meet the massive enemy breakthrough on the telligent but unsophisticated, openhearted but Marne. From July 18 to 24 it took part in the implacable, Lee Pickett bore all the charac­ Allied counterattack at Chateau Thierry teristics of the nation that embarked on the (where Lieutenant Pickett was wounded) ; in Great Crusade. His letters contribute only September it returned to the St. Mihiel front to modestly to the history of the war, but they help in pinching off the German salient; and tell a great deal about an America now fifty from October 18 to the armistice on November years past. 11 it advanced in the face of stubborn resist­ ance north of Verdun.''

UCH, in brief, is the story of the 26th S Division in the First World War. But this [France] is not essentially the story which Lee Pickett February 2, 1918. tells in his letters home. The lieutenant was My dear mother: too far down in the ranks to possess much knowledge of the grand strategic designs of By this time you undoubtedly received the note announcing my safe arrival overseas. Our government has a very rigid and strict censorship, but it does all of us a good turn ^ This summary is based on Albert E. George and in making provision for such notes as the one Edwin H. Cooper, Pictorial History of the Twenty- Sixth Division (Boston, 1920) ; Yankee Division you very likely just received to be written and Veterans Association, The History of the 26th Yankee left at the Port of Embarkation. As soon as Division, 1917-1919, 1941-1945 (Salem, Massachu­ setts, 1955) ; American Battle Monuments Commis­ the safe arrival of the transport at her destina­ sion, 26th Division: Summary of Operations in tion has been amiounced by cable to the offi­ the World War (Washington, 1944) ; and Daniel cials back home, they release these letters to W. Strickland, Connecticut Fights: The Story of the 102nd Regiment (New Haven, 1930). be mailed to the parties to whom they are

30 HASS: SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE

addressed. That sentence I wrote about cen­ walk I passed through four villages, not count­ sorship might indicate that I think it is not ing the one from which I started. The farm­ all good, but I believe in it thoroughly. The ing land about here has mighty few farm­ wonderful success our government is having houses on it in the manner we see farmhouses in transporting our troops is good evidence at home. There are little villages scattered all of the value of censorship. over the landscape. The houses are built of The voyage was without any very great brick, stone, or tile, and roofed with tile, slate, event, yet if I were home I could talk con­ or stone. The tile buildings and many of those siderable on the subject. Part of the time we built of stone are "stuccoed." These houses were in some very rough seas and altho we are all huddled together. There are mighty were fortunate in getting a large ocean liner few straight streets, and there seems to have for our transport, we were rolled about con­ been as little forethought in locating and siting siderably. Waves twenty-five and thirty feet the buildings as there was in laying out the high move a boat the size of ours enough to streets. In spite of the general "sameness" of make it quite uncomfortable, but those who these villages, there usually is something of were placed aboard smaller vessels fared much special interest, some distinctive feature, in worse. There was some sea sickness on board. each little group of houses one comes to. I felt sort of groggy a couple of days, but I At the top of a very steep hill which lay managed to report for all my meals, and I got about halfway in the course of our walk there along without spilling anything overboard. is an old, old stone church—stone walls, stone I have seen many things of great interest floor, and thin slabs of stone form its stone- which I cannot write about here, but which shingled roof. Services were being held in it I can tell about when I get home. We are when we passed, but I could see the old crude located in a very pretty section of country at oaken pews in spite of the semi-darkness of [the] present time. The indications and evi­ the interior. I am learning a good many les­ dences of olden times, historic relics, memo­ sons from the French, and I think when this rials, etc., all add to the interest of all the thing is all over they will have learned much places. The people and almost everything one from the Americans. One of the things I am sees is strange and interesting. learning is the stability of building as it is While walking down a street in town yester­ done over here. . . . Another lesson I am learn­ day with one of the boys an old gentleman ing, and learning fast, is how much we people stopped us and presented each of us with a lit­ in America have to be thankful for. No man tle bit of a book (about 1^2 x 2%), a neat who comes over here at this time will go back little copy of the Book of Psalms, put up in without a better appreciation of what he left green limp leather with the edges of the pa­ at home as commonplace and unworthy of no­ per gilded. I prize this little gift very much tice. These fellows who never have been "up because of the interest that is manifest to all against it" in anything can learn much from soldiers regardless of nationality. the frugal methods of these French if only .... Lots of love to you and the girls, and they will stop sympathizing with them­ may God see fit to bring us all together again selves. . . . before long.

February 19, 1918. February 25, 1918. My dear mother: Dear sister Merle: What shall I write? There are subjects I guess that I had better be writing you a enough for me to write about so that I might letter of some sort or you will be disowning write a book, but I scarcely know how to com­ me. It is so cold this evening in this great mence. . . . Sunday afternoon I took one of room that it will be difficult for me to keep the finest walks I have ever taken. I wish I my mind on what I am going to attempt to were able to describe the beauty of this coun­ write, but I'll do what I can. try. Pictures cannot convey a full idea of its The last few days have been very damp and beauty. quite rainy. The weather has been much warm­ In the course of that seven or eight mile er until just this evening, when the wind

31 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 shifted to the north and it commenced to get conditions. It was a wonderful experience, cold all of a sudden. Yesterday was very warm and one which gave me an insight into many and springlike, very much like the days we of the German methods which I had not heard have at home in April. The sky was clouded of, or which I had not paid much attention to. over almost all day, but it didn't rain much. I have passed through village after village I had my bedding out for an airing and I at the front, all of which were in utter ruins. spread my blankets over a bush of "pussy There is one village which I remember parti­ willows" that were almost all turned yellow. cularly which has been almost completely The lilac buds are about ready to send out razed. Only three things mark its site: a small tiny leaves. There were many songbirds corner of the old two story brick and stone around yesterday of a kind entirely strange to schoolhouse, an arch or two of the base to me. Well, warm, sunshiny weather would sure­ the old church tower, and an old stone fire­ ly be welcomed by all of us, but when I think place. It is quite easy to see how a village can of the cold weather you are very likely having be completely wiped off the map back home at home I think I have no reason to complain. because so much of the building is of wood I took the best bath I have ever had yester­ only, but when you consider that the walls of day morning. Three of us went over to a house these houses are made of brick and stone from in the village" to get our laundry. One of the one to two and even three feet in thickness, fellows can speak enough French to make him­ then you can commence to realize what it self understood, so I had him ask the young means to see one of these villages almost ob­ woman who did our washing if she could fix literated. Yet one really expects to see such up some sort of a warm water bath for me. things in the neighborhood of the line; it is At first she said she could not, because her these devilish air raids and long-range gun one little spare room had no heat in it, but bombardments which make a fellow's blood that was no good objection to me. When I boil. . . . called there later in the morning she had a On my way to the front I passed through a little tub ready with some cold water in it, a city of perhaps 25 or 50 thousand inhabitants. wash bowl, a couple of towels, and then she (It is difficult to estimate the population of brought in a pail of hot water. Say, but that these cities.) It was a pretty city, and so far surely was a great bath . . . the first hot water back of the line that one would think that noth­ bath I had since leaving England, so I surely ing would bother it. I did not pass through appreciated it. I was careful to make arrange­ the city on my way back, but some of the boys ments for my bath again on next Sunday. who did told me what it looked like. The This woman's husband is home and in bed, Germans had made air raids on it for two where he has been since coming back from nights in succession, and had destroyed very the front. He had served three years, but is much of the city and killed many people. Peo­ a sick man now. I wish I were able to help ple who were financially able to do so were her in some other way than by giving her my leaving the city. Many old women and men washing to do, but I am in no position to do were wandering around among the ruins in that. . . . a sort of dazed condition. The boys told of one old woman who asked them to come with April 6, 1918. her; she showed them where her house had My dear mother: stood. It was entirely destroyed. She showed .... Shortly after arriving in France I was them a little chicken-coop in the back yard, assigned to a school for officers. After a four which contained about a dozen chickens. She weeks' course a number of us were attached wanted the boys to buy her chickens, which to French armies at the front for a period of they could not do, of course, but they offered observation and instruction given under actual her money. She would not take the money. Just fancy what the blowing up of just one city like that would do back home. People ' Possibly the town of Vailly, as suggested by a would go wild about it. Over here that sort of reference in Slater Washburn, One of the Yankee Division (Boston, 1919), 60-61. thing is being done continually, yet people

32 HASS: SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE

Society' ..ipliic Collection 'Just fancy what the blowing up of fust one city like that would do back home."

at home still think (some of them) that we tails than I shall attempt to write. I shall never have no real reason for getting into this. be able to forget what I saw and heard all President Wilson's early speeches and state­ around me, even though I would give much to ments in regard to America's entering the war be able to forget it. Let it suffice, though, for stated that we have no grievance against the me to say that I came out unhurt. . . . German people, but only against their govern­ It is the same old story—No MAIL. This ment. That looks well on paper and sounds evening closes the fifteenth week away from good when spoken from a platform, but I have home and not a single word from them I think come to the conclusion that the fault lies large­ most of. It is a wonder to me that some of us ly with the German people. If they had the who have had no mail for so long, and who right kind of stuff in them they surely wouldn't went through what we did during the past do the things they are doing right along. I few days, are still in our right minds. I'm go­ used to have a lot of sympathy for them, but ing to do something pretty soon if I don't not any more. They are no better than the war hear from somebody. lords who make them their tools. . . . Spring is gradually adding more beauty to this picturesque country. The fruit trees are April 25, 1918. all in blossom. Many of the gardens around My dear mother: the old chateaux like the one I am in just now .... During the last two and a half weeks are full of many varieties of flowers, even many things have happened which 1 shall though they have been neglected for a long never forget. In the last week our regiment went thru the biggest engagement which Americans have been tangled up in so far.* ' Undoubtedly a reference to the fight at Seiche- prey, April 20-21, in which troops of the 26th The papers at home will give you more de­ Division were heavily engaged.

33 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

''This place is not just exactly conducive to good letter writing.' troops at mess in a front-line bunker. time. Many songbirds, chiefly skylarks, make U.S. the division comes from, can hardly be the mornings beautiful with their songs. Even considered applicable as to personnel. The on the front line, while the whistling shells and men of the company I am in are almost all bursting high explosives make everything from Connecticut, but when roll is taken it hideous, these little birds keep on with their sounds more like a list of names taken from cheerful little songs. Sometimes I wonder why the Foreign Legion than from a Yankee organ­ it is that animals calling themselves civilized ization. Many of these people are Polish, human beings dare to call themselves such and quite a number are of Italian and Greek carry on such a war, while the little birds parentage, and we have representatives of two whom we class among the lower type of ani­ or three other countries. mals can spread so much cheer and glad­ This division is the first division of men ness. . . . of volunteer service that landed in France. France They are proud as can be of the fact that they May 8, 1918. are volunteers. I know by the way they write My dear mother: that they hold any drafted man, or rather, all .... One paragraph of this little letter might drafted men in contempt. Very soon we will be devoted to a description of the organiza­ have some of these drafted men in our ranks. tion I am in. Perhaps it would interest you to I am afraid that the big problem for me will know what kind of troops I am with, so here be to see that the two bunches of men mix up goes. This division is made up entirely of New and that there will be no friction between the England troops. For that reason it is called two classes. the Yankee Division. The name, although ap­ The party of labor delegates from the states plicable from the standpoint of the part of the passed through the town we are in this after-

34 HASS: SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE

noon. I had been appointed by the battalion railroad to a town some distance back of the commander as a member of the reception com­ lines, where our men would bathe and have mittee. Thank goodness they didn't stop. their clothes put through a "delousing ma­ How is the garden at home coming on now? chine." (Everybody "gets them" when they I am sorry I cannot be home to help. About are in the trenches.) We started at about six six weeks ago I was in a French city, and one o'clock in the morning and were loaded into of the things I purchased was a bunch of gar­ the cars. On our way down we had to get out den and flower seeds. It was my intention to and help push the cars up some of the hills send them home, but I had no opportunity to and around the sharp curves. When we came do it. . . . back our train came in two sections, but our section was unfortunate enough to have the May 31, 1918. engine jump the track and almost turn My dear mother: over. . . . Yesterday was Memorial Day, and I shall never forget this one. Besides being different from any other Decoration Day, it brought 102nd U.S. Inf., A.E.F. me my first mail from home—your letter, with June 18, 1918. Merle's enclosure of May 5th, Grandma Bar­ Dear sister Helen: rett's letter, and two from Sue. Sue has been Among the forty-eight letters I received a numbering her letters. Those I received were few days ago were several from you. That numbers 27 and 28, so "Somewhere in brought me face to face with the fact that I France" there are 26 of her letters for me, and have written to you only twice since I came the same way with all others. My morale was across. It looks very much as if I had neg­ bolstered about 1000 per cent by that mail. lected my correspondence frightfully. Please Just think: twenty weeks to a day before I got don't think that I have done it either unknow­ my first mail. . . . ingly or intentionally. I have thought many Our sector has been quite quiet since the times of you, and have wanted many times to big battle. On some days there are hours when write, but this is a queer game. When one is not a gun is fired from either side. Our sec­ in the front line he has neither time nor the tor is being better organized every day, and privilege to write much of a letter. When we with this fine weather to brighten our sur­ get back out of the line we are always about roundings we are all quite happy. A few days tired out, so it is very hard to get to writing ago we had quite an experience. One evening a letter. Then, even though we are back in the order came in that our battalion would be what is termed the reserve line, "Fritz" has a taken over the narrow gauge (60 centimeter) bad habit of disturbing us every little while. Last Sunday morning he sent over a bunch of gas which got us out of our beds in a none too pleasant frame of mind. That same after­ noon when I was in the midst of writing a letter to Sue, the big shells commenced to land in various places round about town. Some of our boys were playing a game of baseball back of some barracks, [and] probably Fritz saw them from his observation balloons and then got sore, because he surely did sprinkle this place with the big ones. So you see that this place with all its surroundings, etc., is not just exactly conducive to good letter writing. . . .

[Contrexeville] Base Hospital #31. George and Cooper, Pictorial History July 23, 1918. "Everybody 'gets them' when they are in the trenches." Dear mother: The Yankee Division debusing apparatus. Now please don't get excited. The Boche

35 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 chased me back here with a machine gun bullet hole in the right leg. It is not at all serious—you can realize that when I tell you that by using one of their rifles for a crutch, I was able to help myself to the rear for al­ most a mile, resting every little while and going easy. I could have gone on farther, but the Red Cross boys insisted that I ride on a stretcher." At present I am at a very pretty place con­ verted into a large American Base Hosp. The building I am in was formerly a hotel. Talk about care! These nurses surely do all that they possibly can and then try to do more. The Boche surely are getting theirs now, and I am not feeling a bit sorry for them. Gee, how good it was to see them headed back toward Germany, persuaded by an American bullet which our boys would take time to throw once in a while. Keep on addressing my mail to the 102nd Inf., because I expect to be back with them be­ Collection fore long. They will forward my mail while Launching a German observation balloon, used large­ I am here. Don't worry! I'll try to write real ly to direct artillery fire. often while I am here. Love and best wishes to you and the girls. . . . road, less than a hundred yards from us." For two days we had been holding ourselves in [Contrexeville] readiness for that order to go "over the top," Base Hospital #31. but it didn't come till a few minutes before August 1, 1918. three o'clock in the afternoon of [July] twen­ My dear mother: tieth. We went over on that hour. The Ger­ All the letters I have been writing since com­ man artillery evidently was too slow to get a ing to the hospital have been short. I hope barrage down ahead of us, and the only re­ that they have not been an aggravation to you sistance we met was machine gun fire. because of their brevity. . . . Altho we lost a few men while we were I am going to start with a string of events crossing the railroad and field, we didn't meet from the time we were back in the little village any real resistance till we came to [a] hill I wrote to you about. I cannot write its name, about three-quarters of a mile from the vil­ but with the aid of my last letters and a little lage. There we ran up against machine guns guessing you can come pretty close to the which were located in clumps of woods and place where we were located. As I have writ­ brush. But that bunch of Germans didn't get ten, we were in the front line in that village all they deserved. We took too many prison­ [for] twelve days, Fritz's line being the rail- ers. The machine gunners would wait till we were almost on them. Then they would shoot all the ammunition they could into us and as '^ Pickett was cited for gallantry in General Order we were about to end their miserable existence No. 74, 26th Division, August 31, 1918. On June 3, 1919, he was awarded a silver star in Citation would call "Kamerad." Our company sent Order No. 4, G.H.Q., American Expeditionary back more prisoners during the first five hours Forces: "For gallantry in action at Entripilly Pla­ teau, France, 20 July, 1918, although wounded, he continued to lead his platoon until the objective was reached." Photocopies of citation orders gra­ ' The map of the Aisne-Marne offensive in Battle ciously supplied by the U.S. Army Administration Monuments Commission, 26th Division, places the Center, St. Louis; locations of base hospitals, by division front of July 20 on the line of the railroad Historical Unit, USAMEDS, Washington. just north of Vaux.

36 HASS: SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE of the attack than we had men in the com­ came in and informed me that we were to pany. leave in the morning, so I stopped the writing We reached the first objective of our attack business and went over to the bath house. In without much trouble. It was while trying to the morning a hospital train picked us up and close a slight gap between us and the unit on carried us just about all the way across France. the left that I stepped into the way of a ma­ The ride was tiresome, but our U.S. Hospital chine gun bullet. It didn't hurt much, but trains are quite comfortable, and the country bothered me when I crawled back toward our we passed through was some of the most lines. After wrapping a bandage around the beautiful I have ever seen. In fact that was hole which was bleeding worst, I started back the prettiest ride I have ever taken anywhere. toward the village, using a German rifle for Our new [hospital] outfit here is a whole a crutch. . . . There a doctor bandaged the lot different than the one we left, and the wound and an hour or so later I started for change is not going to be at all agreeable, I a Ford ambulance ride. Our first stop was at am afraid. The adjutant of the camp was in a Field Ambulance Station. There I got an in­ here just a few minutes ago to read us the rules jection of the anti-tetanus serum. From there of this camp. He wound up his little speech I was moved through two field hospitals and an in much the same way that "Hat" Hayward evacuation hospital to an American hospital did her little talk to the kids of the Inter­ train. . . . We are [now] surely getting won­ mediate department at home. She walked into derful care. We are getting good chow, and are in comfortable beds, so what reason have that schoolroom in the manner of a kid with we to complain? a chip on her shoulder and I don't believe that there was ever a [person] more tho­ roughly disliked. [Nantes] U.S. Base Hospital #11, A.E.F. I guess I am getting restless. How I would September 6, 1918. enjoy getting back on the line where a man My dear mother: can do real soldiering with real soldiers in­ .... Just after writing the above paragraph stead of having some swivel-chair artist dictate [from Base Hospital #31], one of our nurses his authority. . . .

•'^

-t • •5*!^V.¥--'

W-im>ik

• '^•^

•• ; --^^ i \ S(H[.\ l> inugiaphic Collection German machine-gunners in action on the Western Front.

37 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

[Nantes] U.S. Base Hospital #11 October 8, 1918. Dear Merle: .... During the last two weeks I have been quite restless. I have expected to leave for the front, but the doctors are getting mighty easy now, and won't let a fellow go back to duty unless he is actually fit for work. I still limp quite a bit, but the action in my knee is all right, and the "hurt" is all gone. This limp is probably largely due to habit. I haven't tried to run yet, but I'd probably be able to do that quite well if I was to try it. . . . Another lieutenant and I walked over to a little town day before yesterday. We had quite an experience. We had scarcely stepped on the main street of town when a little French kid put in his appearance and ran toward us, finally walking between us and taking hold of our hands. Before we had gone on down the street more than a distance of two blocks we had a regular parade of kids. They had seen only a few Americans, and it happened that this village expects to have a brigade of Amer­ ican troops quartered there before long, and everybody seemed to look forward to the bri­ Society's Iconographic Collection gade's arrival. The lieutenant I was with (he "Before we had gone on down the street more than stands about & 2") picked up a little lad and . . . two blocks we had a regular parade of kids." set him on his shoulders. I picked up a little girl and put her in my arms. We made some am to smile and laugh with the boys. It is not procession. Each of us had a bundle of dirty at all improbable that peace is about to fall, clothes which we left over there to be washed. but I am growing so pessimistic toward Ger­ I am looking forward to my trip over there many that I can't believe it. It seems so queer tomorrow morning. I am taking a few little to me that the leadership of Germany, milita­ souvenirs over there for the kids. . . . ristic and autocratic as they have always been, should turn around and say that they are in favor of a more democratic form of govern­ Le Mans ment and pretend that they have always want­ October 13, 1918. ed it. However, I must admit that the thought Dear mother: of our being close to the end of the war oc­ .... I am on my way back to my outfit, cupies my mind much of the time. . . . and I am quite anxious [to] get there. Be­ sides being anxious to see them again, I am [The following is from Lieutenant Pickett to Miss exceptionally anxious to catch up with the Kathleen Cornwall, a nurse at Base Hospital ffll] mail which I know is waiting for me. . . . The papers today came out with great head­ October 24, 1918. lines about Germany suing for peace. I can Dear Miss Cornwall: only hope that it is true, yet as I read beneath This will be only a note—a line to tell you the headlines I see so many statements which that I am at the headquarters of my division might be merely German duplicity that I am just at present, and that I shall report to the more tempted to wrinkle my forehead a little headquarters of my regiment tomorrow mor­ bit more and frown at what I read, than I ning. The division is going through one of the

38 HASS: SOMEWHERE IN FRANCE hardest "drills" it has ever been put through, If I helped you in any little way it isn't for and you know that as a division we take no you to thank me. I could never explain what a back seat for any of them. great pleasure and privilege and blessing it is I had quite a trip getting back. I left the to me to visit and talk with you lads who have replacement camp at on Tuesday done so splendidly and bravely up there, and, morning (Oct. 15). On arriving at a cer­ too, you may have helped me enjoy an evening tain railway junction I met an old friend that would otherwise have been lonesome and and stayed with him that evening and night. uncomfortable—you forget that. . . . Sunday (last) I spent at Base Hosp. #31. I We hear more and more rumors of peace, had some fine "talks" with those I knew while and indeed I think the rumors will be sub­ there as a patient. Tuesday I visited my stantiated before long. I hope with all my trunks which I had not seen since last March. heart that peace will be declared soon. Each Miss Cornwall, I shall never forget the day that brings us a convoy of sick and wound­ pleasant hours I spent with you, and I wish ed boys makes me long more and more for I could thank you for making the restless the day that will bring a cessation of hostili­ hours I spent at the hospital while waiting ties. . . . for my discharge shorter and more pleasant. Do let me hear from you again. I'll be I am about to ask one more favor of you. anxious to know whether you've come through I am about to go back where things are not ab­ all right. And I'll hope to see you again, if solutely safe. Should my name appear on a not here, in Chicago, which seems to me now casualty list some day, would you write to a pretty good sort of place to hang one's hat mother telling her I was still the same sort of in. Good luck and a safe return. Yours sin­ lad I had tried to be at home. She would cerely, appreciate it as word from one who knew me Kathleen Cornwall over here (Mrs. Agnes Pickett. Spencer, Wis­ consin). I am hoping I can fill that invita­ [Letter to Mrs. Agnes Pickett from Second Lieu­ tenant Gregory P. Connolly, 102nd Infantry Regi­ tion to your home in Chicago before long. ment] Take good care of yourself in this weather which is raising havoc with our boys. Sincere- Mandres, France. January 5, 1919. Lee F. Pickett, 2nd Lt. 102nd Inf. My dear Mrs. Pickett: I read last night your touching letter to [From Kathleen Cornwall] Captain FeegaF of "I" Company in regard to your son Lee. Often, I have wished to write to you but as I have only recently returned to November 4, 1918. the Regiment, I did not know your address. Dear Lieut. Pickett: Knowing only too well your feelings, I regret Thank you very much indeed for your let­ that my poor letter is my only means of show­ ter, which I had just at the beginning of the ing my sympathy for you. I am proud to be a first-of-the-month rush. It was kind of you friend of your son and to be able to tell you to remember me and kinder to ask me to some of the incidents and happenings in his write to your mother. I shall not wait to do life over here. No better fellow ever lived; no that until I see your name in a casualty list—• Officer was ever more loved and respected by in the first place, I don't believe I'll ever see the men under him and [by] his brother Of­ it there, and in the second place, it is extreme­ ficers. . . . ly unlikely that if, by some fortuitous chance, I do not know the exact date but it was it was there I would see it. So, the first time around the 28th of October [when] Lee re­ I want a comfortable chat and have time for ported for duty and was sent back to our it (the time is the missing quantity generally), Battalion. Isolated in a small patch of woods, I intend to write your mother and tell her some of the things I wouldn't be allowed to say to you. ' Captain John R. Feegal of Meriden, Connecticut,

39 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 we were subjected to a terrific concentration little wooden cross, and I trust by this time of artillery and machine gun fire and also you have received its exact location from our gas. No one will ever know what a terrible Regimental Chaplain. . . . experience it was. We were withdrawn from My dear Mrs. Pickett, if there is anything our front line some four hundred yards while in any way that I can do to show my respect, the artillery bombarded for an hour the en­ admiration, and love for Lee and my sym­ emy's line in preparation of the attack we were pathy for those whose sorrow is great, please to make. Naturally the Boche came back with do not hesitate to call upon me. I only regret counter artillery fire, and it was through this that this letter is all I can offer at present. . . . that Lee met his death. It all happened so Believe me to be, sincerely yours, quickly that it was hard to realize that he Gregory P. Connolly had been killed. At the time we were all hud­ 2nd Lt. 102nd Inf. dled together in the same trench. A day later, Co. "I" A.E.F. after we had been relieved, we buried Lee and Lieutenant Paton* together. I know the place [Undated card to Mrs. les Pickett] where he is buried and I shall make it my duty to secure a military map and mark on it the With deep sympathy in your loss exact location. His grave is marked with a The American Red Cross sends you the photograph of the grave of this American Soldier " Second Lieutenant John A. Paton, 102nd Ma chine Gun Battalion. who gave his life for his country.

-*'-, /- v3 ^t!fl.-F -)*5

^i''*^:

Pickett Papers, Manuscripts Library

40 •^ • » -MS" , .|

•••• University of Illinois Archives R.O.T.C. artillery unit parading on the University of Illinois campus in the 1920's.

ANTIMILITARISM AT STATE UNIVERSITIES:

The Campaign Against Compulsory ROTC, 1920-1940

BY JAMES H. HAWKES required of all male students in land-grant colleges were singled out as the stronghold to be assaulted as a first step in eliminating all TF THE PERIOD between the World Wars in such instruction from civilian schools. -*• the United States was one of disillusion Military training in land-grant colleges and depression, it was also one of hope. These dated from the Morrill Act of 1862. The twenty years witnessed a search for peace R.O.T.C, however, was a creation of the Na­ that reached unprecedented proportions and tional Defense Act of 1916, as amended in touched most Americans in one way or 1920, which systematized and brought under another. Of the hundreds of peace organiza­ War Department supervision the whole pro­ tions in existence, most held that interna­ gram of training reserve officers for the tional co-operation—a strong League of Na­ Army.' By 1921 R.O.T.C. units had been tions, the World Court, disarmament, the out­ established at 124 colleges, including eighty- lawry of war—was the key to that elusive three land-grant institutions.'^ Although the dream of ending wars among men. To a few National Defense Acts provided that military groups, however, the most urgent task was training could be compulsory or voluntary, all removal of a poison already at work in the land-grant colleges retained the required fea­ American bloodstream—militarism. In defin­ ture until 1923, when the Wisconsin State ing the danger, antimilitarists went beyond Legislature ordered that drill at the University warning about such obvious manifestations be made voluntary.'' The War Department as chauvinism to sound the alarm against contemplated withdrawal of funds from Wis­ anything tending to enlarge and elevate mar­ consin's R.O.T.C. unit but took no action after tial spirit or behavior to the detriment of tra­ ditional civilian values. Since public opinion had defeated a postwar conscription bill, the ^ Gene M. Lyons and John W. Masland, Education immediate danger after World War I was and Military Leadership: A Study of the R.O.T.C. thought to be the expansion of the Reserve (Princeton, 1959), 43. Officers' Training Corps in the nation's 'Ibid., 43. * Merle Curti and Vernon Carstensen, The Univer­ schools. The two years of military training sity of Wisconsin (2 vols., Madison, 1949), 2:221.

41 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 receiving the Interior Department's opinion the teaching of history. Its most important that state legislatures should determine en­ goals, however, were negative: the elimination rollment requirements. To the Interior De­ of compulsory military courses in colleges and partment, it did not appear from federal legis­ of all such instruction in high schools, as well lation that military training was "any more as the termination of federal subsidies for, and obligatory on the individual student than . . . the War Department's control of, military instruction in agriculture or mechanic arts.'" training. To alert the popular mind to the The "Wisconsin case" seemed to strip com­ dangers of militarism and to accomplish these pulsory military training of its legal justifi­ objectives, the C.M.E. launched an extensive cation and gave impetus to the formation of publicity campaign in 1926 with a pamphlet the first and only peace organization dedi­ by Winthrop D. Lane denouncing R.O.T.C. cated to combating militarism in education. Endorsed by fifty prominent citizens, includ­ Leadership in the peace movement resem­ ing John Dewey, Robert M. La Follette, Jr., bled an interlocking directorate. Dedicated Jane Addams, Senators Borah and Norris, and men and women served on several different Oswald Garrison Villard, the Lane pamphlet committees and gave unstintingly of time and castigated the War Department's methods of money. For these crusaders the issue was enlisting popular support for the R.O.T.C." An moral: anything which contributed to war occasional News Letter and other pamphlets was bad, and all efforts for peace were good. repeated the same theme and urged local Nor was evil to be tolerated; it was to be met groups to take up the crusade.' This call did by a frontal assault and stamped out. Such not go unheeded in Illinois, where the military was the temper of pacifists, liberals, socialists, training unit at the state university was one of and educators who met in New York in 1925 the largest and best in the United States. To to form the Committee on Militarism in Edu­ topple it would be a significant victory for the cation, or C.M.E.^ Although such illustrious cause which might bring the whole system of names as John Dewey, Reinhold Niebuhr, and compulsory training crumbling. Jane Addams appeared on C.M.E. letterheads, the real work of the committee fell to such of­ nnHE NATION-WIDE propaganda campaign ficers as the well-known journalist, Oswald -•- had hardly started when the C.M.E. suc­ Garrison Villard; Roswell P. Barnes of the ceeded in its first attempt to get favorable legis­ Federal Council of Churches; pacifist Tucker lation introduced. In 1926, bills to amend the P. Smith; the prominent Episcopalian clergy­ National Defense Acts so as to force voluntary man, John Nevin Sayre; George A. Coe, pro­ R.O.T.C. upon colleges were introduced in fessor of religious education at Teacher's Col­ Congress by Representative George A. Welsh lege; and Wilbur K. Thomas, at that time of Pennsylvania and Senator Lynn D. Frazier director of the American Friends Service Com­ of North Dakota. This effort was premature. mittee. Not enough time had been spent in massing The C.M.E. advocated "free speech for support for the legislation. Many Congress­ peace," school and university instruction in men undoubtedly felt that it was up to the the causes of war and the methods of interna­ states to settle this controversy, as Wisconsin tional co-operation, and truth and fairness in had done." At any rate, the hearing on the bill set off an immediate reaction in Illinois. David Kinley, who had succeeded Edmund ** Quoted in statement of E. P. Patterson, Solicitor of the Department of the Interior to the Secretary of J. James as president of the University of Illi­ the Interior, Washington, February 5, 1929, in the nois in 1920, could have surveyed his univer- University of Illinois Archives. '' U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Military Affairs, Hearings on H.R. 8538, Abolishment of Com­ pulsory Military Training at Schools and Colleges, 69 Cong., 1 sess., June 15, 1926, 187. The C.M.E., " Ibid., 250-267. A copy of the Lane pamphlet is according to the testimony of its chairman John appended to the published Hearings report. Nevin Sayre, was established in 1925 as the Com­ 'Roswell P. Barnes, Militarizing Our Youth (New mittee on Military Training, and this group pub­ York, Committee on Militarism in Education, 1927), lished the Lane pamphlet. After this first publica­ 39, 46. tion the name was changed to the Committee on "Hearings on H.R. 8538, 69 Cong., 1 sess., 1926, Militarism in Education. passim.

42 HAWKES: R.O.T.C. sity with a great deal of satisfaction in those the growing danger of militarism in education balmy spring days of 1926. Not a ripple of to the public. However, in the course of hear­ antimilitarism had previously disrupted the ings on the Welsh bill, the antimilitarists were surface of conformity which he endeavored to smeared with the "Red" label, which they impose on faculty and students, and pity the never succeeded in eradicating. John Nevin poor pacifist who locked horns with Kinley, Sayre was treated rather badly by committee for this authoritarian administrator firmly be­ members who seemed more intent on deter­ lieved in the R.O.T.C.'s national defense mis­ mining whether he was a Communist and the sion. Even more important, through their ex­ C.M.E. a subversive organization than on posure to military training, students were in­ learning the facts about compulsory military stilled with discipline and patriotism—the al­ training. Sayre's assertion that there was not a pha and omega of Kinley's personal credo. single Communist in the C.M.E. did nothing A man given to sudden anger, he must have to allay their suspicions.'^ thundered when informed of the legislation Having disposed of this initial threat, Pres­ pending in Congress. Nor was Kinley one to ident Kinley turned once again to the task shrink from a fight. By April 24, 1926, he of running his prairie campus. For most of had sent out 120 letters to every member of 1927 everything seemed in order. Colonel W. the House and Senate Military Affairs Com­ T. Merry, commanding officer of the R.O.T.C, mittees, the twenty-nine Congressmen from complained that Sherwood Eddy, the "noted Illinois, influential businessmen, private clubs, pacifist," was scheduled to speak at the An­ and the local and national headquarters of nual Student Christian Conference to be held the American Legion. All of the letters re­ on campus in February. It was a shame, quested aid in opposing the Welsh bill." If thought Merry, "that such men should be per­ other land-grant college presidents responded mitted to spread their ideas among the youth with such fervor, it was, no doubt, a busy of our land.'"'' Kinley assured Merry that day in the Congressional mail room. he "had attended to that matter, and arranged Illinois Senator W. B. McKinley, whose that Mr. Eddy should not give these lectures." home was in Urbana, suggested that Kinley And he added, "of course, the Y.M.C.A. peo­ was "unduly alarmed over Senator Frazier's ple should not have made arrangements with bill," and added that no one "would take it him [Eddy] as they did without consulting seriously."^" Kinley's ruffled feelings were me."" But paternalism or not, more trouble further assuaged when other Congressmen as­ was in store. sured him that they shared his views on this The first phase of the antimilitarist crusade matter." He had to wait until May and June, opened in Illinois on November 7, 1927, when however, to learn that both bills had died in a group of educators, clergymen, and pacifists committee. The ease with which this first gathered in Chicago to form a local Commit­ legislative attempt by the C.M.E. was defeated tee on Militarism in Education. Led by Paul seemed to lend credence to Senator McKinley's H. Douglas, a former University of Illinois early appraisal of the situation. But this was faculty member who was then professor of only the opening skirmish, and the C.M.E., economics at the University of Chicago, the though disappointed, was not discouraged. In group elected officers and adopted a two-point fact, this national setback seemed to convince program: (1) to inquire into the status of the C.M.E. that its urgent tasks were to orga­ military training in the educational institu­ nize local action and to present the facts of tions of Illinois; and (2) to urge the aboli­ tion of compulsory military training at the University of Illinois and all military training ° All of the letters sent used essentially the same from the high schools of the state. The min- argument as David Kinley to Honorable Charles Atkins, Urbana, Illinois, April 23, 1926, University of Illinois Archives. " Senator W. B. McKinley to President Kinley, '^ Hearings on H.R. 8538, 69 Cong., 1 sess., 189 //. Washington, April 26, 1926, ibid. ^^ Col. W. T. Merry to President Kinley, January " Every Illinois Representative and Senator agreed 25, 1927, University of Illinois Archives. to oppose the bill, of course, but so did all but two " David Kinley to Col. W. T. Merry, February 11, or three of the other Congressmen who replied. 1927, ibid.

43 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 utes of the meeting were signed by those pre­ sent, most of whom were from Chicago. But three clergymen affiliated with campus reli­ gious foundations in Champaign—Urbana— the Reverends James Baker and Wilbur Grose, director and associate director respectively of Wesley Methodist Foundation, and the Reve­ rend Herman Abbot, assistant pastor of Mc­ Kinley Presbyterian Foundation— also af­ fixed their names to the document.'" To Kinley, this was tantamount to treason. Letters immediately went out summoning lead­ ers of the religious foundations to a meeting in Kinley's office "for the purpose of confer­ ring ... on certain of the relations of the Foundations to the University."" There are no records of the meeting, but Kinley later wrote in his Autobiography that "in view of 'If: the quasi-official relationships of . . . founda­ tions to the University . . . ," he had reminded the clergymen that they had erred in attack­ ing the University without first taking the matter up with him. He also said that the re­ primand was so effective that "all but three" University of Illinois Archives removed their names from the report." He President David Kinley, as he appeared in 1924. neglected to add, however, that only three had signed. Paul Douglas, rather than campus religious The Reverend Paul Burt, who joined the leaders, assumed leadership in this first phase Wesley Foundation in 1928, was informed of the anti-R.O.T.C. crusade. The study of the "by reliable sources" that "considerable pres­ status of military training in Illinois schools sure was brought to bear on Dr. Baker" for was undertaken and completed by May 2, the dismissal of Wilbur Grose, Baker's asso­ 1928. Douglas sent the report to Kinley, who, ciate at Wesley. According to Burt, it was in a typical gesture, returned it unopened." rumored that this pressure came from the Although the C.M.E. was having no success University administration. Kinley equated in bringing the question before the state legis­ the desire of the Illinois C.M.E. to abolish lature, they were, however, granted a hearing compulsory R.O.T.C. with an attack upon before the University Board of Trustees on the University. What really disturbed him May 23. Douglas and four of his associates was that the religious leaders had acted with­ presented their arguments and requested that out his consent and had not immediately fol­ R.O.T.C. be made optional for students.^ lowed his directive to cease. Grose was not dismissed and, if Burt is correct, it was be­ But Kinley had not left all reports unopen­ cause "Dr. Baker stood solidly behind ed; he came to the Board's meeting well pre­ him. . . ."" pared. A resolution of the Illinois "Dad's As­ sociation" which accused "slackers, commu­ nists and bolsheviks" of using "subtle subter­ '" "Minutes of the Illinois Committee on Militarism fuges" to plant "discord among faculty and in Education," Carl Stephens' History Source File, ibid. " David Kinley to Dean M. S. Ketchum, November 28, 1927, ibid. This was a form letter that was sent to all of the religious leaders. "David Kinley, Autobiography (Urbana, I960), "Kinley to Lawrence M. Larson, May 2, 1928, 133-134. University of Illinois Archives. '^ Paul Burt to the author. Lakeland, Florida, "° University of Illinois Board of Trustees Reports, December 31, 1964. 1926-28 (Urbana, 1928), 615.

44 HAWKES: R.O.T.C. students" was followed by Kinley's request chine, the national body was making some that representatives of the Daughters of the progress in spreading its views. Other peace American Revolution, American Legion, Na­ societies joined in the propaganda campaign,"" tional Defense Committee, and the Women's and the Committee issued a sequel to the Lane Relief Corps be heard in support of compul­ pamphlet by Roswell P. Barnes of the Federal sory training. On June 12, the Board heard Council of Churches. In an introduction John the delegations from the patriotic societies."' Dewey commended the C.M.E. for disseminat­ The alumni added their support in June by ing factual information about this "well-or­ printing a slanted report of the controversy ganized movement to militarize the tone and in their official organ.'''' It was anticlimactic temper of our national life. . . ."^ This pam­ when the Board announced its recommenda­ phlet attempted to prove that the R.O.T.C.'s tion in December, 1928, that the "University main mission was to develop a "military mind­ adhere to its present policy with reference to set" in the populace. Thus, by implication, military training.'""' its role in national defense was minimized. The decision of the Board of Trustees President Coolidge was quoted by the New should not have shocked the C.M.E. Even a York Times' Washington correspondent as cursory glance at the socio-economic back­ being "opposed to compulsory military train­ ground of that body would have revealed that ing for school and college students and to it was composed of the prosperous and "pro­ anything even that stimulates a military spirit per" elements of society. J. W. Armstrong, in the youth of the land.'"" By 1929 the Com­ the president, was an Illinois graduate and mittee was able to boast that twenty-five na­ successful business executive. Mary Busey, a tional organizations had taken a stand against pillar of the Urbana community, had been a required training. To this total, forty-three member of the Board since 1905. George A. local and "miscellaneous" groups were added."'' Barr, A.B. from Illinois, was a prominent Furthermore, citizens in Massachusetts, Min­ attorney from Joliet who had been the state nesota, and Illinois had formed State Com­ director of the Department of Trade and Com­ mittees on Militarism in Education, and a merce. Merle J. Trees of Chicago, a civil Minnesota C.M.E. attempt to make training engineer, was a vice-president of the Chicago optional at the University was defeated in Bridge and Iron Works. William L. Noble, the state legislature by only thirteen votes, 67 M.D., was a professor of opthalmology at the to 54. Nor was that all. Students at Ohio University's post-graduate medical school, and State, C. C. N. Y., and the universities of Min- Walter T. Fisher was a partner in a Chicago law firm.'" Throughout his administration Kinley enjoyed favorable relations with the '^ Arthur Ekirch, Jr., The Civilian and the Mili­ tary (New York, 1956), 232-233. In a note on Board of Trustees which now aided him in page 319, Ekirch lists: National Council for Pre­ realizing his objective. But even if he had not, vention of War, Bulletin, V, VI (1926-1927) ; Wom­ en's International League for Peace and Freedom, such a conservative coterie would not have Some Facts Concerning Military Training (Minne­ allowed a few radical-pacifists to demolish a apolis, 1926); Advocate of Peace, LXXXVIII: 425- tradition which was as old as the University. 427 (July, 1926) ; World Tomorrow, IX: passim (October, 1926). '*' Barnes, Militarizing Our Youth, 3. ONCURRENT with the first encounter of ^Literary Digest, XC:12 (July 3, 1926). "" Doris G. Rodin, "The Opposition to the Estab­ c the Illinois C.M.E. with the Kinley ma- lishment of Military Training in Civil Schools and Colleges" (unpublished M.A. thesis, The American University, 1949), 96-97. The most important groups '^^Ibid., 616, 633-634. In addition to those named listed were: American Friends Service Committee, above, the Reserve Officers Association, American Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, War Mothers, Daughters of 1812, and Daughters of General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, Meth­ American Colonists sent representatives to be heard. odist Young Peoples Convention, National Council ^ "Illinois Committee on Militarism in Education" of the Congregational Church, Northern Baptist Con­ in the Illinois Alumni News, 6:381 (June, 1928). vention, General Conference of Methodist Episcopal '^ Board of Trustees Reports, 1928-30, 97. Church, American Federation of Labor, National "* A. J. Janata, "Trustees of the University of Education Association, National Farmer's Union Illinois, January, 1919 to March, 1964," mimeo­ Convention, Women's International League for Peace graphed typescript, December 1, 1959, February 7, and Freedom, and National Student Council of 1964. Y.M.C.A.

45 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 nesota, Oregon, and Oklahoma organized op­ Morrill in 1862, was determined to turn back tional drill leagues, while Boston University the clock six years and rectify the improper and Pomona College abolished compulsory decisions of the Wisconsin case.'"' To do this, drill."' In Congress the antimilitarists found an interpretation from the Attorney General a few friendly voices. One of the most active overruling the Interior Department was neces­ was Ross A. Collins of Mississippi, a member sary. of the House Committee on Military Affairs, The language of the Morrill Act was suf­ who frequently criticized the R.O.T.C. On one ficiently vague to invite conflicting interpre­ occasion he described the use of pretty coeds tations. Section 4 stipulated that each state as honorary cadets as "the old game of play­ receiving the benefits of the act must apply the ing sex appeal on youngsters for the purpose proceeds thereof "to the endowment, support, of helping to popularize this activity of 'play­ and maintenance of at least one college where ing at war.''""' the leading object shall be without excluding These impressive gains elsewhere did little other scientific and classical studies, and in­ to hearten Illinois crusaders. Paul Douglas cluding military tactics, to teach such branches and his associates were unable to find a spon­ of learning as are related to agriculture and sor for a bill in the state legislature.'' The sole the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legis­ fruit of the local C.M.E.'s year-long effort latures of the States may respectively pre­ was publication of its report, Military Train­ scribe, in order to promote the liberal and ing in the Schools and Colleges of Illinois'' practical education of the industrial classes a pamphlet which devoted some attention to in the several pursuits and professions of the legal aspects of the controversy. The life.'"" authors contended that required training was It is not necessary to elaborate the argu­ a University policy; it was not imposed by the ments of both sides. Suffice it to say that Morrill Act, National Defense Acts, or Illinois antimilitarists rested their case on the phrase law. What they did not know was that David "and including military tactics" and the In­ Kinley had already seized the offensive in this terior Department's opinion that "instruction campaign and was out to prove that the re­ in this area was no more obligatory on the vered Morrill Act itself was the fount from individual student than is instruction in agri­ which all this compulsion flowed. culture or mechanic arts.""" Officials of the The antimilitarists had long insisted that University of Illinois argued that the inten­ the requirements of the land-grant act were tion of the original act was to require train­ met if the recipient institution offered military ing because the Civil War demonstrated the instruction, a position which had been verified need for "educated soldiers""" and, also, be- by the Department of the Interior's opinion and the War Department's inaction when Wis­ consin eliminated compulsory training in *" On at least two occasions Kinley had stated that 1923. But Kinley, a recent convert to a rigid the University required military training. In a letter interpretation of the act based on the intent to Charles Atkins, April 23, 1926, he wrote that "the of Congress and Vermont Senator Justin S. Land Grant Act of 1862 . . . phraseology left it to the states and their institutions to fulfill in their own way the purposes indicated by the act." On September 21, 1926, he informed Colonel Merry that "" Barnes, Militarizing Our Youth, 38. military training was not required by state law, but ''" Congressional Record, 70 Cong., 2 sess., 1928, was instead "a University requirement." Both of LXX: 1161. Other Collins speeches are in Congres­ these letters are in Kinley's General Correspondence, sional Record, 71 Cong., 2 sess., LXXXII: 1388; 71 University of Illinois Archives. Cong., 3 sess., LXXIV: 192. " Quoted in Edward D. Eddy, Jr., Colleges for "^ David Kinley to L. D. Coffman, March 5, 1929, Our Land and Time: The Land Grant Idea in University of Illinois Archives. American Education (New York, 1956), 33. Em­ ^" Howard P. Becker and E. J. Webster, Military phasis is mine. Training in the Schools and Colleges of Illinois '"^ Opinion of the Acting Secretary of the Interior, (Chicago, Illinois Committee on Militarism in Edu­ July 19, 1923, as quoted in E. P. Patterson, Solicitor, cation, 1929). This thirty-seven-page pamphlet was to the Secretary of the Interior, Washington, Febru­ written under the editorial supervision of Paul H. ary 5, 1929, University of Illinois Archives. Douglas, Paul Hutchinson, and Frank 0. Beck. "'' [Sveinbjorn Johnson], "Memorandum Concern­ Becker and Webster were graduate students at the ing Military Training in Land Grant Colleges," University of Chicago. mimeographed legal brief, January 19, 1929, ibid.

46 HAWKES: R.O.T.C. cause elective courses were rare if not non­ and this information was forwarded to the existent in American colleges in 1862. More­ Justice Department."" For two months Kin­ over, for sixty years land-grant colleges had ley waited for an opinion from the Attorney interpreted their obligations under the act to General, fumed over bureaucratic "subordi­ mean that military training was required of nates" who rendered "immature" opinions, all male students. There was merit in both and wrote letter after letter abounding in ful- arguments, but they obscured the real issue: minations. Was the law to be rigid and unchanging, or In a confidential message to the president- sufficiently flexible to adapt to changing emeritus of Ohio State University, Kinley com­ times ? plained that he had "appealed from the deci­ In January, 1929, Judge Sveinbjorn John­ sion of the Department of the Interior because son, legal counsel for the University of Illi­ ... it was not their job to interpret an Act nois, was sent to Washington with a legal brief of Congress. . . ." Perhaps sensing that his and letters from Kinley and Governor Louis present opponent was more formidable than L. Emmerson requesting a ruling from the "our pacifist friends," he added that "this Attorney General on the meaning of the mili­ whole matter ought to have been handled by tary provisions of the Morrill Act."' Since the Association of Land Grant Colleges and the Interior Department was charged with ad­ brought to an official conclusion before this."'"' ministering funds under the land-grant legis­ Senator Charles S. Deneen of Illinois was in­ lation, the matter was referred to Secretary formed that the president was "indignant Roy 0. West. E. P. Patterson, the Solicitor, reaffirmed the Department's position of 1923 '" E. P. Patterson to the Secretary of the Interior, Washington, February 5, 1929, ibid. "' David Kinley to U.S. Senator Charles Deneen, "" David Kinley to W. 0. Tbompson, February 9, January 25, 1929, ibid. 1929, ibid.

Unlversitv of Wisconsin, Archi\'es University of Wisconsin students engaging in a sham battle in 1916, when military training was still compulsory.

47 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 enough at the rudeness of the reception given to arms to the seven hundred posts and their Judge Johnson by a representative of the De­ membership of more than 70,000 in this state, partment of the Interior," but the "mutilation" should the forces opposed to military training of his question by some man named Finney become sufficiently active.'"'" To a new Sec­ in the same department had convinced Kin­ retary of the Interior, Ray Lyman Wilbur, ley that he must "find a way to carry this Kinley repeated the request he had original­ matter to the Supretne Court or to the Con­ ly made for a legal opinion." The tone of gress. . . ." At any rate, he did "not intend these letters was, with some exceptions, mild­ to let the matter rest."" er than the ones written before April, 1929, To implement his threats Kinley communi­ but the arguments were essentially the same. cated a request to R. A. Pearson, chairman More than a year after the initial request, Kin­ of the Executive Committee of the Association ley got his legal opinion. In May, 1930, the of Land Grant Colleges, for action by the land- Attorney General found that "an agricultural grant colleges to obtain a Federal court deci­ college which offers a proper, substantial sion on this issue.""^ And, he warned, "the course in military tactics complies sufficient­ people in Washington, if there are any, who ly" with the Morrill Act "even though the are trying to prevent action in this or to students at the institutions are not compelled camuflage [sic] a reply or give a biased reply, to take that course."" will find themselves pretty soon with some This must have been a bitter pill for the kind of a suit on their hands if the conferences old warrior who retired from office that same that I have thus far had proceed to the action year. Kinley's last months were partially oc­ that we are discussing. . . ."•"' Kinley's plans cupied with drafting an elaborate (and in­ never materialized, despite the fact that Sena­ telligent) reply to the Attorney General's legal tor Deneen informed him on April 8, 1929, opinion.'" This statement and Johnson's legal that the Justice Department had declined to brief of January, 1929, formed a very cogent issue a decision interpreting the Morrill Act argument for a rigid interpretation of the because the Attorney General was "only Morrill Act, but they failed to convince either authorized to give opinions to the heads of the Secretary of the Interior or the Attorney executive departments on questions of law General. Nor did Kinley's plans for court arising in their departments. In this case the action materialize. He left office disappoint­ request . . . came from the University of Illi­ ed, but still firmly convinced of the correct­ nois and was transmitted by the Secretary of ness of his position. He would not have been the Interior. . . ."** as disappointed if he had known then what This temporary setback only served to make is very clear in retrospect—that the herculean Kinley more determined. Continuing to press effort of the pro-R.O.T.C. juggernaut which for a legal decision, he wrote letters to other he had set in motion had failed in its im­ land-grant college executives and Senator De­ mediate task, but in failing it had broken the neen." He was in touch with the American back of the C.M.E. in Illinois. A letter writ­ Legion and received assurance that "its offi­ ten during the counteroffensive by Judge cers will be glad to send out a general call Johnson deserves quotation in some detail

*° David Kinley to Senator Charles Deneen, Febru­ the presidents of the universities of Arkansas (April ary 9, 1929, ibid. Kinley claimed that the question 9, 1929), California (April 12, 1929), Ohio State he submitted contained two parts, one of which was (April 19, 1929, and May 2, 1929) Maryland (May eliminated when it was referred to the Attorney 2, 1929, July 8, 1929, and October 3, 1929). The General. However, this damage was undone when president of the University of Maryland was also Kinley sent a copy of the original question directly the chairman of the Executive Committee of the to the Attorney General on March 5, 1929. Association of Land-Grant Colleges. All of this cor­ "David Kinley to R. A. Pearson, March 2, 1929, respondence is in the University of Illinois Archives. ibid. •"Terre C. Watkins to A. J. Janata, May 1, 1929, '" David Kinley to Senator Deneen, April 5, 1929, Chicago, ibid. ibid. '° David Kinley to Ray L. Wilbur, Secretary of the " Attorney General W. D. Mitchell to Senator Interior, April 26, 1929, ildd. Charles S. Deneen, Washington, D.C., April 24, " Quoted by Lyons and Masland, Education and 1929, ibid. Military Leadership, 48. " Kinley sent telegrams to Deneen on April 8, 15, ''* David Kinley, "Concerning the R.O.T.C," type­ 1929, and long letters on April 5, 1929. He wrote to script, July 10, 1930, University of Illinois Archives. HAWKES: R.O.T.C.

"i'm •\

hi •* i', V..' -••/ ""•••

\ .- •^ *> ' i - » • E ••

^. V' iii^ t 1 •-••sji&litr

University ot Illinois Archives The Illinois-Army football game, played on November 9, 1929, brought many governmental and military luminaries to Urbana. This group, photographed on the lawn of the president's home, includes (left to right): Secretary of War James W. Good, Governor L. L. Emmerson, General Charles P. Summerall, President Kinley, and General Frank Parker. because of the light it sheds on the nature tain pacifist interests . . . obliquely or other­ of the formidable opponent engaged by the wise improperly . . . interfered with a full antimilitarists: and free examination of the legal question "It has become one of the major objectives on its merits."" of organized pacifism to eliminate all mili­ After a brief encounter with these determined tary training from the schools and colleges Illinois officials, the local C.M.E. was never in the United States. . . . President Kinley heard from again. appears to think that it is a matter of real importance . . . that the question be settled 'T'HROUGHOUT this first phase of the cru- and apparently settled in accordance with -*- sade little was heard from the students our position. The President has also suc­ or faculty at Urbana. Even someone as hostile ceeded in keeping this matter out of the to the antimilitarists as the president of the press .... Officials of the State of Illinois Illinois Dad's Association admitted that "a —are determined that the hand of the pac­ short visit to the campus discloses the fact ifists shall be fully exposed .... I can say that 'military' is not generally popular with to you as a personal and confidential matter the students . . . .""° In its pamphlet the that there is a determination in high places •*" Sveinbjorn Johnson to Judge E. T. Burke, here in Illinois for which support will be Urbana, Illinois, March 2, 1929, ibid. had in other quarters and in other states, °°W. F. Lodge, "As Dad Views the Reserve Of­ to bring the matter to the attention of Con­ ficers Training Corps at the University of Illinois," in the National Defense Magazine (November, gress for such action in the event . . . cer­ 1927), 7.

49 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

C.M.E. printed some unflattering views on manded that he follow state laws. Subsequent R.O.T.C. by Illinois students whose names presidents, Arthur Daniels (1933-1934) and were "withheld for obvious reasons.""' A Arthur C. WiUard (1934-1946), were not thorough search of the student newspaper. torn by such conflicts; both were strong sup­ The Daily Illini, from 1920 to 1930 revealed porters of the traditional policy. only one article criticizing R.O.T.C. This ap­ During the thirties many church groups peared in the Illinois Magazine, the Sunday entered the struggle against compulsory supplement to the newspaper on January 17, R.O.T.C. Early in 1930 a meeting of Thirty 1926, along with a story, "Zinc City Sketches," Seven Communions and Allied Religious Or­ which was interpreted by prominent citizens ganizations in Evanston, Illinois, went on of La Salle, Illinois, as disparaging them. Both record as deploring "the present Federal ex­ articles probably played a part in the admini­ penditure for military training in high schools, stration's decision to suppress the Illinois civil colleges, and summer camps—an expend­ Magazine. iture . . . greater than the total operating The C.M.E. charged that Kinley made state­ costs of the Department of State . . . .""" The ments to the effect that compulsory military conference urged member churches to facili­ training "was a University policy and . . . tate the abolition of compulsory military train­ not to be criticized or even discussed by any ing through local work and co-operation with loyal member of the faculty." Those outside of the C.M.E. the University community had "neither knowl­ Similar church declarations and requests edge of the actual situation nor the right to for action by the national C.M.E. through its criticize it.""" The three campus religious mailing list resulted in a flurry of letters to leaders who signed the report of the C.M.E. President Chase in 1932. The magnitude of meeting back in 1927 were among the fifty- the response, however, was not overwhelming; seven who endorsed the published report but nineteen letters advocating voluntary military this, too, was a hollow victory. They had been training were the sum total of an "aroused" sufficiently chastened to remain in the back­ citizenry. Chase answered in a form letter ground for the next decade. that "the statutes of the State specifically Privately, most officials at the University make military training compulsory."'* One of Illinois continued to subscribe to a rigid important aspect of this correspondence was interpretation of the Morrill Act, but publicly that for the first time the problem of con­ they answered criticisms of required R.O.T.C. scientious objectors to R.O.T.C. was raised. by referring to a state law of 1873 which For the next two years this issue dominated explicitly said: "All pupils attending the said efforts of antimilitarists. University shall be taught and shall study Some Protestant denominations, the most such branches of learning as are related to active being the Methodist Episcopal Church, agriculture and the mechanic arts .... with­ were seeking the same legal recognition for out excluding other scientific and classical their conscientious objectors as that granted studies, and including, for all male students, to the Society of Friends."' By the early 1930's military tactics.""" Harry W. Chase, who succeeded Kinley as president in 1930, personally favored volun­ tary training," but his official position de- '*'"The Churches and World Peace: A Message to the Churches by the Third Study Conference of Representatives of Thirty Seven Communions and Allied Religious Organizations." Reprint from the Congressional Record, 71 Cong., 2 sess.. May 28, 1930, 2. ^ Becker and Webster, Military Training in the ^ Harry W. Chase to Fred Atkins More, September Schools and Colleges, 12, 24. 24, 1932, University of Illinois Archives. The letters ''^Ibid., 12, 24. to Chase are in President Arthur Daniels' Papers, '^ Laws of the United States and the State of University of Illinois Archives. Illinois Concerning The University of Illinois (Ur­ "'' For example, the General Assembly of the Pres­ bana, 1891), 6. byterian Church instructed its Board of Christian "Harry W. Chase to W. B. Bizzell, May 4, 1933; Education "to take such action as may be necessary Harry W. Chase to Judge Sveinbjorn Johnson, Feb­ to establish the status of a Presbyterian who has ruary 14, 1933, University of Illinois Archives. conscientious objections to war as being the same

50 HAWKES: R.O.T.C.

antimilitarist leaders were convinced that the in a college which did not require drill."' Coale time was ripe for testing the constitutionality and his financial patrons attempted to carry of the whole system of required military train­ their case to the Supreme Court. But in No­ ing in the colleges. The conscientious objector vember, 1933, the Court dismissed the appeal afforded a peg on which to hang the legal "for want of a substantial federal question.""" test. Therefore, when a Unitarian and a Meth­ The conscientious objector issue was attract­ odist student were expelled from the Uni­ ing nation-wide attention. Students at several versity of Maryland in 1932 for refusal to institutions refused to take drill. In 1934 at take drill, the Methodist Episcopal Church Ohio State University seven were expelled, and the C.M.E. financially supported the ef­ and the secretary of the C.M.E. asserted there forts of Ennis H. Coale, an expellee, to seek were conscientious objectors at the Universi­ redress in the courts. President R. A. Pearson ties of Missouri and Minnesota, Penn State, of Maryland implied that the C.M.E. was Cornell, and U.C.L.A."" At Berkeley expulsion fomenting rebellion among undergraduates from the university of Albert Hamilton and because Coale had written to the New York Alonzo Reynolds, both sons of Methodist min­ Committee for advice on the procedure to be isters, became the focal point of a new drive followed in refusing training on religious by antimilitarists for a legal test. grounds."' Indeed, the C.M.E. was making Ramifications of the whole conscientious available upon request such pamphlets as objector issue were felt in Illinois. The Uni­ Shall I Renounce Compulsory Military Train­ versity took a dim view of these claims of ing? and Steps to Take in Securing Exemp­ conscience. To a petition from the Methodist tion from Drill.^" Episcopal Church, President Arthur Daniels The Maryland Superior Court ruled favor­ drafted a harsh reply which he marked "de­ ably on Coale's petition for a writ of manda­ stroy" and did not send. "Up to the time mus ordering reinstatement."'' This decision your Conference acted," he wrote angrily, was reversed by the Maryland Court of Ap­ "the record offers very meager proof that peals which found for the appellant, the Uni­ members of your church had so tender con­ versity of Maryland, on the grounds that at­ sciences . . . ." The letter sent, though milder tendance at a state university was a privilege, in tone, pulled no punches. Daniels asserted not a right. Thus the conscientious objector that resolutions of this kind encouraged stu­ was under no compulsion to attend the Uni­ dents to object to the R.O.T.C. which was versity of Maryland and could have enrolled "nothing short of an endeavor to interfere with the University's conduct of an established curriculum . . . ." Furthermore, the assump­ tion that R.O.T.C. promoted "a warlike spirit," as that of a member of the Society of Friends." was not supported by even "a scintilla of William A. Young to Dr. H. W. Chase, Philadelphia, direct, credible, or convincing factual evi­ Pennsylvania, January 5, 1932, University of Illinois Archives. The same position was taken by the Con­ dence.""* Apparently proud of this rebuke, ventions or Conferences of the Northern Baptist, Daniels widely circulated it. He sent copies Congregational, Unitarian, Universalist, and Meth­ to the presidents of every land-grant college odist Episcopal Churches. "The Churches and Mili­ tary Training in Schools and Colleges," a pamphlet and to state officials. "Bully for you," the issued by Department of International Justice and Goodwill of Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America (New York, January 26, 1934). ™ R. A. Pearson to Presidents of Land-Grant Col­ "' Rodin, "Opposition to Military Training," 104- leges, College Park, Maryland, January 26, 1933, 105. See also letter, A. H. Daniels to presidents of University of Illinois Arcbives. Also, Ekirch, The Land-Grant Colleges, November 14, 1933, University Civilian and the Military, 229. of Illinois Archives. ™ Tucker P. Smith and Edwin C. Johnson, "How "^ Coale V. Pearson, 290 U.S. 597 (1933). to Conduct a Student Campaign Against Compulsory °" Robert E. Bowers, "The American Peace Move­ Military Training" (Committee on Militarism in ment, 1933^1" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Education, 1932), 6, a mimeographed pamphlet in University of Wisconsin, 1947), 144; "Should Mili­ the University of Illinois Archives. tary Training be Compulsory?," in the Literary "" "Decision of Superior Court of Baltimore City Digest, V: 21 (February 17, 1934). in Coale v. Pearson," mimeographed enclosure in " A. H. Daniels to Rev. Ernest F. Tittle, Novem­ R. A. Pearson to presidents of Land-Grant Colleges, ber 8, 1933. Both the sent and unsent versions are January 6, 1933, University of Illinois Archives. in the University of Illinois Archives.

51 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN. 1965

State Superintendent of Public Instruction ex­ gallon to take military training as one of the claimed, "a solar plexus blow of that kind conditions of attendance." Justice Cardozo in to that kind of proposal is the only way to a concurring opinion warned that "a different meet it . . . .""" The land-grant executives sent doctrine would carry us to lengths that have their congratulations as well. Subsequent re­ never been dreamed of. The conscientious ob­ quests to Daniels for recognition of denomi­ jector, if his liberties were to be thus extend­ national resolutions on conscientious objectors ed, might refuse to contribute taxes in fur­ were answered by a form letter explaining therance of . . . any other end condemned by that the University as "a creature of the State" his conscience as irreligious or immoral . . . ." was governed in its actions by the statute of Justices Brandeis and Stone joined Cardozo 1873."" in this opinion.™ The juridical resolution of the conscientious A NTIMILITARISTS were not the only ones objector question seriously weakened the anti- •^*- looking toward a ruling by the highest militarist cause. Only the most zealous stu­ court of the land. Proponents of compulsory dents would risk certain expulsion with no R.O.T.C. had also been busy. The Civilian hope for legal recourse, and these were few Military Education Fund, headed by Colonel and far between. It is a tribute to the opti­ Ralph C. Bishop, printed 2,500 copies of Judge mistic devotion of the C.M.E., if not to their Johnson's brief favoring rigid interpretation good sense, that they could view this defeat of the Morrill Act and distributed them in as "a gain, not a loss." Henceforth, the C.M.E. states troubled by anti-R.O.T.C. agitation. informed members in a confidential bulletin, Illinois' reputation as a stanch defender of "our campaign must be promoted along legis­ compulsory military training was widely lative lines, both State and Federal."' known by this time. Johnson sometimes travel­ Not that the antimilitarists had been in­ led to other states to offer legal advice."' The active on the legislative front. On the con­ final accolade came when Johnson, on behalf trary, the deepening depression gave force to of fifteen land-grant colleges, presented his their argument that the R.O.T.C. was not only brief to the Supreme Court in the Hamilton a threat to traditional American values but case."'' At the same time, General Douglas a waste of taxpayers' money as well. Using MacArthur was asking" the Judge Advocate to the hearings on annual War Department ap­ "aggressively present the mandatory side.""" propriations bills as their platform, the anti- The United States Supreme Court ruled on militarists sought reductions in funds allo­ Hamilton's appeal of an unfavorable decision cated to R.O.T.C. and amendments to prevent in the California courts in December, 1934. allocation of federal money to institutions No opinion was offered on requirements of with compulsory military training. The House, the Morrill Act, but a unanimous Court found no doubt for reasons of economy rather for the defendants, the Regents of the Univer­ than sympathy with the C.M.E.'s purpose, was sity of California. Justice Butler denied the more willing than the Senate to slash appro­ appellant's contentions "that the due process priations. clause of the fourteenth amendment as a safe­ In 1932, the House recommended a 2,000- guard of 'liberty' confers the right to be stu­ man reduction of the Army's commissioned dents in the State University free from obli- personnel. If sustained by the Senate this cut might have deleterious effects on the whole R.O.T.C. program. To prevent this, defenders of the military reserves once again mobilized "^ Francis G. Blair to President A. H. Daniels, Springfield, Illinois, November 17, 1933, ibid. their forces. In Washington the lead was "A. H. Daniels to Rev. John H. Gardner, Jr., taken by the Coalition of Patriotic Societies. February 1, 1934, ibid. *" Judge Sveinbjorn Johnson to A. C. Willard, November 14, 1934, ibid. "* Hamilton et al. v. The Regents of the University of California, 293 U.S. 249 (1934). '^° Hamilton et al. v. The Regents of the University "" Colonel Ralph C. Bishop to Judge S. Johnson, of California, 293 U.S. 261 (1934). Washington, October 8, 1934, University of Illinois " Quoted by Ekirch, The Civilian and the Military, Archives. 230.

52 HAWKES: R.O.T.C.

Its chairman. Lieutenant Colonel Orvel John­ suits in "mobocracy.'"" Furthermore, there son, appeared before the Senate subcommittee were indications that most students were op­ considering the House bill. Speaking for over posed to required drill.'" These encouraging eighty organizations and with the co-opera­ signs did not really counterbalance the devast­ tion of the American Legion, Johnson asked ating defeats in the courts and Congress, but that the House action be reversed.'" Back in the C.M.E. forged ahead. Illinois, David Kinley came out of retirement In December, 1934, representatives of the to help President Chase in a letter-writing C.M.E., the Federal Council of Churches, the and telegram campaign reminiscent of 1926, Women's International League, the American although considerably smaller in volume. In Civil Liberties Union, and other interested all, approximately fifteen telegrams and seven­ organizations met in New York to discuss teen letters were sent to Senators, members plans for a major legislative assault upon of the University Board of Trustees, the gover­ R.O.T.C. They decided to offer a proposal to nor of Illinois, the National Commander of the amend the National Defense Acts. Kenneth American Legion, and "other influential Walser of the C.M.E. drew up a draft bill men.'"" On June 10, 1932, the Senate voted which would require institutions to offer vol­ to reverse the House decision. untary rather than compulsory R.O.T.C. Time was not on the side of the C.M.E. courses. In July, 1935, the bill was introduced Early in the depression Congress had approv­ in the Senate by Gerald P. Nye and in the ed reductions in the Army budget, but in House by Paul J. Kvale." Before hearings be­ 1934 it proposed an increase of one million gan in the Senate in June, 1936, the C.M.E. dollars for the purpose of creating twenty- had lined up an impressive array of favorable two new college and eighty-five new high witnesses. school R.O.T.C. units. Despite frantic efforts If the success of the bill had depended upon by the C.M.E. to kill this proposal it passed the most persuasive arguments presented to both houses in 1935. At the same time, the subcommittee, the proponents would have amendments to withhold funds from compul­ won handily. Seventy-five per cent of the sory R.O.T.C. units were overwhelmingly de­ published report was composed of the cogent, feated. Identical attempts in 1936 suffered unhysterical, and factually accurate testimony the same fate." of educators, students, clergymen, liberals, With this background of dismal legislative and, also, probably Communists, in favor of failures the C.M.E., nevertheless, chose 1936 the Nye-Kvale bill. Arguments by the oppo­ as the year for its most intensive legislative nents, except for the statements from some campaign. Many factors accounted for this college presidents, were reminiscent of the decision. The Hamilton case in 1934 had Welsh bill in that less time was spent defend­ closed the avenue of the courts. Only limited ing R.O.T.C. than in trying to discredit the success was being met by work in the states. organizations sponsoring the bill.'" And yet the full force of liberal opinion, which Surprisingly, this final legislative thrust of seemed to sympathize with the C.M.E.'s goals, the C.M.E. caused very little concern among had never been brought to bear on one spe­ cific issue. There seemed to be a rising re­ vulsion against War Department attempts to "' U.S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee of the teach citizenship in R.O.T.C. courses. Public Committee of Military Affairs, Hearings on S. 3309, 74 Cong., 2 sess., 1936, 145. See also Rodin, pressure had forced withdrawal of a citizen­ "Opposition to Military Training," 144. ship manual which stated that democracy re- ™ Ibid., 76. A survey conducted by the Inter­ collegiate Disarmament Council showed that 62 per cent of those students enrolled at institutions requiring R.O.T.C. were opposed to compulsory training. '" U.S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee of the " Rodin, "Opposition to Military Training," 157- Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, War De­ 158. partment Appropriations Bill for 1933, 72 Cong., ™U.S. Senate, Hearings on S. 3309, 226-292. 1 sess., 12-16. Needless to say, of those testimonials for compulsory "David Kinley to Rufus Dawes, May 7, 1932, R.O.T.C. read to the subcommittee. President University of Illinois Archives. Willard's was one of the longest and most com­ '"' Rodin, "Opposition to Military Training," 151. plimentary.

53 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 officials at the University of Illinois. A War Reinhold Niebuhr, who served on the execu­ Department request to the Board of Trustees tive committee of the C.M.E. in the late thir­ for assistance at hearings on the Nye-Kvale ties, saw things in clear perspective after bill resulted in the Board's authorizing Presi­ Munich when he said: "There is no peace in dent Arthur Willard to appear before the Europe. There will be either war or capitula­ Senate and House committees to oppose the tion to barbarism which will really persuade bill. Willard, in turn, asked Judge Johnson some of us to regret our words during the to represent the University at the hearings.'" crisis that there was little to choose between Perhaps this apparent lack of enthusiasm was the anarchy of war or the tyranny of the instead a realistic appraisal of the opponent's Nazis.""" weakness. A few letters from diehards trickled After the enactment in 1941 of the first in after 1937, but the University had seen the peace-time Selective Service Act in our history, last serious effort to tamper with an R.O.T.C. the C.M.E. passed out of existence. Oswald unit which was smaller than Ohio State's in Garrison Villard, its treasurer and chief con­ size, but second to none in security. tributor, spoke for the majority when he re­ signed: "With conscription and complete yV7"HEN the Nye bill died in committee, militarization here, I cannot conscientiously '' the C.M.E. was, for all practical pur­ ask people to contribute money for futile poses, finished. Not that it passed out of exist­ work."" ence in 1936, but the Nye bill's defeat drama­ For all of its efforts, the C.M.E. could point tized the futility of its efforts in screaming to the fact that seventeen colleges had either tones which even optimistic rationalization changed from compulsory to voluntary or could not hush. Identical bills introduced in dropped R.O.T.C. altogether. The universities 1937 were also defeated."" In retrospect, it is of Wisconsin and Minnesota and North Da­ difficult to imagine any other alternative. By kota Agricultural College were the only land- 1937 Japan had taken Manchuria and was grant institutions on the list. In addition, the preparing to strike at China. Mussolini was C.M.E. had aided the successful fight to pre­ bulging with Ethiopia, Hitler had remilitarized vent the re-establishment of compulsion in the Rhineland, and civil war was devastating Wisconsin. Even after the Nye-Kvale defeat, Spain. Although practically every peace or­ Edwin C. Johnson, Secretary of the C.M.E., ganization in the United States had joined the was instrumental in stopping an appropriation C.M.E. in support of the Nye-Kvale bill,"' the of two million dollars for new R.O.T.C. units divisive influence exerted by the rise of to­ in 1939, and he received assurances from ad­ talitarian dictatorships in Europe and Asia had ministration officials such as Wallace and already begun to rend the peace movement Ickes that military drill would not be installed asunder. Beginning in 1938 there was a mass in the Civilian Conservation Corps."" These exodus from the established organizations: were no mean accomplishments for an organi­ some peace-seekers joined the forces for col­ zation with a budget which seldom exceeded lective security, but others entered into an ten thousand dollars, but in the final analysis "unholy alliance" with a growing isolationist the Committee on Militarism in Education was sentiment."" Left in the movement proper were overwhelmed by forces it could not even com­ the absolute pacifists, such as A. J. Muste. prehend, much less control.

"* A. J. Janata to Judge Sveinbjorn Johnson, March 41," 342. 10, 1937, University of Illinois Archives. *" Quoted by Donald B. Meyer, The Protestant *" Rodin, "Opposition to Military Training," 156. Search for Political Realism, 1919-1941 (Berkeley, "^U.S. Senate, Hearings on S. 3308, 205. Walter 1960), 360. Van Kirk of the National Peace Conference, repre­ ** Quoted in Ekirch, The Civilian and the Mili­ senting thirty-four national peace bodies, offered tary, 233. testimony in support of the bill. ^ Bowers, "The American Peace Movement, 1933- ^ Bowers, "The American Peace Movement, 1933- 41," 141, 143-144.

54 Proceedings of the One Hundred and Nineteenth Annual Business Meeting of The State Historical Society of Wisconsin

Director's Report 1964-1965

RESEARCH LIBRARY and museum such create tentative guidelines which will lead stu­ A as the Society is buffeted by the same dents, teachers, laymen, and scholars from the winds of contemporary events and attitudes one to the other. These are not easy responsi­ which whirl around university campuses, with­ bilities: they are stiff requirements. Like all out the stimulating complexities of a student other institutions which contribute to educa­ body. In institutions of higher learning the tion, the Society must respond constructively result is a dilemma of emphasis: how to ex­ to the world of today. plore the current forces of change and insta­ The year under review has been a year of bility without diluting the traditional and tried accomplishment. We have made gains along elements of a college curriculum. How can traditional lines and we have tried, in tentative colleges satisfy our driving need to under­ fashion, to grapple with the dilemma of re­ stand and participate in the compelling events lating the forgotten past and the overriding of today without neglecting basic bodies of present. Some of our efforts along this latter knowledge and information? Since the So­ line deserve recognition, even though their ciety's specialty is an academic discipline success may not yet be assured. which encompasses all wars from the French During the year, our libraries received im­ and Indian to the French in Indo-China, and portant collections which will chart some of all Johnsons from Andrew to Lyndon, it too the modern eddies now swirling through the is concerned with both the present and its re­ world. We have begun quietly but extensively lation to the past. The educational digressions to collect the papers of young civil rights of the 1960's are as much the historian's re­ workers, North and South, who have been a sponsibility as the educational dogmas of the part of the Movement now stirring the land. 1660's, and precisely because they are related. Not yet open for research, these materials As a research library and museum of his­ promise a unique view of the plight of the tory, the Society's charge is to collect and make 1960's. In other areas, we have received the available whatever evidence we can which will papers of the Americans for Democratic Ac­ illuminate the past and the present and estab­ tion, former Federal Communications Com­ lish this relationship. Our Historymobile II mission chairman Newton N. Minow, adver­ exhibit on Wisconsin and the Civil War, for tising executive Rosser Reeves, and those of example, which toured the state during the a host of other individuals and institutions past year and will do so again in the coming- in the forefront of contemporary activity. As year, can be viewed simply as a lively and we pursue these current materials, we are in­ informative visual presentation of that war creasingly aware that other research institu­ and our state's role in it. A perceptive teacher, tions are following our lead. It is a tribute however, can use the exhibit to run up and to our collecting staff, and especially Mrs. down the scale of American military ventures Barbara Kaiser, director of our Mass Com­ from the earliest colonial encounters to Korea munications History Center, that we have and Viet Nam. maintained a pre-eminent position. The Society's dilemmas are nonetheless real. In another field, labor history, we have We cannot solve the only-the-present-counts brought the present and the past into con­ syndrome merely by suggesting to museum junction. With the University of Wisconsin, viewers and library users that they utilize their we have established the John R. Commons own ingenuity to make relationships. Without Labor Reference Center which has taken on dimming our concentration on the historically- the job of co-ordinating the University and significant, that is, on that which was im­ Society collecting practices in labor and in­ portant at one time, we will have to intensify dustrial relations, making current labor ma­ our focus on the contemporaneously-signifi­ terials available to students, and filling in gaps cant, that is, on that which seems important in our labor history collection. This union now. More than that, we will have to do of past and present will help to re-establish, enough suggestive research so that we can the primacy of our labor resources.

55 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

N still other areas, we have tried to keep of another milestone in the making. The I the past and present interrelated. The year various steps which led to the completion of in review saw the last issue of Badger History final plans of the Society's American History as a monthly magazine for elementary school Library addition and their approval by the children and the announcement of a series of Board of Curators have been reported during resource units, under the same title, to be the year. Bids came in within the allocated published next year. The first unit, on Wis­ fiscal limits and contracts were let this spring. consin Indians, is already available. Our pur­ Groundbreaking took place on May 1 and pose is to provide a resource for studying since that time, the hole was dug, concrete has Wisconsin history that can be used in the class­ flowed, and the building addition has begun room, giving pupil and teacher the background to take shape. Frustrating delays have puzzled which is so lacking in today's elementary his­ the over-optimistic, confirmed the doubters, tory books. The new Badger History units and annoyed us all, but the progress now is will focus on the past and the present; in the as perceptible as the noise and dirt. Whatever first unit on Wisconsin Indians, for example, the frustrations of construction, the year under there is an instructive map on Indian popula­ review can be recorded as a banner year be­ tions, yesterday and today, and an informative cause this promise became a reality. article on Menominee County. When the year began, a satisfactory budget This same theme cropped up in the special for the 1965-1967 biennium was only a hope. heritage edition of Wisconsin Tales and Trails, The Board of Curators approved a realistic which appeared this spring, a product of the budget in the fall which was presented in turn joint efforts of Tales and Trails editor Howard to the Governor and the Joint Finance Com­ Mead and the Society. Focusing on Wisconsin mittee of the legislature. In both presentations history today, this issue was well received. as well as in other discussions about the bud­ The Society Press published Daniel Levine's get, members of the Board did exemplary Varieties of Reform Thought during the year, service in explaining our needs. Thanks large­ an interesting attempt to interpret turn-of-the- ly to these efforts and the reserve of under­ century reformers in terms which have mean­ standing about the Society which has develop­ ing today. Society publications of a different ed in the executive and legislative branches, nature now in preparation will play on varia­ the final budget was one of the finest which tions of this theme: a second supplement to the Society has ever received. The Governor our Guide to Manuscripts, an inventory of our recognized in his recommendations the needs Civil War archives, a special issue of our of our libraries for more personnel, a larger Magazine of History on Hitler's Germany, fund for book purchases, and student help. utilizing special Mass Communications His­ The Joint Finance Committee responded to tory Center materials, to name a few. If we our urgent request to begin a newspaper micro­ can be ever sensitive to the obligation to see filming project in order to preserve our in­ the past in terms of the present and see the valuable and nationally known collection. present as tomorrow's past, we will be able In other legislative matters, the Society's to meet the needs of this and succeeding gen­ suggestions have been given every considera­ erations. tion. Here again an interested Board of Cur­ In more traditional ways, the Society's ac­ ators has been a valuable asset. Assistant complishments during the past year have been Director John C. Jacques assumed the respons­ most encouraging. Our membership stands at ibility for keeping a close watch on legislative the highest level in the Society's history, over matters for the Society and to him should go 5,500 members, and the trend is up. Our a substantial portion of the credit for our donor list, recognizing over 1,000 people and success. Two bills of importance to the So­ institutions which have materially helped us ciety were signed into law, one clarifying the during the year, represents 40 of the 5() states procedure involving the collections of defunct and 177 Wisconsin communities. Our 1965 local historical societies and the other trans­ Wisconsin calendars sold out, our books sales ferring three additional positions from the improved, attendance at our historic sites rose, classified to the unclassified civil service. Sev­ and the number of local historical societies eral bills are still before the legislature, in­ affiliated with us increased. These changes cluding one which protects archeological arti­ reflect credit on a hard-working staff and on facts on state-owned land. the many others who cheerfully lend a hand. One bill still under consideration is the re­ All of us who work in the Society building vision of the Outdoor Recreation Act Pro­ have had since early May a daily reminder gram (ORAP), to be funded by a one-penny

56 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965 tax on cigarettes. The Society was fortunate to Harrington and Department of History chair­ have written into this bill its request for funds man Irvin G. Wyllie have agreed to support to aid in the acquisition and development of a professional chair with the tentative title historic sites and we look for its passage with of Research Professorship in Wisconsin His­ some anticipation. If the bill passes with the tory so that each author can have a full year, Society's request intact, it will replace an out­ free of academic duties, to devote to his vol­ dated and indefensible state posture with a ume. The final selection of the authors, one viable new policy of assisting state-owned his­ for each of the six volumes, will take place toric sites to become major attractions, a pol­ early this fall. In all, it has been a satisfying icy which other Midwestern states have adopt­ year of progress for this project. ed with competitive vigor. This was a year of recognition, too. The In the field of publications, the Society has Society was honored by the Association for maintained a distinguished record. Three new State and Local History with a certificate of books, including Fr. Paul Prucha's exceptional commendation and by the Wisconsin Academy A Guide to the Military Posts of the United of Sciences, Arts and Letters with its dis­ States, and seven reprints came off the press tinguished service citation. In turn, the So­ in the year under review. A healthy backlog ciety honored its retiring director of research, of book manuscripts remain, delayed only by Miss Alice E. Smith, by establishing, with the the limitations of too small a staff. The So­ assistance of her friends across the nation, ciety Press has become too important a pub­ the Alice E. Smith Research Fund to be used lisher in its own field to suffer the inadequa­ to help young persons, preferably women, in cies of insufficient assistance, and the Board research in Wisconsin and American history. of Curators has authorized additional help at The response to the appeal for a William B. the earliest possible time. Hesseltine Memorial Fund, honoring the late President of the Society, was exceptional and Outside of books, the Society has produced the Board of Curators has directed that a por­ two important publications. The Official His­ tion of the income be used as an annual prize torical Markers in Wisconsin was greeted with for the best article in the Wisconsin Magazine genuine hurrahs all over the state while the of History. 1965 Guide to Historic Sites map, with text, was distributed to in-and-out-of-state tourists. AKEN with the year's other accomplish­ A third brochure, The Society Story, which T ments, already mentioned, these specific grew out of Endowment Committee discussions recognitions, received or extended by the So­ and suggestions, appeared in print just after ciety, are the mountain peaks of record. But the year in review closed. In still another type peaks are supported by rocks of equal quality of publication, the Society produced a port­ but lower visibility and so it is at the Society. folio of photographs centering on lumbering The regular work of servicing book orders which has been well received. We plan to do (around 75,000 this year) or mail requests the same kind of publication for other im­ for information (close to 1,600 this year) or portant Wisconsin activities for which there preparing museum exhibits (almost forty this is a photographic record. year) or putting on radio and TV shows Last year I reported on the inception of (over 130 this year) — these are the routine a history of Wisconsin project under the gen­ activities so essential to the accomplishments eral editorship of William Fletcher Thompson. which are honored. There are too many for This project has made substantial progress me to acknowledge in an introductory state­ during the year. Mr. Thompson has compiled ment but the reports of the various divisions an exhaustive bibliography in Wisconsin his­ follow, and there one can savor the variety tory, has experimented with the use of new and intensity of the Society's activities. kinds of sources for writing social history, Let me quote one illustrative experience and has outlined a procedure for research from the report of Paul Vanderbilt, Curator, and writing. An active advisory committee, Iconographic Collections: under the chairmanship of Donald C. Slichter, has counseled with Mr. Thompson and has "To take one case, not exactly a typical helped the project to avoid some early pitfalls. one, which was gratifying: We received a Mr. Slichter and H. M. Benstead, whose com­ form letter from the well-known publishing pany, Western Publishing Company of Ra­ house of Hachette in Paris, asking for ma­ cine, made this first year of planning possi­ terial to illustrate a projected history of the ble, have undertaken the task of raising money United States by Andre Maurois, one of for this project. University President Fred H. the principal intellectual ornaments of the

57 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

Academic Francaise. Sensing that this re­ structures of particular ethnic origin, now in quest had gone to many sources better disuse and inaccessible, will be moved from equipped than we to cover the conventional all over the state to the outdoor museum lo­ illustrations of the 17-18th century, the por­ cation, refurbished and furnished in accord­ traits, etc., and foreseeing some probable ance with the period and nationality of their duplication of effort, I replied with the builders. When ready for visitors, the build­ suggestion that we try to help within our ings will hum with activity: arts and crafts, own specialty, the small town and rural cooking and baking, farm animals, home in­ daily life of the Midwest in 1880-1925. dustries, and the like. The outdoor museum Fine, they replied; this they did want to will be a series of lively slices of Wisconsin's deal with. In this area, we really have a European past. To recapture as much of the lot to offer, all manner of things not always original settings as possible, the topography considered as 'history.' I then made an of the outdoor museum must be varied and exception to our general practice against the committee has doggedly sought to acquire lending and sent them a selection of 45 file land enough with sufficient variety to house prints, all from original negatives which the museum. As soon as the land is set aside, we have, so that all were replaceable. In we can begin moving buildings on to the site due course, I had an almost ecstatic reply and what will undoubtedly become a landmark from Paris: this is exactly the kind of thing historic attraction will begin to take shape. which editors usually cannot find anywhere; In this historic sites area, the Society's the editors are usually limited to conven­ plans have outrun our capacity to execute tional (and suspect) images in the textbook them. The burden of staff work falls primarily tradition; they were delighted, etc." on the indefatigable Raymond S. Sivesind, but even he is unable to keep up, without addi­ These are the priceless experiences — did I tional trained help. At present he is preparing call them routine? — which make the Society a detailed inventory of historic sites in Wis­ an exciting educational institution. consin so that the Board can determine future The burst of interest in historic sites which sites policy. Without question, the direction has enveloped the nation in recent years found of sites workload is up and its rate of accelera­ us accelerating the development of existing tion will be geometric. Wisconsin's commit­ sites and seeking to acquire new ones. The ment to tourism as a major industry requires popularity of the Circus World Museum has that the state pay more attention to the im­ been enhanced by its participation in the Mil­ portant role which historic sites play in at­ waukee July 4 parade. Stonefield Village has tracting tourists. come alive during the past year and the pro­ The year in review has been a year of So­ mise of continuing private support from state­ ciety achievement. The problems which carry wide groups will insure its ultimate success. over and the new ones which are bound to We have plans to develop new and historically arise will be easier to resolve because these exciting attractions at the Villa Louis and the accomplishments have demonstrated once more Old Wade House, when funds become avail­ the strength of people working together. The able, and these changes and additions will en­ Board of Curators has never been as interest­ large their reputations as important Midwest­ ed nor as active. President Scott M. Cutlip, ern historic sites. a scholar in his own right, has given a record A new type of historic site, an outdoor amount of time and energy to his responsibili­ museum, was brought to the attention of So­ ties. The Women's Auxiliary, under the leader­ ciety members by Richard W. E. Perrin dur­ ship of Mrs. Joseph C. Gamroth, has proved ing the 1964 annual meeting. The Board many times over that it is a vital part of the authorized the appointment of an outdoor Society and its work. The Wisconsin Council museum committee, which under the chair­ for Local History is a thriving youngster, manship of W. Norman FitzGerald, Jr., has which has brought fresh interest to local his­ outlined the need and complexion of the pro­ tory. posed museum and determined its general lo­ And then there is the staff, a dedicated cation. As the committee has developed it, the group of able individuals who are attached outdoor museum will contain buildings repre­ enough to the Society to respect it. Can an sentative of selected ethnic groups which set­ institution earn higher praise from its staff? tled Wisconsin, each grouping clustered together and separated from the others. Respectfully submitted, Churches, barns, houses, stores, and other LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director

58 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

Highlights of the Year

A museum artist fashions Civil War manikins from castings made of Society personnel.

A two-million-dollar addition to the Society's Madison headquarters rises from its footings.

(Above) University students protesting American foreign policy, on the Society terrace in Madison. (Right) The newly completed ice cream parlor at Stonefield.

Pliotos by Justin M. Schmicdeke ^^^^ffife-

59 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

The research staff of one full-time assistant, Mrs. Jeanne H. Chiswick, and three part-time assistants is now completing a compilation and analysis of published and unpublished secondary writings on the history of Wiscon­ sin and the upper Mississippi Valley. Another part-time assistant, Stanley Mallach, who has had special training in social history, has made several pilot studies to determine the availability and value of materials on the Divisional Reports social history of Wisconsin. The results of these efforts, together with guides prepared by the other divisions of the Society on avail­ able archives, manuscripts, and newspapers, have provided the detailed bibliography of Wisconsin history essential to both the plan­ ning and the preparation of the multi-volume History. Research Division. Although the main attention of the Research Division has centered The General Editor and the Advisory Com­ on preparations for the projected History of mittee have recommended a comprehensive Wisconsin, the usual work of the Division has and definitive History of Wisconsin in six continued. Both Miss Smith and Mr. Thomp­ volumes, as follows, each volume to be written son have co-operated with other divisions of by a separate author: the Society in the search for and evaluation of historical materials. Both have read and I. "Wisconsin in the Territorial Period, offered critical comments on manuscript ar­ 1600-1848." ticles and books being prepared for publica­ II. "Wisconsin in the Civil War Era, tion. Mr. Thompson read and judged for the 1848-1873." Civil War Centennial Commission some 134 essays on "The Meaning of Appomattox." HI. "Wisconsin in the Late Nineteenth Miss Smith has consulted with students, facul­ Century, 1873-1893." ty, and state and local historians on subjects IV. "Wisconsin in the Progressive Era, for dissertations and the location and use of 1893-1915." research materials, has attended national and V. "Wisconsin Between the Wars, 1915- state historical conferences, met with histori­ 1940." cal seminars, and appeared on programs. The Society and the Extension Division of the VI. "Wisconsin at Mid-Century, 1940- University collaborated in producing a com­ 1965." plete revision of the earlier Guide to Theses on Wisconsin Subjects, and published it in As of the end of the report year, negotia­ mimeographed form in the fall of 1964. tions are under way or will soon commence with respect to a joint Society-University spon­ History of Wisconsin: The planning of the sorship of the History, the final selection of multi-volume History of Wisconsin over this authors, and the securing of the necessary past year was made possible by a generous financing. A project Research Staff, includ­ grant from the Western Publishing Company ing Mrs. Chiswick and Mr. Mallach, will be­ of Racine. This grant permitted the appoint­ gin work shortly on aspects of the state's his­ ment as General Editor of William Fletcher tory of value to the project as a whole which Thompson, formerly of the Wisconsin State the bibliographical survey has shown are most University at Oshkosh, and the hiring of a in need of intensive examination. research staff to propose the general features and structure of a definitive History and to make a comprehensive survey of the available research resources. Expert guidance of this Library. During the year the Library work has come from Miss Alice E. Smith, the added 5,976 volumes, 1,806 pamphlets, 3,837 Society's Director of Research and consult­ reels of microfilm, and 14,451 microprint ing editor to the History, and from a distin­ cards. With the subtraction of newspaper guished Advisory Committee under the chair­ volumes replaced by microfilm, the strength manship of Donald C. Slichter. of the Library now stands at 345,206 volumes,

60 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

353,705 pamphlets, 40,060 reels of micro­ Library handled 110 orders for positive mic­ film, and 124,519 microprint cards. An in­ rofilm, chiefly of labor papers, amounting to crease of almost 900 volumes is accounted for a total of $6,358. It also prepared and filmed, primarily by additions from the former separ­ in co-operation with other libraries, our files ately housed McCormick Collection, by in­ of state newspapers including the Chippewa creased binding of Government publications Weekly Herald, 1870-1894; Omro Journal, serials which are not counted until bound, 1874r-1916; Portage Wisconsin State Register, and by increased book production, particular­ 1865-1893; Portage Democrat, 1877-1894; ly in the fields of genealogy and local his­ Superior Evening Telegram, 1935-1936; and tory. The increase over last year of 1,500 reels Wisconsin Dells Events, 1903-1940. of microfilm represents a gift of 600 reels During the year the cataloging section has covering the files of the publications of Stan­ performed notably, keeping current acquisi­ dard Rate and Data Service, Inc., and the re­ tions up to date—which is more than a normal placement of bound files of newspapers with load by library standards—and in addition microfilm through special funds and through cataloging the special collections of the Circus filming done in co-operation with other libra­ World Museum, recataloging much of our ries in Wisconsin. collection on the American Negro, and making New files of newspapers added to the col­ progress in recataloging our American For­ lection include: Marshfield News, 1889-1920; eign Relations collection. Racine Journal Times; a Negro newspaper, Library service, as shown in the accom­ The Philadelphia Tribune: and the Oregon panying statistical tables, continued at approx­ Labor News, 1906-1937. The Portland Ore- imately the level of last year, with increases gonian was returned to our subscription list in some categories and a sharp decrease in and film was added for 1958-1964 to make the number of persons signing in for stack the file complete. Using borrowed files use. With patterns of library use in a state brought in by the Society Field Service staff of flux owing to changes in University library we added to our collection on film the follow­ service, the growing use of paperbacks, etc., ing Wisconsin newspapers: Stratford Journal, it is difficult to assess the factors involved. 1916-1944; Vesper State Center, 1911-1946; In any case, the service load continues to tax Chippewa Telegram, 1888—1925; Sauk City the ability of our small staff, plagued this year Pionier am Wisconsin, 1859-1865; and a scat­ with personnel shortages. Without additional tered file of the De Pere Volksstem, 1892- subprofessional staff to care for routine duties 1919. we are compelled to use our professional staff In addition to preparing for publication a in these chores and are unable to improve the new edition of Labor Papers on Microfilm, the quality of service offered.

Acquisitions

1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 Bound Volumes 3,862 4,381 4,354 5,233 4,178 5,078 5,976 Pamphlets 3,144 2,900 3,503 3,821 1,808 1,689 1,806 Reels of Microfilm 1,675 1,505 1,565 1,609 1,806 2,508 3,837 Microprint and mirocards 13,075 13,984 9,147 10,012 14,760 12,126 14,451

Persons Served Stack and carrel admissions .. 26,583 27,804 31,330 34,937 38,130 40,468 37,265 Reading room service 11,615 13,507 14,545 19,613 16,129 14,714 15,674 Borrowed for home use 12,836 14,683 15,108 16,763 17,609 19,253 19,790 Correspondence 1,159 1,180 1,339 1,281 1,347 1,513 1,522 Total 53,076 57,174 62,322 72,594 73,215 75,948 74.251

Circulation Statistics—Books and Reels of Microfilm Reading room use 20,617 25,756 28,636 41,107 37,686 37,182 39,554 Home use 20,922 24,125 27,579 30,500 33,180 36,436 37,147 Total 41,539 49,881 56,215 71,607 70,866 73,618 76,701

61 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

Office of Local History. Reports sub­ logy research and special events planning. mitted for 1964 by the county and local his­ The Reuben Gold Thwaites Trophy was pre­ torical societies affiliated with the State His­ sented to the Fond du Lac County Historical torical Society disclose that their financial Society at the awards banquet. Local His­ worth approximates $1,400,000. Cash de­ tory Awards of Merit were presented to Joyce posits and negotiable holdings amount to Bennett Stemler of Berlin and J. Marshall $150,000. Museum buildings and real estate Buehler of Port Edwards. Historical enter­ are valued at about $900,000 and collections tainment was provided with selections from at about $350,000. The aggregate membership Hodag, a musical production based on the of the eighty-five societies is about 11,300. adventures of Gene Shephard of Rhinelander. Collectively, the affiliated societies are identified as the Wisconsin Council for Local As supervisor of the Office of Local History, History. The societies are grouped into seven Mr. Schereck meets with new societies to as­ regions identified geographically. A represen­ sist in their incorporation and affiliation, tative from each region and certain staff and consults with all societies on their affairs, and members of the State Society Board of Cura­ edits Exchange, a quarterly newsletter distri­ tors serve on an Advisory Committee to ad­ buted to affiliated societies and museums. minister the affairs of the Council. For the He serves as clerk of the Society's awards first time since the Council was established in committee and as Wisconsin chairman for the 1961, conventions were held in each of the American Association for State and Local seven regions. The annual convention of the History. During the year he gave lectures on Council is held during the Annual Institute local history to classes at the University of for Local History in October. Wisconsin-Milwaukee and at Wisconsin State University-Oshkosh. The major accomplishment of the Council in the last year was the Wisconsin Registered Landmarks program for regional and local Office of Public Information. During sites complementing the state marker program. the 1964-1965 fiscal year the Office of Public Fourteen sites were approved as Landmarks Information broadened its press coverage to through the July, 1965, meeting of the Ad­ include newspapers and radio and television visory Committee. stations in the neighboring states of Minne­ The regional representatives for the current sota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. year are Miss Hazel Calhoun, Barron County At the same time feature stories received great­ Historical Society; Delbert DuMez, Juneau er attention with favorable results in both County Historical Society; Dr. Royal Klofan- state and out-of-state press. The year saw a da, Calumet County Historical Society; Mrs. slight decline in the total number of releases Lester Williams, Dartford Historical Society; prepared but a wider coverage and a greater Harold Kruse, Friendship Rural School His­ acceptability by the press of our material. It torical Society; Miss Ina Curtis, Columbia also saw an increase in the personal coverage County Historical Society; and Karl Dieten- of Society events and stories by the press. berger, Hartford Historical Society. Mr. Die- tenberger is Chairman of the Council and Mr. The total number of releases issued by the DuMez is vice chairman. office declined from 203 in 1963-1964 to 179 Curators on the Advisory Committee are in 1964-1965. The principal reason for the M. J. Dyrud, Edward Fromm, Robert Gehrke. decline was cancellation of the Society's Sun­ Mrs. C. B. Jackson, Frederick Olson, Dr. L. day movie programs, which in previous years C. Smith, and Clifford Swanson. Society staff generated about thirty-six releases each year, on the Committee are Leslie H. Fishel, direc­ and consolidation of radio and TV news into tor, ex officio; Raymond Sivesind, land­ a once-a-month release rather than a weekly marks technical advisor; Miss Delores Pros- release. ser, recording secretary; and William J. Sche- Twenty-nine per cent of the releases dealt reck, executive secretary. with sites and markers; 24 per cent with the The third annual luncheon of the Wiscon­ Society's special activities; 16 per cent with sin Council for Local History was held during the Museum; 14 per cent with education; 9 the Fifteenth Aimual Institute for Local His­ per cent with archives, manuscripts, and the tory in October, 1965. The Institute tour library; 3 per cent with publications and 1 visited the Watertown Historical Society's per cent each with archeology, local societies, Octagon House and First Kindergarten mu­ personnel, the Auxiliary, and the Historymo­ seum. Discussion sessions were held on genea­ bile. Major feature stories running from 1,500

62 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965 to 2,000 words were written on the new press mately 2,500 negatives were exposed during at the Stonefield Gazette, the Harry Bruno col­ the year. Among major photographic assign­ lection, the Edith Isaacs collection, the New­ ments was a before, during, and after series ton Minow papers, Civil War Christmas, 1864, of pictures of the Mississippi River flood. In in Wisconsin, Civil War Christmas, 1864, in process is a series of documentary pictures of Milwaukee, the day the Civil War ended, and construction of the new addition to the So­ a special story on Stonefield for the New York ciety's building. Times. This office represented the Society in the Again this year we had the assistance of a formation of the Hiawatha-Pioneer Trail, at student from Professor Scott M. Cutlip's pub­ the Governor's Conference for Economic De­ lic relations seminar. Col. William Applegate, velopment, and is representing the Society at who did an exhaustive study of the history of Prairie du Chien in planning the Villa Louis meat markets and confectionaries for releases Days celebration to be held next spring. Ten on Stonefield. issues of Staff were produced during the fiscal The number of clippings received during year. The general editorial policy of Staff the year increased from 3,087 in 1963-1964 is to keep the various divisions of the Society to 3,164 in 1964-1965. The total number of informed about each other's activities. The Historymobile clippings was considerably Office of Public Information took over the smaller, due to the fact that the unit toured only Society's offset press during the year. A print­ half of the state, but out-of-state clippings er trained by the Madison Vocational and furnished to us by the Conservation Depart­ Adult School operates the press on a part- ment and clippings from Missouri newspapers time basis and has turned out very creditable on Frontier Iron, published by the Society work. Press, more than offset the loss. The Society continued to enjoy excellent re­ There probably was a sizeable increase in lations with all media. Personal acquaintance­ the news about the Society carried in out-of- ships with most people in the Wisconsin press state papers but we, ourselves, do not sub­ have been established and the Office is in scribe to an out-of-state clipping service. Use the process of broadening this relationship to of the Missouri Press Association to clip on include major papers in neighboring states. the Frontier Iron release indicates that the feature was used in sixty-four newspapers, 18 per cent of the total papers in the state. Similar checks with sites mats mailings indi­ Archives and Manuscripts. This Divi­ cate a pick-up of 33 per cent in Wisconsin and sion, comprising the State Archives, the Manu­ the Civil War Christmas story was used by scripts and Maps Library, the Mass Commu­ 39 per cent of the Wisconsin press. nications History Center, and the seven Area Special promotions planned and carried out Research Centers, is charged with the acqui­ for sites included the dedication of Fort Shel­ sition, preservation, and administration of the by at Villa Louis; dedication of the law office Society's unpublished resources, both private at Stonefield; August twilight tours, the Sep­ papers and public records. tember craft show and the October Camera During the past year there was a 59 per cent Day at Old Wade House. A special effort was increase in the number of series of state re­ required this spring to counteract bad pub­ cords processed; the Manuscripts Section re­ licity about flood damage at Villa Louis and ceived a record total of 571 accessions, in­ Stonefield. The sites promotion program also cluding such notable collections as the archives included expanded literature distribution, a of the Americans for Democratic Action and roadside billboard schedule and advertising papers of former Federal Communications in Wisconsin Motor News, Wonderful Wiscon­ Commission chairman, Newton Minow. In sin and Wisconsin Weekend. addition to processing records for our collec­ The Office of Public Information publicized tions in Madison, a great deal of staff time was every Society event and a wide range of indi­ spent in readying collections for the Area vidual departmental activities. Such events as Research Centers, moving previously processed Annual Meeting, Founders Day, Local History papers and archives to the centers, and in the Institute and Governor's Award Day received general administration and servicing of the concentrated attention. This office continued centers which have enj oyed a flourishing year. to take promotional and record pictures for Significant progress was made in our publi­ the Society and to furnish photographs to cations program. The entries for the second the press and Society publications. Approxi­ supplement to the Guide to Manuscripts were

63 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 completed while the manuscripts of two sub­ Research Centers, assisted the Department of ject-area guides in the new series, Guides to Paperwork Management in inventorying non- Historical Resources, "Wisconsin's Civil War current records, consulted with agency heads Archives," and "Labor Manuscripts" were also in appraising records for transfer to the completed and will be published during the archives, and made an increasing number of coming year. Preliminary work was begun trips to various municipalities and counties to on a much needed guide to state archives. assist public officials in the proper disposition Other new programs were initiated this year of noncurrent local records. including the Social Science Data Archives. As the following reference statistics show, Staff members spoke to various historical so­ cieties and groups of public officials, and en­ there was a 29 per cent increase in the use of gaged in related professional activities. our archival collections this past year. The table below shows the various purposes for which the archives were used: Archives, As a result of action by the Committee on Public Records, eighty-one series of state records with an annual accumu­ lation of 126 cubic feet, were scheduled for Reference Requests by Types transfer to the archives on a continuing authority, while 174 record series with a total 1963-64 1964-65 accumulation of 868 cubic feet were scheduled Administrative 182 269 for transfer on noncontinuing authority. Scholarly Research 266 254 Legal Research 29 48 Seventy-seven series of state documents total­ Genealogy 177 262 ing 1,388 cubic feet and fifteen series of local Miscellaneous 49 88 and county records totaling 185 cubic feet Total 703 921 were received and accessioned by the archives, while a total of 167 state record series were assembled and cataloged. One of the more important aspects of the Area Research Centers. The past year archival program this year was the processing was a promising one for the Area Research of the records of the Office of the Secretary of system. A seventh center, serving a nine- State. These included Civil War military re­ county area in west central Wisconsin, was cords, census schedules, corporation papers, opened in late spring at Wisconsin State Uni­ agricultural society reports, records of legis­ versity-La Crosse. The center already has lative investigating committees, and docu­ significant holdings of county records, the ments pertaining to education and internal archives of the university, and several manu­ improvements. Other important records pro­ script collections, including the Hixon and cessed include executive pardon, warrant, and Company records pertaining to lumbering, extradition papers, 1837-1923; Industrial banking, utility, and railroad development in Commission hearings, 1936-1960; Supreme the La Crosse area, the Middle West, and Court original actions and disbarment pro­ Canada. ceedings, 1839—1953; archives of Wisconsin State University-La Crosse, 1909-1960; re­ The center at Milwaukee was "reactivated" cords of the Wisconsin State Prison, Waupun, this past fall when the existing collections were 1858-1923, and the Wisconsin School for moved from the downtown extension center of Girls, 1857-1960; and several Civil War series the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee to the in the Adjutant General's records. former Chapman Library on the old Milwau­ kee-Downer College campus. Several impor­ The staff also processed fifty-six series of tant collections were processed and/or trans­ local records including voting, financial, wel­ ferred from our collections in Madison to the fare, and census records from La Crosse Coun­ spacious new center. In terms of the richness ty, 1851-1930; tax records from Oneida, Dane, and quantity of manuscripts and in physical and Racine counties; board proceedings and facilities, the center is now the largest and reports from Jackson County, 1854-1926; best equipped in the system. school records from Bayfield, Dane, Florence, and Racine counties; and the municipal ar­ In terms of research by faculty and students, chives of Oregon and River Falls. the center at River Falls, under the able ad­ The staff also assisted the Manuscripts Sec­ ministration of Professor James T. King, act­ tion in processing several major manuscript ing university archivist, continues to fulfill collections, made frequent visits to the Area the promise of the Area Research Center idea.

64 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

Largely based on the collections in the center, The most satisfying aspect to report is the Professor King's senior history seminar pro­ momentum gained in the collecting program duced several fine papers on the regional as­ during the past year. The addition of a full- pects of the Civil War in the St. Croix Valley time staff member allowed the Center to ini­ area. tiate, pursue, and sustain an active search for materials from new leads and to re-establish Greater use was made this year of the unique contact with many prospective donors who provision providing for the loan of manu­ had previously expressed interest in the pro­ scripts from our collections in Madison to the ject. various centers, or from one center to another. Topics of research in progress at the various The scope and depth of the collections has centers this year included the history of the been enlarged by several major additions. The various state universities, the development of Center has been named the depository for the lumbering in Wisconsin, the contributions of archives of the National Association of Educa­ Milwaukee-Downer College to the higher edu­ tional Broadcasters and for the records of cation of women, a study of census tracts in National Educational Television. The files of Milwaukee, land valuation of a business cor­ these two organizations provide basic research poration for a geographical study in the Ste­ sources in the area of educational broadcast­ vens Point area, and various local history ing. studies. Considerable attention has also been de­ Now that the holdings of several centers voted to building upon the strength of the have been enriched with new collections of materials currently deposited with the Center. manuscripts and local archives, and faculty In November, the Center co-operated with and students, as well as local historians and the Third World Congress of Public Relations genealogists, are making greater use of the in conducting an oral history project. Six­ facilities, there is a demand for part or full- teen prominent public relations counselors time professional supervision at many of the from all over the world were interviewed in centers. This demand was met in part this Montreal. The edited transcriptions of these past year with the appointment of Professor taped interviews will be added to the Center's Donald Woods of the UWM Library staff as resources. assistant university archivist and curator of the center. In a similar move, Whitewater has appointed Professor Gordon Parks, formerly of Tarleton State College, to serve half- time as curator of the center while devoting half-time in the history department. Profes­ Manuscripts and Maps. During 1964- sor King will continue to direct the center 1965, this section received 571 collections or operation at River Falls this coming year. We items for examination, copying, or permanent feel that these appointments mark the second acquisition, the largest number of accessions stage in the development of our regional re­ ever recorded for one year. In terms of volume, search system and will lead to a more active the section accessioned 1,106 cubic feet of new role on the part of the faculty at the center material. schools in utilizing the collections and in as­ sisting the Society in the collection of regional Through the Mass Communications History resources. Center, the section received 140 collections relating to the theatre arts, radio, television, journalism, public relations, and advertising. These collections included the papers of play­ Mass Communications History Center, wrights Max Ehrlich, Andrew Glaze, Emmet Lavery, Arnold Perl, David Victor, and James The Center marks its tenth year with a credit­ R. Webb; television producer David Susskind; able record of progress and encouraging pros­ newspaper columnist Earl Wilson, news ana­ pects for future development. During the past lyst John C. Daly, advertising executive George year, fifty-one new donors made contribu­ H. Gribbin of Young and Rubicam, author tions to the Center, bringing its present total and editor James Wechsler, and labor editor to 257 donors whose materials fill more than Mary Heaton Vorse. 2,500 archival boxes. Additions received from forty-two former contributors comprise a sub­ Several important accessions were added to stantial quantity of the materials received in the Society's growing collections in such areas this twelve-month period. as civil rights, conservation, labor, industry.

65 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 politics, education, and Wisconsin history. Richard Myers; the Public Relations Society More than thirty accessions, primarily from of America; and Wisconsin author August University of Wisconsin students involved in Derleth. Also cataloged were substantial addi­ the struggle for equal rights, and consisting tions to the papers of public relations counsel of personal papers of civil rights workers and William Baldwin, author and columnist Mar­ the records of organizations and groups par­ quis Childs, Wisconsin Progressive leader Her­ ticipating in the movement for Negro equality, man L. Ekern, Congressman John J. Esch, were added to our newly established civil playwrights Walter and Jean Kerr, and Dore rights collections. In other areas the Society Schary. received the papers of the Association of Wis­ consin Planners; John R. Barton, former Uni­ Three major sets of microfilms were pur­ versity of Wisconsin sociologist; John S. Bord- chased and cataloged this year and include ner, former head of the Wisconsin Land Eco­ the Benjamin Harrison and George Washing­ nomic Inventory; William George Bruce, ton papers from the Library of Congress, and Milwaukee publisher; Melvin Laird, U.S. Con­ Letters Sent by the United States Secretary of gressman; Max C. Otto, University of Wiscon­ Agriculture, 1893-1907, from the National sin philosopher; the Society for Ethical Cul­ Archives. Major tape recordings cataloged ture; Aubrey J. Wagner, director of the this year include 243 tapes of Actors Studio Tennessee Valley Authority; and the Women's sessions in New York; 24 tapes made by the International League for Peace and Freedom. Wisconsin Jewish Archives project; 45 tapes Some of the more important collections pro­ of lectures delivered by historian Howard K. cessed and cataloged during the past year Beale; and 16 tapes of interviews, 1944^1960, include the rich records of the Textile Work­ made by H. V. Kaltenborn. Satisfactory pro­ ers Union of America; the archives of Mil­ gress was made during the year on processing waukee-Downer College, dealing with a cen­ various segments of the voluminous Cyrus H. tury of female education in Wisconsin; the McCormick collection; 1,923 sheets were papers of Social Security authority Arthur added to the collection of United States Geo­ Altmeyer; playwrights Vera Caspary, Samuel logical Survey maps; while many other atlases Ornitz, and Paul Osborn; public relations and maps were added to the approximately executive John W. Hill; Broadway producer 15,000 titles in the map collection.

Total Manuscript Collections Processed

1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 Unbound pieces 5,162,500 5,693,500 6,344,500 Volumes 10,536 10,739 11,562

Patronage: Annual Registration by Locality Wisconsin 411 518 542 Other States 127 153 157 Foreign 13 11 20 Total 551 682 719

Patronage: Persons Served Manuscripts 2,530 3,550 2,926 Maps 383 324 321 Archives 222 290 301 Correspondence (Manuscripts) 591 727 660

Reference Requests by Types, 1964-1965 Manuscripts Maps Scholarly Research 2,135 375 Genealogy 149 72 Miscellaneous 96 32 Total 2,380 479

66 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

Historic Sites and Markers. In terms of the April floods. The greatest loss was suf­ attendance and growth, the 1965 season was fered by the Cal Peters dioramas in the Coach one of the most successful since the beginning House Museum in which, during the crest of the historic sites program. Stonefield con­ period, water rose to a level of 41/2 to 5 feet. tinued to be the scene of considerable activity Another problem caused by the flood was the and substantial improvement. Heat, running blocking of one artesian well which has fur­ water, and rest rooms were installed in the nished drinking water for visitors and has Nelson Dewey Barn, and a new office and provided a constant flushing service for the sales area were provided. The "triple unit," Villa's private sewage plant. The estimated including the Law Office, Confectionary, and cost of the flood at Villa Louis is $17,262.45, Book Store was completed, and the Law Of­ of which $15,000 is the estimated cost of re­ fice was dedicated in an impressive ceremony storing the Cal Peters dioramas. sponsored by the State Bar of Wisconsin, An important acquisition for the Prairie du which financed this unit. By May 1 the Con­ Chien complex was made in October when the fectionary and the Book Store were also com­ Wisconsin History Foundation negotiated with pleted and are now operating units, selling ice Mr. Ben Schaub for the purchase of the old fur cream, soft drinks, books, and souvenirs. warehouse on Bolvin Street across from the The most historic event to occur at the Villa grounds. Together with the Brisbois Stonefield site during the year was the flood home and the Rolette House, the Schaub pro­ in the last two weeks of April. According perty assures the Society of possession of the to the judgement of the Corps of Engineers three key historic properties in the block be­ and an appraisal made by Curator Edward D. tween Bolvin and Fisher streets along the Mis­ Carpenter and Mr. Julius Klauer of Cassville, sissippi waterfront. the estimated loss at Stonefield, including the At Old Wade House the special events pro­ cost of pre-flood preparations, damages in­ moted by Mrs. Fay Dooley, the curator, flicted by the flood itself, and the cost of the through art shows, craft shows, and the well- subsequent cleaning up operations total established August Tuesday night stagecoach $16,866.19. The flood also damaged the floor rides were all favorably received by visitors of the room set aside for the Telephone Ex­ and in the press. The Conservation Depart­ change. Since the floor will have to be re­ ment is studying the possibility of construct­ placed and the interior finished, the dedication ing a road through the Herrling property of the Telephone Exchange has been post­ which will permit rides to be given within the poned until October, 1965. park area rather than on the adjacent public Five construction projects are under way roads. At present. Old Wade House is in urgent at Stonefield: a reservoir for fire-fighting need of a Visitor Center. During May, 1965, purposes; the installation of cooling equip­ the income from sales of souvenirs was great­ ment in the Butcher Shop; the installation of er than that from admissions, pointing up the electrical service to eight Village units; the importance of the former if adequate and ap­ development of a small theater in the Dewey propriate sales space can be provided. There horse barn wherein visitors to the site can be was a definite increase in shoplifting during given a basic orientation by means of a May, seemingly encouraged by the frequently color-slide presentation; and the construction congested conditions. of a foundation for the Fire Station which, The Historic Sites Committee has met twice together with a jail, will ultimately be built. during the period of this report, first on Octo­ In late 1964 the roofs of the Villa Louis ber 16, when the agenda was largely confined icehouse and preserve room were repaired and to the new Wisconsin Registered Landmark painted, the overflowing ponds were dredged, program sponsored by the Wisconsin Council and the interior woodwork in the Villa's halls, for Local History; and second, on January kitchen, preserve house, and the museum were 29, when the nomination of Milwaukee- painted. The front gate was also repaired and Downer College for an Official Marker was painted, as were the carriage house and flag reported favorably. After having been ap­ pole. An event of major interest during 1964 proved by the Society's Board of Curators was the dedication on the Villa grounds of an and ratified by the Wisconsin Historical Mark­ Official Marker commemorating the sesquicen- ers Commission, the marker was dedicated tennial of the surrender of Fort Shelby during on June 15. Other Official Markers purchased the War of 1812. since July, 1964, are: War of 1812, Prairie However, some of the improvements of re­ du Chien; Interstate Park, St. Croix Falls; cent years at Villa Louis were canceled out by School Consolidation, Port Wing; Wiscon-

67 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 sin's First Aviator, Beloit; and Covered Wisconsin Civil War Centennial Commission Bridge, Cedarburg. A milestone in the mark­ travels with the exhibit and is lent to local er program was the publication of the book­ schools to enable the pupils to see a film strip let Official Historic Markers containing the entitled Immigrants in Hardee Hats. text appearing on the first 145 markers in­ The extensive remodeling of the G.A.R. stalled since the origin of the program. Memorial Hall occupied one staff artist almost In addition to the supervision of opera­ full time during the year. As the opening date tions and development at the Society's sites, of May 30 approached, more staff became in­ this division rendered consultant services to volved. Seventy-six linear feet of cases were contemplated preservation projects at Meno- assembled, six special manikin cases were con­ monee Falls, Beaver Dam, Eau Claire, Wild structed, and eight personalized manikins were Rose, Montreal in Wisconsin, Mason City, cast and uniformed for the exhibit. An out­ Iowa, and Rochester, Minnesota. standing feature of the display is a large diorama depicting the Iron Brigade at Gettys­ burg. The process of refurbishing was photo­ Sites Attendance graphed, as was the construction of the diora­ 1963 196^ ma. Villa Louis 41,823 " ^42,375 Wade House 28,873 30,400 Local aid was given to the Vernon County Stonefield 18,900 20,208 Museum, and survey trips for planning and Museum of Medical Progress .... 14,957 advice were made to Minocqua, Wild Rose, Total 104,553 92,983 Stoughton, Hudson, Washington Island, Ash­ land, and Cavour. Some temporary exhibits prepared for installation outside the Museum included a changing book exhibit in Madison's Museum. This has been a productive year First National Bank (West Branch) ; a money for the Museum. New exhibits were prepared exhibit in the lobby of the First Federal Sav­ for the Historymobile, whose scheduling and ings and Loan, also in Madison; and a large publicity were transferred from the Business exhibit (12 units) featuring Downer College, Office to the Museum in mid-winter, and for which was displayed in Milwaukee. the G.A.R. Memorial Hall in the state capitol, The Museum Education Department was while the doll and Indian galleries on the able to give greater service to schools by pre­ fourth floor were redesigned and significant­ paring more audio-visual aids for loan and ly improved. Ten book and Wisconsin Maga­ sale. Five exhibit kits on the subjects of zine of History exhibits were placed in the Indians, textiles, lighting, schools, and pioneer Library; four exhibit changes were completed living were circulated. Each box contained with the co-operation of the Women's Auxi­ artifacts, pictures, and copy. Schools bor­ liary; three photographic shows were in­ rowing the material paid only freight expense. stalled; four temporary exhibits were prepared Two sets of lumbering slides were prepared for display outside the Museum; and assist­ and a lumbering picture folder was printed ance was rendered to eight affiliated historical to be sold. Pictures on the subject of trans­ societies and museums through the local aid portation are also available. Immigrants in program. In addition, the routine work of re- Hardee Hats: Wisconsin Fights the Civil War, finishing floors, printing signs, building boxes, a film strip, made with the co-operation of and moving partitions continued. the Wisconsin Civil War Centennial Commis­ The Historymobile exhibit, "Wisconsin in sion, was completed and may be rented or the Civil War," was completed in time for the purchased. State Fair. The new curators, Luie and Donene The nine services described above were Haller, logged 2,642 miles, driving the mobile added this year. Continuing its established unit to 229 different sites in 99 villages, towns, programs, the Museum presented 134 radio and cities in eastern Wisconsin. They will and television programs; 425 tours were given tour the western half of the state next year to 19,893 visitors; 15,432 subscribers re­ with the same exhibit. As the statistics demon­ ceived Badger History regularly each month strate, school visitation was stressed this year: of the school year; 2,835 readers of The over 213,752 children and 48,438 adults Thirtieth Star received their copies every other toured the exhibit in the 2,427 hours that its month; and films, tapes, books, and other doors were open. The September issue of materials were lent to schools and other in­ Thirtieth Star was used as the accompanying stitutions and individuals interested in the study guide. A projector purchased by the teaching of Wisconsin history.

68 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

This year marks the end of The Thirtieth the museum exhibit program. The card-filing Star, the last issue of which was printed in system was overhauled and an artifact informa­ May, 1965. The Museum's education depart­ tion file was established. Three hundred forty- ment hopes that in a few years some kind of four artifacts were accessioned, 189 loans were service for high school teachers can be re­ made by the Museum, and 47 loans were made stored. Badger History, after eighteen years to the Museum. of publication, is going to be radically Twenty-two people, composing three exca­ changed. It will have sixty-four pages (one- vation crews and a highway crew, were under half of them will be in four colors) ; it will the direction of the curator of anthropology be reduced in size; and will be aimed at the during the summer of 1964. One site, exca­ intermediate grades. The same name will be vated near La Crosse, was identified as Up­ used, but it will not be a periodical. The per Mississippi, dating about 1100 A.D. A sec­ changes are being made to meet the request tion of Aztalan State Park was examined by of teachers for material with some depth for the same crew and they found nine house pat­ the 4th grade level. terns and a third pyramidal mound. Charcoal A prospectus was printed and mailed to samples found at Aztalan are being tested by superintendents, supervisors, and curriculum the University of Wisconsin radiocarbon directors to acquaint them with the changes laboratory. and to encourage them to alert their teachers Two crews worked under Society contracts to the new material. So far the reactions from with the National Park Service. One crew people who have seen the prospectus has been at Spring Valley found archaic-culture that favorable, and the staff is encouraged and could date as far back as 5,000 years ago. hopeful for the success of the new Badger The other crew worked in the Kickapoo River History. Valley. Each crew director wrote a report for Three new staff members joined the staff the National Park Service which will also ap­ during this year. Mr. Richard Horn was added pear in the Wisconsin Archeologist. to the exhibits department, but he has spent a A group of amateur archeologists in the large part of his time working with the cura­ Madison area met twice a month from Feb­ tor of collections. Mrs. Lorraine Nelson has ruary to May. Talks on site location, catalog­ been working in museum education assisting ing procedures, chronology, and artifact iden­ the editor of Badger History. Mr. Dwight tification were given by the anthropology Baumgartner was added as maintenance man. curators. Doris Piatt was the ordy museum staff mem­ As the new fiscal year begins the museum ber who published this year. Wisconsin: A staff plans are being made to improve the Student's Guide to Localized History was pub­ program and enhance the museum collection. lished by Columbia University Press. Three photographic exhibits, "The Aitken Brothers," "H. H. Bennett," and "Harry Bru­ no" were completed by the Iconographic sec­ tion and were well received. The curator re­ Publications Office. During 1964-1965 ports that interest stimulated by "Our Own the Publications Office continued in its copy- Time," an exhibit of last year, is still being writing, editing, design, and printing produc­ expressed. tion services for the offices and divisions of Fairly extensive original photographic pro­ the Society. A major administrative change jects were executed on Washington Island, was to relieve the new supervisor, Miss Ka- G.A.R. Memorial Hall, and on the Executive trina Bennett, of the editing and proofing of Residence reconstruction and redecoration. A Badger History, Thirtieth Star, Museum motion picture film on the Mississippi River Monthly, Staff, and Exchange, all of which flood at Cassville and Prairie du Chien was became the responsibility of their individual shot and edited and is now awaiting a script editors. The writing and production of Wis­ and sound track. consin Then and Now continued to be the A total of 373 works were borrowed and responsibility of this office. displayed in public formal exhibitions of pic­ After January, a number of new pieces be­ tures from the Society's collection. gun by the previous supervisor. Miss Kath- Work in the Museum storage area has been ryn Schneider, were published, the major one directed toward making the collection more being the new guide to Official Historic Mark­ accessible by erecting new shelves and weeding ers which received a wide and enthusiastic out items which have no foreseeable value in public acceptance. In June a special Heritage

69 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

Issue of Wisconsin Tales and Trails appeared All three of the new titles were published under the joint sponsorship of the Society as part of the History of the Midwest Project and Wisconsin Tales and Trails, Inc. The supported by the Lilly Endowment, Inc. Four issue, to which Society staff members contri­ buted articles and photographs, was oriented scholars received grants-in-aid of research toward history and included a tipped-in order under this program during the year. From blank for membership in the Society. Com­ four to six additional titles in this Midwestern plimentary copies of the issue were mailed to series should be ready for typesetting in the present members on request. next fiscal year. Other new publications included "The Days of Lumbering," a study guide containing Within the fiscal year ending June 30, 1965, twenty-seven photographs taken during the the following titles were published: heyday of Wisconsin lumbering, a revision of James D. Norris, Frontier Iron: The Maramec A Guide to Historic Wisconsin, first published in 1964, and a special book plate for the vol­ Iron Works, 1826-1876 (October, 1964). umes in the McCormick Collection. In addi­ William H. and Jane H. Pease, Black Utopia: tion, revisions were made in the format for the 1966 Calendar. Total sales of the 1965 Negro Communal Experiments in America Calendar were 114,000, plus some 6,000 more (October, 1964. Reprint). orders than could be filled. As a result, Lillian Krueger, comp., Decennial Index to 121,000 Calendars have been ordered for the coming season. tlie Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vols. 1-XV (December, 1964. Reprint). The routine work of processing reprints, letterheads, forms, and cards continued, the Daniel Levine, Varieties of Reform TJiouglit printing being done either by the State Print­ (December, 1964). ing Division or on the Society's Dualith 500 offset press. The sites, membership, and speak­ Francis Paul Prucha, A Guide to the Military ers bureau brochures have also been revised Posts of the United States, 1789-1895 (De­ and reprinted. The Publications Office artist cember, 1964). has spent all his time since March on the pro­ spectus of the new Badger History study unit State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Staff, series, each of which will contain 32 four- compilers and editors, Labor Papers on color layouts and illustrations. Microfilm (February, 1965). Current projects include a new membership Paul Wallace Gates, Tlie Wisconsin Pine brochure and billing forms which can be used Lands of Cornell University: A Study in on the Society's newly acquired addressograph machine, as well as the preparation of a pub­ Land Policy and Absentee Ownership lication entitled The Society Story, a bequest (March, 1965. Reprint). brochure, and a brochure explaining the re­ Margaret G. Henderson and others. It Hap­ cently remodeled G.A.R. Museum in the cap­ itol building. pened Here: Stories of Wisconsin (May, 1965. Reprint). Louise Phelps Kellogg, comp.. Index to Vols. I—XX of the Collections of the State His­ torical Society of Wisconsin (May, 1965. Reprint). Society Press. The book publication pro­ gram continued to expand rapidly during the John I. Kolehmainen and George W. Hill, 1964-1965 fiscal year. The press published Haven in the Woods: The Story of the Finns three new books and a pamphlet and reprinted in Wisconsin (June, 1965. Reprint). seven other titles. In addition, two other new titles and one other reprint were put into pro­ Milo M. Quaife, editor, The Journals of Cap­ duction and work was begun on six additional tain Meriwether Lewis and Sergeant JoJm books, all of which are scheduled for early Ordway Kept on the Expedition of Western release to the printer. Two Logmark titles will also be ready for manufacturing in the Exploration, 1803-1806 (June, 1965. Re­ fall. print) .

70 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

Office of Field Services. The collecting continued with acquisitions from the Tex­ activities of the Office of Field Services con­ tile Workers Union of America, Americans for tinued to increase. For the second consecutive Democratic Action, and the Foreign Policy year, the number of field trips made rose Association. Three important Wisconsin- from 115 in the previous year to 190 in 1964- oriented business history collections from the 1965; the number of prospective donors in­ James Manufacturing Company, the Wiscon­ creased from 975 to 1,296; and the number of sin Junior Chamber of Commerce, and the actual donors to the Society's collections grew Yawkey Lumber Company were acquired. from 707 to 1,026. Traveling more than Personal papers of Arthur J. Altmeyer, Con­ 33,000 miles and visiting 410 Wisconsin com­ gressman Lester Johnson, Governor John munities, field representatives utilized tele­ Reynolds, Wilbur J. Cohen, and Professor vision appearances, speeches, letters of in­ Max J. Otto enhanced the Society's collections. quiry, newspaper articles, obituaries, and Continuing co-operation with the Society's personal visits in bringing important collec­ library in collecting Wisconsin newspapers, tions to the Society and in informing the citi­ either through total acquisition or microfilm­ zens of Wisconsin of our collecting activity. ing, added over 250 years of newspapers to Established programs such as the Wiscon­ existing collections. Field Services also con­ sin Jewish Archives Project, the Peace Corps tinued to assist the Museum in Madison and Project, and the Natural Resources History the various historical sites by collecting arti­ Project continued while two new areas of facts and display items. The acquisition of a collecting developed. One field representative soda fountain and "ice cream parlor" style is concentrating his efforts in the collection of chairs for the new confectionary shop at manuscripts for the newly established Area Stonefield, as well as display cases for the Research Center at the University of Wiscon­ bookstore and meat market, contributed sig­ sin-Milwaukee. Also, in co-operation with nificantly to existing buildings and displays. two University of Wisconsin students, the So­ Accessions to the Society's collections ac­ ciety has made progress in the collection of quired by the Office of Field Services within manuscripts materials related to the civil rights the last two years have been distributed as movement. To date, more than two dozen col­ follows: lections have been gathered from civil rights volunteers who have worked in the South and other areas of the country. 1963-64 1964-65 General Library 104 230 The collection of national labor union and Manuscripts Library 294 448 national organizations' papers and records Museum and Historical Sites 306 348

The Staff, 1964-1965.

71 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

• Approved changes in procedures for nom­ Digest of Board Action inations to be recommended by the Awards Committee; • Approved recommendations for a historical At Madison, October 17, 1965 marker to be erected for Milwaukee-Downer • Accepted gifts and grants totaling $14,- College; 811.79 for the period June 1, 1964, to Sep­ • Adopted resolutions of congratulations to tember 30, 1964; John C. Geilfuss on his election to the presi­ • Approved expenditures from Trust Funds dency of the Marine National Exchange Bank for the following: a special issue of Wisconsin of Milwaukee; to Clifford Lord, former So­ Tales and Trails about Wisconsin and the ciety director, on his inauguration as presi­ State Historical Society; to eliminate a deficit dent of Hofstra University; and a resolution in the Urban History Project; to purchase of condolence to Mrs. Edmund Biever, Kohler, two pieces of equipment primarily for mem­ on the death of her husband. bership purposes, i.e., a new addressograph machine and an inserter; and to add .$3,000 to the Wisconsin multi-volume history project, At Sturgeon Bay, June 17-18, 1965 over and above the $15,000 received from • Accepted gifts and grants totaling $11,- the Western Printing Company; 430.65 for the period January 1 to May 31, • Approved the purchase of the Schaub 1965; property by the Wisconsin History Founda­ • Approved an increase in admission rates tion, consisting of the former American Fur for Villa Louis, Stonefield, and Wade House Company warehouse in Prairie du Chien; to $1.00 for adults and 25 cents for children • Approved the articles of incorporation and under twelve, including children in groups; application of affiliation for the Oak Creek • Approved the use of the William B. Hessel­ Historical Society and for the Chippewa Val­ tine Fund for an annual award of $100 for ley Historical Museum; the best article published in the Wisconsin • Approved the amendment of the articles Magazine of History; of incorporation and by-laws of the Historic Sites Foundation to provide a membership of • Approved articles of incorporation and twelve on the board of directors, eight of application for affiliation of the Greenfield, whom will be appointed by the Society's pres­ Lincoln County, and Clark County Historical ident from the Board of Curators and four Societies; of whom will be elected by the board of the • Accepted an invitation to hold the autumn Foundation; Board meeting at the Museum of Medical • Approved recommendations for awards to Progress, Prairie du Chien; be presented at the Institute for Local History • Voted to invite the Society of American as follows: The Reuben Gold Thwaites Archivists and the American Association for Trophy, to the Fond du Lac Historical So­ State and Local History to hold a joint meet­ ciety; Local History Awards of Merit to Mrs. ing in Madison in 1969; John Stemler, Berlin, and J. Marshall Buehler, • Endorsed a proposal for the preparation Port Edwards; of a history of Wisconsin's 32nd Division; • Accepted the resignation of Mr. Sam Rizzo, • Adopted a resolution granting to Dr. Alice Racine, from the Board of Curators; E. Smith the title of Honorary Fellow of the • Adopted a memorial resolution on the Society; death of John W. Jenkins, former Chief Cur­ ator of the Museum. • Established the Alice E. Smith Research Fund to sustain a fellowship, preferably for women, for the study of Wisconsin, Mid­ At Milwaukee, January 30, 1965 western, or American history, or to recognize • Accepted gifts for the period October 1 to excellence in research, preferably by women, December 31, 1964, totaling $11,574.08; in those fields; • Adopted a policy statement for the disposal • Approved awards to be presented at the of Museum artifacts; annual meeting banquet to the First Wiscon­ • Adopted policy regarding royalty payments sin National Bank of Milwaukee for its gift to staff members; to the Milwaukee County Historical Society • Approved the restated articles of incorpora­ of its second ward branch bank building; tion and application for affiliation of the and to Mrs. Lillian Russell Porter for her Marathon County Historical Society; book, Choice Seed in the Wilderness.

72 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

cepted, and the President declared the slate Minutes of the Annual Meeting elected. President Cutlip, in his remarks to the membership, said that there had been quiet The annual business meeting was held at but generous legislative support for the So­ Leathem Smith Lodge, Sturgeon Bay, June ciety's budget in the current session. The 19, 1965. Seventy-five members were present. compromise committee had restored to the The meeting was called to order at 1:00 P.M. budget a portion of a request ($21,000) for by President Cutlip. the microfilming of deteriorating newspapers Mr. Homstad presented the treasurer's re­ and $4,000 for lamination which had been port, which was accepted and ordered filed. cut from the budget by the Governor. There Director Fishel announced that his complete was also the prospect of some substantial help annual report would appear in the autumn from the Outdoor Recreation Act for the So­ issue of the Wisconsin Magazine of History, ciety's proposed outdoor museum. President along with reports from individual divisions Cutlip also pointed out that membership was and sections of the Society. He also paid at an all-time high and now stands at over tribute to the members of the working staff 5,000. Thanks to the work of the Endowment who had made the meeting possible, and par­ Committee, sustaining memberships have in­ ticularly to Mr. Erney, the Associate Director creased from 51 last year to 73. who had charge of the planning of all events. Resolutions were offered and approved in In the absence of its chairman, Mr. Clifford recognition of the services of two retiring Swanson reported for the Nominating Com­ Curators, George Hampel, Jr., and Tony Wise. mittee, presenting the following nominations It was also voted that letters of appreciation for the office of Curator: be sent to government officials and all mem­ bers of both houses of the legislature thanking them for the sympathetic support the Society To succeed themselves for a three-year term received in the legislature this year. ending in 1968 Since there was no further business to George Banta, Jr., Menasha come before the membership, the meeting was adjourned by President Cutlip at 1:25 P.M. Kenneth W. Haagensen, Milwaukee Philip F. La Follette, Madison Respectfully submitted, Robert B. L. Murphy, Madison LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR. Foster B. Porter, Bloomington Secretary William F. Stark, Pewaukee Milo K. Swanton, Madison Frederick N. Trowbridge, Green Bay Cedric A. Vig, Rhinelander Clark Wilkinson, Baraboo

For election for the term ending in 1968 Mrs. John N. Miller, Wisconsin Rapids i Stephen P. J. Wood, Beloit

For election for a one-year term ending in 1966 (to fill the unexpired term of Sam Rizzo) ^ J. Ward Rector, Milwaukee

There being no further nominations from the floor, Mr. Risser moved and Mr. Haagen­ sen seconded that the requirements for writ­ ten ballots be waived and that the secretary Justin M. Schmiedeke be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for President Scott M. Cutlip presents Alice E. Smith the slate as presented. The motion was ac­ with an honorary fellowship in the Society.

73 PUBLIC FUNDS STATEMENT July 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965 APPROPRIATION Appropriation Statute Legislative Balance Title Number Purpose Appropriation Expenditures 6-30-65 General Administration .... 20.430-010 Salaries $546,172.00' $543,422.00 $ 2,750.00 Materials & Expense 87,376.30= 85,676.81 1 1,699.49 Capital 7,930.00 7,928.44 1.56 Mainlcnance & Capital .... 20.430-020 Maint. & Capital (Bldg.) 19,198.8^' 14,467.18 i 4,731.67 Books & Museum 20.430-030 Capital (Collections) 45,000.00 44 999.81 T<5 Heat (Sum-Sufficient) .... 20.430-040 Heat 6,450.33 6,450.33 Circus Museum 20.430-050 Capital 8,720.00* 8,539.60 180 40 $720,847.48 $711,484.17 $ 9,363.31=

' Basic Salaries $519,500.00 '' Prior year continuing Balance $383.30 New Pay Plan 19,124.00 ' Prior year continuing Balance $1,198.85 Cost of Living adj. 5,868.00 ' Prior year continuing Balance $8,720.00 BOGO (Student Minimum Wage) 1,680.00 'Lapsed to State General Fund $3,981.83 $546,172.00 Continuing $5,381.48

REVOLVING FUNDS (20.430-410. Non-Trust) Special Projects—July 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965 Balance Balance FUNDS 7-1-64 Income Expenditures 6-30-65 $ 3,773.62 $ 237.50 $ - $ 4,011.12 League of Women Voters Bldg. .. 662.92 650.00 336.84 976.08 5,338.00 5,338.00 ( 4,501.39) 71,658.70 76,389.21 ( 9,231.90) 80,502.22 94,133.79 106,769.99 67,866.02 = 364.08 357.80 349.26 372.62 1,795.05 136.55 1,931.60 ( 8,611.32) 79,888.08 91,153.52 (19,876.76) $79,323.18 $247,062.42 $274,998.82 $51,386.78 ' See detailed table bclo ' $3,747.23 represents income from books published for the Civil War Centennial Commission.

REVOLVING FUNDS (20.430-410. Non-Trust) Historic Sites Funds July 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965 Historic Sites Fund (Detail) Balance Balance 7-1-64 Income Expenditures 6-30-65 Circus Museum—Reserve (2%%) $( 238.21) $ 2,750.02 $ 1,700.00 $ 811.81 Historic Sites Development Fund 9,430.27 5,518.69 4,931.55 10,017.41 (1,050.56) 1,650.56 148.00 148.00 (3,800.58) 14,312.85 23,532.07 (13,019.80) Villa Louis—Operations (9,952.63) 32,996.43 34,970.40 (11,926.60) (2,547.61) 22,659.53 25,871.50 ( 5,759.58) $(8,611.32) $79,888.08 191,153.52 $(19,876.76) PRIVATE FUNDS (20.430-420, Trust Funds) Endowment Funds—July 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965 PRINCIPAL INCOME Balance Balance FUNDS 7-1-64 Income Expenditures 6-30-65 $ 14,000.00 $ 3,683.05 $ 811.98 $ 12.54 $ 4,482.49 374,782.83 29,455.95 23,464.08 29,424.74 23,495.29 18,745.00 11,723.08 10,152.60 14,204.37 7,671.31 Mary Stuart Foster Bequest 128,883.39 8,778.44 7,495.25 7,685.79 8,587.90 119,846.34 11,584.52 6,968.80 6,419.32 12,134.00 Hollister Pliarm. Lib. Fund 45,890.37* 20,159.49 1,303.28 51.32 21,411.45 1,200.00 928.98 71.38 1.10 999.26 23,594.69 2,691.47 1,374.13 1,625.04 2,440.56 Mills Editorial Fund 29,428.00 1,286.48 1,713.20 26.38 2,973.30 Anna R. Sheldon Mem. Fund .... 2,700.00 404.17 156.15 2.40 557.92 15,100.00 2,768.27 878.92 2,380.21 1,266.98 $774,170.62 $93,463.90 $54,389.77" $61,833.21 $86,020.46

'Increased $1,303.27 {V2 net income for year) nnt. & Div. $25,532.68; Cap. Gains $19,081.91 PRIVATE FUNDS (20.430—420. Trust Funds) Special Projects—July I, 1964 to June 30, 1965 Balance Balance FUNDS 7-1-64 Income Expenditures 6-30-65 t $ 4,410.60 $ 4,410.60 $ — Howard K. Beale Mem. Fund 890.06 41.06 849.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 Charles E. Brown Mem. Fund ... 245.60 245.60 8.87 8.87 31.00 31.00 14,885.11 7,625.43 7,259.68 2,103.62 ( 2,103.62) 200.00 200.00 Martin A. Fladoes Mem. Fund 95.00 95.00 518.23 518.23 Wm. B. Hesseltine Mem. Fund ... 1,784.00 ( 1,784.00)* ( 4,254.21) 7,374.63 8,383.16 ( 5,262.74) 14,347.92 14,451.83 ( 103.91) 358.55 750.00 618.58 489.97 .65 .65 ( 241.18) ( 241.18) Kickapoo-Eau Galle Project ( 3,067.08) 8,875.00 5,807.92 Mass Communications 300.00 485.50 611.65 173.85 718.99 669.06 49.93 1,242.16 20.26 1,221.90 Miscellaneous Unrestricted Funds 828.99 333.50 974.94 187.55 National Science Foundation Grant 798.01 798.01 Natural Resources History Project 2,444.39 100.00 6,176.44 ( 3,632.05) 250.00 250.00 Doris Piatt Education Fund 17.50 17.50 220.00 100.00 111.65 208.35 53.00 49.00 4.00 Waldo E. Rosebush Mem. Fund .... 100.00 100.00 50.00 150.00 28.67 171.33 School Services Awards Fund 33.95 110.00 175.00 ( 31.05) Schwarztrauber Biography Fund .. 3,500.00 3,500.00 Stonefield Development Fund ( 61.97) 212.00 128.18 21.85 Stonefield Development Fund — Bank 697.19 25.00 473.35 248.84 Stonefield Development Fund — 35.00 35.00 Stonefield Development Fund — 440.00 440.00 2,540.38 64.43 2,604.81 ( 9,832.38) 9,781.79 2,044.15 ( 2,094.74) 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Wisconsin Society for Jewish 365.15 365.15 $28,443.22 $34,138.11 $54,663.37 $ 7,917.96 * Transferred and added to the William Best Hessel­ tine Fund in the Wisconsin History Foundation. The Staffs

Office of the Director

LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director RICHARD A. ERNEY, Associate Director JOHN C. JACQUES, Assistant Director M. JAMES SEVERA, Administrative Assistant BERNADETTE WILHELM, Administrative Assistant

Division of Administrative Services Business Office Maintenance LEONARD W. BEHNKE, Comptroller ANTHONY W. SCHAEFFER, Supervisor LOIS I. ELSENER, Assistant to Comptroller DWIGHT M. BAUMGARTNER MONICA J. STAEDTLER, Purchasing Agent PEARL 0. BOSTAD MICHAEL M. CASSIDY FLORENCE J. COLLETTI Clerical Section GEORGE DOCKERY MARY C. MCCANN, Sales Supervisor ARTHUR 0. FURSETH LOIS J. BLILIE* GREGORY A. GMEINDER VERA FRIEND CLARENCE H. KNUDSEN RUTH E. HAYES RAYMOND P. NEWEL PENELOPE S. NIPPLE JOSEPH PECK'' MARY E. PALTZ DAVID C. SCHMITT* ROBERT F. SYVRUD LOREN J. STUCKEY JAMES TSCHUDY WILLIE JO WALKER Secretaries Receptionists DELORES C. PROSSER, Supervisor JOYCE A. BARNETT'' MARY L. DORR M. ELAINE LEE MARDELLE E. MOODY SUSAN D. LUETH" JANE YOST ANDREA J. NEIS

Research Division

WILLIAM FLETCHER THOMPSON, JR., Director ALICE E. SMITH"

Editorial Division

WILLIAM C. HAYGOOD, Director GRACE ARGALL, Administrative Assistant Society Press Wisconsin Magazine of History PETER J. COLEMAN, Editor WILLIAM C. HAYGOOD, Editor PAUL H. HASS, Assistant Editor PAUL H. HASS, Associate Editor

Publications Office

KATRINA BENNETT, Supervisor

* As of June 30, 1965. This listing includes only * On military leave since March 18, 1965. full-time, permanent staff members and does not •' Resigned May 7, 1965. include research assistants, part-time student assist­ " Retired June 30, 1965. ants, guides, etc. ' Resigned April 30, 1965. * Resigned May 31, 1965. ' Resigned June 18, 1965. ' Resigned June 4, 1965. ° Retired August 1, 1964. = Retired June 28, 1965. t Jointly sponsored by the University of Wisconsin.

76 Division of Archives and Manuscripts F. GERALD HAM, State Arcliivist Archives Section Manuscripts Section DAVID DELGADO JOSEPHINE L. HARPER, Manuscripts Librarian FRANCIS DELOUGHERY MARGARET R. HAFSTAD JACK K. JALLINGS EMILIE M. AL-KHAZRAJI JACK T. ERICSON Mass Communications History Center BARBARA J. KAISER, Director JANICE L. O'CONNELL Museum Division THURMAN 0. FOX, Director JOHN W. WINN, Assistant to the Director Iconographic Collections Anthropology JOAN E. FREEMAN, Curator PAUL VANDERBILT, Curator JOSEPH B. BRANDON DELORIS WILLARD General Collections JAMES S. WATSON, Curator Exhibits and Research JOAN WESTBURY, Curator, Decorative Arts DAVID W. MCNAMARA, Supervisor Education ROBERT R. BURKE DORIS H. PLATT, Supervisor HOWARD A. KANETZKE ROBERT DEWITT LORRAINE A. NELSON LOUIS L. DURST Historymobile RICHARD A. HORN LUIE HAULER CHARLES H. KNOX DONENE HALLER Library Division BENTON H. WILCOX, Librarian Acquisions Section Services Section JOHN C. COLSON,' Acquisitions Librarian RUTH H. DAVIS, Services Librarian ETHEL M. FOSS VERENA M. BARLOW" BEVERLY A. JONES" ELLEN BURKE DWIGHT E. KELSEY JEROME P. DANIELS BiAGiNO MARONE JUNE E. JOHNSON ESTHER J. NELSON GERTRUDE V. WAGENER JOHN A. PETERS Reference Section Catalog Section MARGARET GLEASON, Reference Librarian HERBERT J. TEPPER, Catalog Librarian John R. Commons Labor RUTH H. POHLE Reference Center!" HOPE B. NEILSON ESTHER THELEN, Labor Coordinator S. JANE SCHANTZ State Relations Division Office of Field Services Office of Sites and Markers RAYMOND S. SIVESIND, Supervisor DENNIS EAST II, Supervisor Villa Louis DONALD N. ANDERSON FLORENCE A. BITTNER, Curator ROBERT W. SHERMAN GEORGE ADNEY, Custodian MARILLA ADNEY Stonefield Office of Local History EDWARD D. CARPENTER, Curator WILLIAM J. SCHERECK, Supervisor MELVIN L. HOUGHTON LYLE KIENITZ HOPE A. LOVELAND Office of Public Information Wade House FAY S. DOOLEY, Curator JUSTIN M. SCHMIEDEKE, Supervisor EDITH WEBB

77 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN

LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Director

Officers .SCOTT M. CUTLIP, President HERBERT V. KOHLER, Honorary Vice-President JOHN C. GEILFUSS, First Vice-President E. E. HOMSTAD, Treasurer CLIFFORD D. SWANSON, Second Vice-President LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Secretary

Board of Curators Ex-Officio

WARREN P. KNOWLES, Governor of the State MRS. DENA A. SMITH, State Treasurer ROBERT C. ZIMMERMAN, Secretary of State FRED H. HARRINGTON, President of the University ANGUS B. ROTHWELL, Superintendent of Public Instruction MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, President of the Women's Auxiliary

Term Expires, 1965 GEORGE BANTA, JR. PHILIP F. LA FOLLETTE WILLIAM F. STARK CEDRIC A. VIG Menasha Madison Pewaukee Rhinelander KENNETH W. HAAGENSEN ROBERT B. L. MURPHY MILO K. SWANTON CLARK WILKINSON Oconomowoc Madison Madison Baraboo GEORGE HAMPEL, JR. FOSTER B. PORTER FREDERICK N. TROWBRIDGE ANTHONY WISE Des Moines Bloomington Green Bay Hayward

Term Expires, 1966 E. DAVID CRONON W. NORMAN FITZGERALD JOHN C. GEILFUSS JAMES A. RILEY Madison Milwaukee Milwaukee Eau Claire SCOTT M. CUTLIP EDWARD FROMM MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Madison Hamburg Genesee Depot Stevens Point MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND ROBERT A. GEHRKE ROBERT L. PIERCE Hartland Ripon Menomonie

Term Expires, 1967 THOMAS H. BARLAND E. E. HOMSTAD .VIRS. R.AYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERIC SAMMOND Eau Claire Black River Falls Madison Milwaukee M. J. DYRUD MRS. CHARLES B. JACKSON FREDERICK I. OLSON DONALD C. SLICHTER Prairie du Chien Nashotah Wauwatosa Milwaukee JIM DAN HILL MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH F. HARWOOD ORBISON LOUIS C. SMITH Middleton Janesville Appleton Lancaster

Honorary Honorary Life Members WILLIAM ASHBY MCCLOY, Winnipeg PRESTON E. MCNALL, Madison MRS. LITTA BASCOM, Madison DOROTHY L. PARK, Madison

Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI

The Women's Auxiliary Officers MRS. JOSEPH C. GAMROTH, Madison, President MRS. WILLIAM H. L. SMYTHE, Milwaukee, Vice-President MRS. EDWARD H. RIKKERS, Madison, Secretary MRS. WILLIAM E. HUG, Neenah, Treasurer MRS. EDMUND K. NIELSON, Appleton, Assistant Treasurer MRS. W. NORMAN FITZGERALD, Milwaukee, Ex-Officio

78 PROCEEDINGS: 1964-196.'3 Sustaining Members

1964—1965

Allen-Bradley Company, Milwaukee The Leyhe Foundation, Inc., Oshkosh Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Mr. and Mrs. Charles McCallum, Hubertus Milwaukee Marathon Division American Can Company, American Appraisal Company, Milwaukee Neenah American Exchange Bank, Madison Marine Foundation, Inc., Milwaukee American Family Mutual Insurance Company, Modine Manufacturing Company, Racine Madison Oscar Mayer & Company, Madison American Motors Corporation, Detroit, Menasha Corporation, Menasha Michigan George J. Meyer Manufacturing Company, Appleton Coated Paper Company, Appleton Milwaukee Appleton Wire Works, Appleton Miller Brewing Company, Milwaukee Applied Power Industries, West Allis Milwaukee Journal, Milwaukee Bergstrom Paper Company, Neenah Mirro Aluminum Company, Manitowoc Brandenburg Foundation, Madison Nelson Muffler Corporation, Stoughton Brotz Family Foundation, Sheboygan Nordberg Manufacturing Company, Bucyrus-Erie Foundation, Inc., South Milwaukee Milwaukee Fred Pabst Foundation, Oconomowoc Capital Times, Madison Parker Pen Company, Janesville Cleaver-Brooks Company, Milwaukee Mr. and Mrs. Robert Pierce, Menomonie Employers Mutual Insurance Company, Rhinelander Paper Company, Rhinelander Wausau Riverside Paper Foundation, Inc., Appleton Evinrude Motors, Milwaukee Rockwell Standard Corporation, Oshkosh The Falk Corporation, Milwaukee Schlitz Foundation, Inc., Milwaukee First Wisconsin Foundation, Inc., Milwaukee Simplicity Manufacturing Company, First Wisconsin Trust Company, Milwaukee Milwaukee D. J. W. Frautschi Foundation, Madison Sta-Rite Products, Inc., Delavan Mrs. Robert E. Friend, Hartland Thilmany Paper Company, Kaukauna Fromm Brothers, Inc., Hamburg Twin Disc Clutch Company, Racine Gateway Transportation Company, La Crosse Voigt Charitable Foundation, Racine General Telephone Company of Wisconsin, The Vollrath Company, Sheboygan Madison Warner Electric Brake & Clutch Company, Gilbert Paper Company, Menasha South Beloit, III. Hamilton Memorial Foundation, Two Rivers Wausau Paper Mills Company, Brokaw Hardware Mutual Casualty Company, West Bend Company, West Bend Stevens Point Western Printing and Lithographing Harnischfeger Foundation, Inc., Milwaukee Mrs. S. C. Hauxhurst, Milwaukee Company, Racine The Heil Company, Milwaukee Wisconsin Electric Power Company, Hein-Werner Corporation, Waukesha Milwaukee Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Hoard, Jr., Fort Atkinson Wisconsin Life Insurance Company, Madison Inland Steel Products Company, Milwaukee Wisconsin Power & Light Company, Madison International Harvester Company, Milwaukee Wisconsin State Journal, Madison Kearney and Trecker Corporation, Milwaukee Wisconsin Telephone Company, Milwaukee Kohler Company, Kohler Mr. Steven P. J. Wood, Beloit

Patrons

Mr. and Mrs. John Wilson, Ojai, California

79 Wisconsin History Foundation Historic Sites Foundation

"T" STABLISHED in 1954 as a private, non- TN 1960 the Historic Sites Foundation was -•—^ profit corporation, the Wisconsin History -*- established as a private, nonprofit corpora­ Foundation has the sole purpose of assisting tion for the sole purpose of assisting the State the State Historical Society in whatever ways Historical Society's historic sites program. Its are mutually agreed upon by the Foundation's current function is to serve as the management Board and the Society's Board of Curators. corporation, for the Society, of the Circus This assistance has covered a wide range of World Museum in Baraboo. The Foundation's activities for which no public or unbudgeted Board includes members of the Society's Board private funds were available, including re­ of Curators, as well as distinguished citizens search projects, television programs, publica­ with an interest in circus history and in the tions, professional education of staff, and Society itself. Its sources of income are Circus building construction at our historic sites. World Museum admissions, gifts, and grants. The Board of the Foundation includes mem­ Gifts to the Foundation are tax-deductible. bers of the Society's Board of Curators as well as other distinguished citizens interested in history and in the objectives of the Society. Officers The Foundation's chief source of income is CLARK WILKINSON, President gifts and grants. Donations to the Foundation HOWARD I. POTTER, Vice-President are tax-deductible. LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Officers Executive Vice-President ROBERT B. L. MURPHY, President MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND, Secretary-Treasurer MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH, Vice-President CHARLES P. Fox, E. E. HOMSTAD, Treasurer Director, Circus World Museum LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Secretary

Board of Directors Board of Directors Term Expires 1965 MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE Term Expires 1965 Genesee Depot M. J. DYRUD JIM DAN HILL Prairie du Chien Madison MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND FREDERIC SAMMOND Hartland Milwaukee ROBERT A. GEHRKE MILO K. SWANTON Ripon Madison WALLACE LOMOE Term Expires 1966 Milwaukee GEORGE BANTA, JR. ROBERT L. PIERCE Menasha Menomonie WALTER A. FRAUTSCHI HOWARD I. POTTER Madison Chicago MRS. GEORGE H. JOHNSON Madison Term Expires 1966 ROBERT B. L. MURPHY CLARK WILKINSON Madison Baraboo LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR., Ex-Officio MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE Madison Genesee Depot Term Expires 1967 KENNETH W. HAAGENSEN MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND Milwaukee Hartland FREDERICK W. HAINER JOHN C. GEILFUSS Milwaukee Milwaukee JOSEPH JOHNSON E. E. HOMSTAD Black River Falls Milwaukee MRS. VINCENT W. KOCH MILO K. SWANTON Janesville Madison PROCEEDINGS: 1964-1965

The Angry Mississippi: April, 1965

%st r X sfe.^^^,

fh' t

>%;iK,>\,J'. ^'X^^'jfc'

The great spring floods oj 1965 wrought more than f f; $34,000 damage to the Society's historic sites at Prairie du Chien and Cassville. Clockwise from upper right: Damage inspection at Stonefield; the covered bridge, Stonefield; highwater mark on the coach house museum. Villa Louis; the Villa surrounded by water; and the sturdy clean-up crew at Cassville.

Photos by Justin M. Schmiedeke

81 REVIEWS

STATE AND REGIONAL tion to the upper reaches of the Missouri and again in 1832 as he led the troops in the Black Hawk War, but the rest of his career was undramatic and uneventful. He has been overshadowed in the public mind by more General Henry Atkinson: A Western Military flamboyant generals—men like Winfield Career. By ROGER L. NICHOLS. (University Scott, Edmund P. Gaines, and Zachary Tay­ of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1965. Pp. xiv, lor—although his life is perhaps a better re­ 243. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, maps, flection of the western frontier army than index. $5.95.) theirs. This book on Atkinson's military career is Three frontier military posts were named a necessary addition to the growing list of for General Henry Atkinson, and two of them biographies of frontier generals and offers are still remembered as towns in Wisconsin important information on Atkinson's work in and Iowa, yet the man himself long ago slipped the West. Professor Nichols produced the into oblivion. He was an able administrator, study originally as a doctoral dissertation at a man of sense and sound judgment in deal­ the University of Wisconsin, and he has based ing with frontier Indian crises, and for almost his account on exhaustive use of primary a quarter of a century the ranking military sources from government archives and other officer on the Missouri River and Mississippi depositories. The evidence of his thorough­ River frontiers, but his work was on the whole ness in searching out and documenting his unspectacular, and the book honestly reflects sources is impressive. Two deficiencies, how­ that fact. ever, mar what might otherwise have been a Atkinson was born in North Carolina in significant biography. The author is so in­ 1782, the son of a tobacco planter. In 1808 he volved in strictly Atkinson materials that he was granted a captain's commission in the has not adequately treated his subject within regular army, and from then until his death the general stream of frontier military history. in 1842 he was a career soldier, moving up He says in his introduction that his study rapidly in the tiny army until he was appointed "will try to place the role of the army in the brigadier general in 1820. No claim is made proper perspective as a part of the American for him as a military tactician, for he led no westward movement," but it is precisely here important campaigns; rather he was a cautious that the book fails most critically, for the man who preferred to prevent Indian uprisings author does not seem to see beyond Atkinson than to seek glory in repressing them. He himself. In the second place, the book suffers made a brief flurry in the headlines in 1825 from simply bad writing, and it is regrettable when he led a successful treaty-making expedi­ that the publisher did not assign competent

82 BOOK REVIEWS editors to work more closely with the author Timbers, the Indians became increasingly re­ on the manuscript before committing it to luctant to co-operate. It was Elliott's duty to print. Ineffective introductions and conclu­ keep these disaffected tribes allied with the sions begin and end each chapter, and the Crown—a task which he accomplished with prose in between needs an injection of some skill until his death in 1814. kind to make it come alive. Horsman presents the British-Canadian-In­ dian side of the events between the American FRANCIS PAUL PRUCHA Revolution and the War of 1812, using Mat­ Marquette University thew Elliott as a springboard to get into this broader subject. When doing this the author is more successful than when he narrows his focus to Elliott. In chapters four and five, for Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent. By example, the agent becomes lost in the broad­ REGINALD HORSMAN. (Wayne State University er story. In spite of these lapses Horsman Press, Detroit, 1964. Pp. xiii, 256. Notes, manages to give the reader a clear picture of bibliography, map, index. $9.95.) Elliott's actions and their consequences. The prose is clear and readable, but the author or According to Mr. Horsman, "Matthew El­ the press should have included a detailed map. liott deserves to be rescued from the semi-obli­ A major annoyance to scholarly readers is the vion into which he has faded.' Elliott was a placing of the notes at the back of the book. fur trader among the Shawnee Indians in the Scioto River region of central Ohio during the This study not only resurrects Matthew 1760's and 1770's. Each autumn he traveled Elliott from historical limbo but is a revi­ west from Pittsburgh to Ohio, returning the sionist approach toward him and his asso­ following spring with a load of peltry. This ciates. Horsman presents Elliott, Joseph activity continued until the American Revolu­ Brant, and even Simon Girty as men who tion, when Elliott faced a difficult choice— fought on the losing side of a war, and who join the colonists and risk losing his trade therefore have received less than a fair pre­ with the Shawnee, or defect to the British and sentation in our history. He also concludes maintain it. He chose the latter. that the British government usually worked for a policy of peace in the Old Northwest From that decision until his death, Matthew and was pulled unwittingly into frontier dis­ Elliott worked to keep the Indian tribes north putes through the actions of Elliott and other of the Ohio River loyal to Britain. During British Indian Department personnel. His much of that time he served as an officer in arguments are valid, and his case is thoroughly the British Indian Department, operating first documented. out of Detroit and later from Amherstburg on the Canadian side of the St. Lawrence. ROGER L. NICHOLS Anyone familiar with the difficulties en­ countered by American Indian agents will find University of Georgia a familiar story here. Officials in distant of­ fices made policies which the agents found difficult, if not impossible, to implement. There were continuing shortages of funds for The Valley of the God-Almighty Joneses: Re­ supplies and gifts to the Indians. Frequent miniscences of Frank Lloyd Wright's Sister, personal quarrels with military officers at the Maginel Wright Barney. With TOM BURKE. nearby posts disrupted Indian Department (Appleton-Century, New York, 1965. Pp. 156. operations. Matthew Elliott experienced all of Illustrations. $4.95.) these and more. With Elliott as his focal point, Horsman A more pleasing fragment of Americana demonstrates that the British Indian Depart­ than this it would be difficult to imagine. The ment officers were often far more anxious for story of the Richard Lloyd-Joneses, who set­ direct action against the Americans north of tled Wisconsin's Wyoming Valley a little more the Ohio River than were government officials than a century ago, it is the kind of chronicle in Britain. In fact, by their material aid to the that could easily be a bore—who cares about Ohio tribes, Elliott and his colleagues led those somebody else's relatives?—but isn't. Too, Indians to think that red-coated troops would it provides an illuminating and useful glimpse assist them against the Americans. When this of Frank Lloyd Wright in his formative years. was not the case, as at the Battle of Fallen Best of all, relatives and Wright aside, it is

83 Society's Iconographic Collection The children of Richard and Mary Lloyd-Jones at a family reunion in 1883. Standing (left to right) are Enos, Jane, Jenkin, Mary, and John; seated (left to right) are James, Ellen, Anna, Margaret, and Thomas.

another piece, however small, to be fitted into even looked Biblical. Once when four of the the mosaic of the Wisconsin experience. bearded menfolk were driving a wagon on a The story begins in a cottage outside the Madison street, some smart-aleck yelled: village of Llandyssil, South Wales, where "Hey, where's the other eight?" Richard Lloyd-Jones told his pretty and (it Things went handsomely for the clan until proved) indomitable wife that if they were the 1890's when James, the uncle who looked ever to do better than wrest a marginal living like a king-sized Moses, shot their collective from the soil, they would have to move on. bundle in land speculation and just about lost He had in mind, he said, journeying to Amer­ the lot. It was characteristic of the Lloyd- ica where good land was still available to a Joneses that there were no recriminations and man willing to work for it. There is nothing that they presented a united front as they new here, of course, from the voyage in a fought to cut their losses. stinking and leaking tub to the exhausting land Aside from Frank, the Lloyd-Joneses were journey half acro.ss America to the lovely val­ not "important," but they were a lusty-gusty ley that caught Richard's eye some forty miles lot and Mrs. Barney recalls them with such beyond present-day Madison, but it still is vital pleasure—though being kissed by Uncle reading. James was like diving into a gooseberry bush Because they knew how to work and, in­ —that her pages take on a warm glow. They deed, loved to work, the Lloyd-Joneses pros­ worked hard, those Welsh-Americans, and they pered and, in the fullness of time, their kinfolk turned their valley into something close to also pulled up roots in Wales and joined them Eden. But if they had time for the soil, they in this valley that reminded them of home also had time for the life of the mind. De­ and yet was so everlastingly fertile. They voted Unitarians all, they read Thoreau and were splendid, high-minded people and a little Emerson as other pioneers read the Bible. high-handed, too. They were sometimes re­ They knew what the Good Life could be and ferred to by the few "other" families in the they reached for the ideal. Two of their mem­ valley as "the God-Almighty Joneses." They bers, both spinsters and called "The Girls,"

84 BOOK REVIEWS founded a school for gifted children that was jected. The present author did not discover unique in its time. Hillside School foundered the names of the participants, either, and thus only when death claimed them. upsets no cherished family traditions. Mrs. Barney recalls "The Girls" as vividly The actual destruction of the tea at Boston as she does most of the other members of the was a dramatic event, but its significance lay clan. Although she was a child when her mas­ in the causes which preceded and the conse­ sive uncles were in their prime and the original quences which followed, and it is to these Richard was a snowy-bearded patriarch sun­ that the author devotes most of his book, ning himself on the doorstep, she fleshes them using a mere five pages to describe the crucial out with fact and anecdote in an appealing event itself. Professor Labaree begins by de­ narrative. One scarcely knows where Barney scribing the colonial tea trade, including the leaves off and Burke begins, so graceful is smuggling of Dutch tea which was so wide­ the writing. spread. Succeeding chapters analyze colonial resistance to the tea tax enacted in 1767 as Yet, despite the people, the valley in which part of the Townshend duties; the financial they settled is the beautiful heart of the mat­ difficulties of the East India Co. which prompt­ ter. Today little more than Taliesin remains ed Parliament to pass the Tea Act of 1773; and nearly all of the people in these pages and the resulting intensification of colonial are a part of the valley's soil. It is the richer resistance to taxation which reached its most because they once flourished there. emphatic expression at Boston. The conclud­ ing chapters deal with the British reaction to VICTOR P. HASS the Boston Tea Party; the measures by which Omaha, Nebraska Parliament sought to punish Boston and as­ sert imperial authority over all the colonies; and the resultant movement toward colonial unity culminating in the first Continental Con­ GENERAL HISTORY gress. The seven-year period covered by the pres­ ent book has always fascinated historians, both The Boston Tea Party. By BENJAMIN WOODS amateur and professional, and Labaree does LABAREE. (Oxford University Press, New not alter the broad outlines of the story as York, 1964. Pp. viii, 347. Notes, bibliogra­ we have known it for years. But the book has phy, appendices, index. $6.00.) much to contribute to our understanding of these tumultuous years. It contains a wealth of interesting detail on colonial trade and For generations the Boston Tea Party has British politics, and some enlightening ma­ been part of almost every American's intel­ terial on public opinion in both England and lectual baggage and, one sometimes suspects, the colonies with regard to the events and about the only residue of the numerous history problems of the period. The author's discus­ courses to which he was exposed during his sions of the legal technicalities of colonial youth. So thick is the aura of patriotism sur­ trade are valuable, if somewhat confusing at rounding the event that many who are other­ times. Most important, however, is the fact wise quite sensitive to the rights of property that the Boston Tea Party occurred within can conveniently overlook, even praise, what a highly complex context, and by placing it was basically a deliberate and calculated de­ in its imperial setting, the author has pointed struction of private property. up its critical importance in the train of events It seems strange that an event which has which led to American independence. captured the imagination of so many should wait nearly two centuries to receive the de­ This book is carefully and thoroughly re­ tailed treatment Benjamin Woods Labaree has searched from original sources in both Eng­ now given it. Perhaps one reason is that the land and the United States, and written in a Boston Tea Party itself was a relatively simple clear, straightforward style. It deserves a and direct act about which there is little to wide audience among both the professional tell. Even the identity of the participants has and the general reading publics. never been discovered, and we have thus been deprived of the sociological, psychological, Marxist and Freudian analyses to which they RICHARD A. ERNEY would otherwise have been posthumously sub­ State Historical Society of Wisconsin

85

BOOK REVIEWS

Presence of the Past. By CHARLES B. HOSMER, thought that arose during the nineteenth cen­ JR. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, N. Y., tury in France, in England, and in Sweden. 1965. Pp. 386. Illustrations, notes, biblio­ While in some respects resembling those of graphy, index. $7.50.) Europe, American preservation ideas were es­ sentially indigenous. Interest in historic land­ marks appeared in the United States during Anyone interested in America's historic the 1840's and 1850's before many European buildings can find many excellent books on nations began taking care of their own an­ the subject, but very little has been written tiquities. Preservation in the United States about the people who had something to do is shown to have originally been a romantic with saving these buildings for posterity. The movement to foster patriotic appreciation of author evidently intended to remedy this de­ past glories by setting aside the homes of dis­ ficiency by putting together an extremely well tinguished personages as national symbols. documented and detailed study which seems As the changing criteria for selecting build­ to be the first of its kind. ings indicate, preservation reflected many of Carefully tracing the evolution of the Amer­ the major changes of direction in American ican preservation movement. Dr. Hosmer de­ social thought. In the 1850's, preservationists lineates the powerful latent forces that were were reformers who believed that disunion able to unite diverse groups of people for the could be cured by greater regard for the sacri­ specific purpose of preserving important his­ fices of the founding fathers. After the Civil torical buildings. Nineteen twenty-six was War they appealed for a new sense of nation­ chosen as the dividing year between historic al dedication. Toward the end of the nine­ building preservation as it is generally known teenth century, preservationism was regarded and practiced today with all its professional­ as an antidote to materialistic ills of the time. ism, and the earlier efforts which were gener­ At the turn of the century it was believed that ally unorganized and lacking in technical pro­ old buildings might be a valuable tool for the ficiency. It was in 1926 that the new order Americanization of immigrant children. About began with the costly and sweeping restora­ the time of the Spanish-American War and tion of Williamsburg, and Henry Ford's work World War I confidence was expressed that at Dearborn—two great events which had a visits to historic sites would serve to create lasting influence on the movement as a whole militant loyalty to American traditions. after that time. Aesthetic arguments, conspicuously absent The book describes every type of preserva­ in earlier endeavors, were greatly advanced tion group that appeared in the United States during the 1920's in the belief that an appre­ before 1926, disclosing that the American ciation of genuine beauty and harmony could preservation movement is nearly as old as the be gained from the study of old homes. country itself. The author provides answers Finally, there was commercialism. Tourists to vital questions such as these: "Why did might be attracted and the preservation of so many people concern themselves with this points of interest might be good for business seemingly profitless activity? What did they in general. think they were accomplishing? How did they By present-day professional standards the go about saving old buildings? What sort of pioneer preservationists often performed only people were these preservationists?" To an­ half of the job since they felt that the build­ swer these questions, detailed information was ings would interpret themselves to the public gathered concerning 400 representative exam­ and that saving the landmarks was an end ples out of a possible 2,000 buildings. in itself. Women were predominant in the In order to determine the degree of origin­ preservation movement as long as it stressed ality in American preservationism, a brief re­ history and patriotic inspiration. As a matter view is given of what Europeans were doing of fact, the cause of historic buildings offered at this time within the three mainstreams of one of the first opportunities for ascending

Shown at the left is a portion of territorial Wiscon­ a collector's item. Reprinted by the Minnesota His­ sin, a section of the map drawn by the French scien­ torical Society with the co-operation of the United tist, author, and musician Joseph N. Nicollet and first States Army Corps of Engineers, Lake Survey, De­ published in 1843 in his Report Intended to Illus­ troit, who own the original copper plates, the 35-by- trate a Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Up­ 40V2-inch map is available from the Minnesota His­ per Mississippi River. Called "one of the greatest torical Society, Cedar and Central Avenue, St. Paul, contributions ever made to American geography," Minnesota 55101 at $3.50 postpaid. Remittances must Nicollet's map has long been out of print and is accompany orders.

87 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

feminism to assert itself. When architectural which Lasch finds throughout the period 1889 preservation began to be emphasized toward to 1963 is the tendency of intellectuals to join the end of World War I, men moved into the cultural to political issues; in other words, to foreground. make the solution of cultural problems de­ The two giants of historic preservation be­ pendent upon politics. This mixture of the fore 1926 were Ann Pamela Cunningham, who private and public realms was in part a result almost single-handedly saved Mount Vernon, of the isolation of the intellectuals from the and William Sumner Appleton, who was re­ middle class and of their growing self-con­ sponsible for preserving scores of old build­ sciousness as a class. To seek wider experi­ ings in the New England area. Both of these ences, to effect a hard-headed attitude toward dedicated people are accorded full treatment politics, and to confront moral problems with by Dr. Hosmer. manipulative (political) solutions were all ex­ pressions of the new position of the intellect­ If there seems to be any shortcoming in the uals. book it would be the paucity of illustrations, since only sixteen picture pages are grouped In his beginning essays on Jane Addams, almost incidentally in the middle of the book. "Women as Aliens," Randolph Bourne, and Presence of the Past may never become a Mabel Dodge Luhan, Lasch traces the impor­ popular best seller, but for the serious student tant idea that middle-class life was seen as of American preservationism it should be repressive and destructive by the new radicals. mandatory reading. While their response was not always similar, each wanted to broaden the possibilities for RICHARD W. E. PERRIN experiencing life. Unfortunately, the means hit Milwaukee upon for regulating this new self-expression was sometimes as manipulative as the older system had been repressive. In the next group (Mr. Perrin is Wisconsin's of essays on the New Republic, Lincoln Col- Historic Buildings Preserva­ cord and Colonel House, and Lincoln Steffens, tion Officer for the American the author discovers a general urge for action Institute of Architects.) and political commitment to be characteristic of the "new radicalism." The final chapter, a discussion of the "Anti-Intellectualism of the Intellectuals" examines the implications of the The New Radicalism in America, 1889-1963: consolidation as a class and the acquisition of The Intellectual as a Social Type. By CHRISTO­ political power by the intellectuals. He finds PHER LASCH. (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, that the commitment to politics, the tough- 1965. Pp. 349. Index. $6.95.) minded tradition of the "new radicalism," be­ came a total commitment to American liberal­ Christopher Lasch's discussion of the "new ism, particularly during the Kennedy Adminis­ radicalism" in America is an effort to recon­ tration when cultural reform through political sider a group of important American thinkers change was felt to be imminent. in the light of the contention "that modern New Radicalism in America is in general a radicalism or liberalism can best be under­ valuable contribution to the growing historio­ stood as a phase of the social history of the graphy dealing with twentieth-century social intellectuals." Within the hypothesis that the history. Several of the essays, particularly on "new radicalism" is a product of the cultural Mabel Dodge Luhan, Jane Addams, and Lin­ fragmentation characteristic of industrial so­ coln Steffens, are perceptive, and here the ciety, and thus different from prior reform author's use of biographical materials is most movements, the author examines the personali­ rewarding. The characterization of Feminism ties and the thought of people as diverse as and Progressivism is refreshing. The writing Randolph Bourne and Sidney Hook, not as is always interesting; indeed, it occasionally representative types but as individuals whose carries the reader past weaker spots in the careers offer insights into the social context. analysis. At times the theoretical framework As defined here, the "new radicalism" has of the study does not seem to derive from as much to do with the style and structure of the narrative. The stress upon biography and thought as with the actual content; thus the rhetorical style occasionally obscures what an author makes wide use of biographical ma­ individual actually thought; the transition terials and an historical method which stresses from the analysis of personality to public and psychological traits. The basic continuity political thought is often rough.

88 BOOK REVIEWS

Finally, the absence of a discussion of the Is it really necessary, for example, to explain 1930's and the major concern in the last chap­ that the Red Cross drive of 1945 produced ter with a number of intellectuals such as 3,500,000 booklets for volunteer solicitors, Arthur Meyer Schlesinger, Jr., Sidney Hook, 1,500,000 posters, and 35,000,000 informa­ and Reinhold Niebuhr (who were not "new tion leaflets? Is it particularly important to radicals" in the way used previously in the know that in 1930 the John Price Jones firm book) detracts from an otherwise careful ana­ held securities valued at $305,533.75? Do the lysis. But whatever the theoretical shortcom­ form letter and dividend order prepared by ings of the book, it is an interesting portrayal the Red Cross during World War I for distri­ of an important group of American intellec­ bution by corporations to stockholders have tuals. to be included in the text in their entirety? In connection with a fund-raising campaign for the University of Pittsburgh, does it en­ JAMES GILBERT hance our understanding to be told that the University of Wisconsin concept for that institution's "Cathedral of Learning" came to the chancellor and archi­ tect while listening to Wagner's Die Walkilre? The point is, in Orwellian terms, that some Fund Raising in the United States: Its Role facts are more equal than others, and no his­ in America's Philanthropy. By SCOTT M. CUT­ torian should allow his absorption in a sub­ LIP. (Rutgers University Press, New Bruns­ ject to obscure the need for selectivity. wick, New Jersey, 1965. Pp. xiv, 553. Notes, bibliography, index. $12.50.) More consequential than the author's fond­ ness for extraneous detail or publicists' rheto­ According to the author, this book focuses ric is his benign perspective. Cutlip is not upon mass, operational, periodic, secular fund- entirely uncritical of publicity-conscious, pro­ raising, and "its relation to our social his­ fessional fund-raising; he concedes that waste tory." In actuality, it is mainly a descriptive and inefficiency, not to mention fraud, have recital of campaigns and campaigners, em­ often resulted. The faults, however, appear phasizing the twentieth century. Being the to be listed as a matter of form. His main first attempt at a comprehensive history of purpose is to demonstrate that organized, ra­ fund-raising in America, it is useful for its tional fund-raising has been a "highly bene­ detailed survey of the men who devised the ficial" force in American life, an expression whirlwind campaign, organized the profes­ of and stimulus to voluntarism. The "Ameri­ sional fund-raising firms, and perfected the can Way" is to allow citizens to respond to techniques associated with rationalized phil­ need and solicit support in the benevolent mar­ anthropy. Useful also are the lengthy accounts ketplace. The hypothesis is plausible, if hoary, of many prominent campaigns beginning with but the evidence is circumstantial and the the YMCA drives of Charles Sumner Ward argument is normative: voluntary institu­ and Lyman Pierce in the late nineteenth cen­ tions are beneficent, professional fund-raisers tury. Cutlip devotes far more attention to have accumulated vast sums of money for professional firms and national health groups voluntary philanthropic institutions, profes­ than to welfare financing at the community sional fund-raising, therefore, is a necessary level, the most concrete setting in which to and desirable instrument of social progress. examine the interaction among social prob­ Space does not permit examination of the lems, welfare policy, and financial develop­ full implications of this line of reasoning. For ments. Partly for this reason, systematic his­ one thing, in taking for granted the value of torical analysis of the relationship between voluntary institutions, particularly in the changes in fund-raising practices and social health-welfare sector, it dispenses with the institutions is, in fact, minimal. need for analysis of their precise evolution and The author is captivated, if not captured, function in American society. Are we to con­ by his subject—a second source of his de­ ceive of the John Price Jones Corporation, tachment from many issues of interest to the American Cancer Society, or Harvard Uni­ social historian or sociologist. The text stag­ versity as voluntary associations undifferen­ gers, indeed groans, under the weight of ex­ tiated in role or significance from those of de cess data and extensive quotation from fund- Tocqueville's day? Perhaps organizational or raising literature, much of which is repeti­ bureaucratic theory is more relevant to an un­ tious, little of which is examined critically, and derstanding of many such institutions than none of which is graced by humor or style. voluntarism in the classic sense. Equally im-

89 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 portant, a normative approach to voluntarism periods relating to American involvement in (and hence professional fund-raising) ob­ foreign wars . . . . " It is no discredit to scures major issues; for example, the extent Daniel Smith to observe that he had the easier to which the ideology and institutions of vo­ task in writing about World War I, for he luntarism in this country obstructed the estab­ could build on a solid foundation of mono­ lishment of necessary government welfare graphs and sources, both published and un­ programs, particularly in the area of income- published. He treads much familiar ground maintenance. while explaining the role of belligerent pro­ In general, the book lacks the insights of paganda, loans to and trade with the Allies, David Sills, Bernard Barber, and other so­ submarine warfare and other complexities ciologists who have applied a functional ana­ of neutrality, Wilson's unsuccessful mediatory lysis to voluntarism. Conversely, beyond an endeavors, the Paris Peace Conference, and account of the American Association of Fund the debate leading to the defeat of the Treaty Raising Counsel, it does not examine the of Versailles in the Senate. place of the professional funder in the hier­ Two characteristics stand out in his treat­ archy of professions, or the role conflict, if ment of these subjects. First, he skillfully any, between his image of himself as a pub­ weaves into the narrative comments about the lic servant and his uncomfortable approxima­ previous writing on the subject, making fre­ tion to the salesman and huckster. Two other quent corrections or refinements based on re­ relevant issues in the area of role analysis cent researches. This reviewer noted some are not covered. In contrast to the professional eighteen such revisions, indicating that we fund-raiser, local financial federations assume have come a considerable distance from the responsibilities for community organization oversimplified polarization of what Smith and planning, and one wonders what addi­ calls the pro-Wilson "submarine" school and tional conflicts or strains result. Finally, al­ the anti-Wilson "revisionist" writing of the though Cutlip adequately demonstrates the 1930's. Smith's second strength is his care­ increasing prominence of the corporation, his ful and dispassionate evaluation of personali­ treatment is largely in terms of quantity of ties and their records. Neither ax-grinding nor contributions and corporate self-consciousness excessive ideological commitment mar his ac­ about its public responsibilities. He does not count. Wilson emerges less the stereotyped deal with a strategic link, described by Aileen idealist than he has often appeared. Smith D. Ross as "philanthropic activity and the argues that the President's conception of the business career." To what extent, in other national interest was a complex compounding words, has a patterned philanthropic career of economic and prestige interests along with became an adjunct to the business career of moral considerations. He convincingly raises the upwardly mobile corporation executive? Lansing a few notches, praising his pragma­ tic recommendations and showing his influ­ ROY LUBOVE ence on policy, at least before Versailles. University of Pittsburgh Even when critical of personalities. Smith is fair and charitable; one might single out the care taken to present Bryan's side of the debate over the Lusitania notes and his decision to leave the State Department. The Great Departure: The United States and World War I, 1914-1920. By DANIEL M. In justifying the theme of his book em­ SMITH. (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New bodied in the title, The Great Departure, Smith York, 1965. Pp. xiii, 221. Maps, bibliogra­ quotes Vann Woodward's felicitous phrase phy, index. $4.95 cloth; $1.95 paper.) that World War I marked the passing of Amer­ ica's "Age of Free Security." One might con­ American Diplomacy during the Second tend that the title claims too much in view of World War, 1941-1945. By GADDIS SMITH. the tentative and temporary American com­ (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1965. mitment to a major role in the international Pp. ix, 194. Maps, bibliography, index. $4.95 politics of Europe and peripheral areas. The cloth; $1.95 paper.) title and theme might serve even better for the second volume under review. Two members of the rising generation of Gaddis Smith of Yale admirably accom­ American diplomatic historians have contri­ plishes two feats. He develops a sound narra­ buted to the series designed by editor Robert tive, deftly summarizing present scholarship A. Divine "to examine in detail eight critical about American diplomacy during the Second

90 BOOK REVIEWS

World War. He goes as far as one might ex­ a starting point when they embark on studies pect in a brief book toward surmounting the in depth. They will find useful introductions pitfalls awaiting writers of recent history— to the literature in the "Suggestions for Addi­ the recency itself, complexity, and voluminous tional Reading." but spotty sources. He, too, necessarily tra­ verses some familiar terrain while surveying JOHN A. DENOVO the diplomacy of coalition warfare. There are University of Wisconsin chapters or sections on the diplomacy of coun­ terattack, the wartime conferences, the debates over the future of Germany and Poland, and the relationship of the atomic bomb and Rus­ The War of 1812. By HARRY L. COLES. (Uni­ sian participation to the defeat of Japan. versity of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1965. Pp. Especially commendable is the analysis of ix, 298. Illustrations, bibliography, maps, in­ American contacts with peripheral areas such dex. $5.95.) as the Middle East and India, about to enter the mainstream of American foreign policy. He discusses these regions and China in the Professor Harry L. Coles, in his The War of framework of American faith in the ideal of 1812, has presented a competent, balanced, anti-imperialism. and concise account of the second war between the United States and its mother country. Al­ The author's second and most striking ac­ though he apparently limited his research to complishment results from his decision to be published works, Mr. Coles has made skillful bold instead of bland in assessing leaders and use of these sources in providing this descrip­ events. His severe treatment of Roosevelt and tive narrative of the war period. More than Hull follows logically from his built-in as­ that, the author has included well-reasoned sumptions—"permanent solutions to interna­ analyses and, in the case of the causation dis­ tional problems ... do not exist"; "the pre­ pute, an eleven-page interpretative historio- servation of peace and national security is graphical essay. onerous, never-ending, and expensive;" "copy­ As Walter Millis has written, the War of book maxims about the freedom of all peo­ 1812 from the American standpoint was ples from imperialism . . . provided no guid­ "much less than a glorious business." Divided ance." Roosevelt's illusions were part of an and unprepared, the United States declared unwarranted optimism and failure to adjust war and then suffered a series of humiliating soon enough to new realities. He clung too defeats on the Canadian frontier. Inept Amer­ long to the opinion that China could become ican generals earned a place in history by their one of the Four Policemen, that he could modi­ extraordinary bungling, and some of the fy Soviet national and ideological objectives, political leaders seemed to be in competition and that de Gaulle would lead France to fas­ with the soldiers for odious reputations. The cism. These flaws were inherent both in the smoke from the burning government buildings President's personality and in the national in Washington was a fitting monument to such outlook that viewed extirpation of the Axis men. as the end rather than as a means. In the Atlantic a young but experienced There is much wisdom in Smith's forthright American Navy relieved the atmosphere of strictures, but his judgments will probably disaster with a few heartening victories; yet be considerably modified when we are as far the British Navy was too powerful to lose con­ from World War II as Daniel Smith is from trol of the sea. Nevertheless, on inland waters World War 1. The author himself finally tem­ —Lake Erie and Lake Champlain—the Ameri­ pers his indictment by asking who would have can sailors won victories and control as they performed differently or better in the con­ redeemed the earlier defeats of their Army text of the times. He wisely concedes the diffi­ comrades. culties of top-policy makers in acquiring accu­ While the Canadian border was the domi­ rate information and in transcending old as­ nant theater, Andrew Jackson carried on a sumptions while working within an overloaded rather interesting and successful war in the administrative machinery and coping with South. In the course of their arduous cam­ sheer fatigue induced by ceaseless pressures. paigning Jackson and his motley army elimi­ These two compact volumes deserve a wide nated the Creek Indians in Alabama, harassed audience. Teachers of undergraduates will do the Spanish in Florida, and finally, at New well to consider them for their assigned read­ Orleans, won a spectacular victory over Bri­ ings, and graduate students can use them as tish regulars.

91" WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

This is no "drum and trumpet" recounting curately be labeled conservative or liberal. of the events. Professor Coles has described Politicians were throughgoing opportunists the battles and assessed the leaders, but he also who supported democratic reforms only when has recognized and analyzed the importance they stood to benefit by them. Both parties' of the communication and administrative dif­ leadership contained about one-quarter old ficulties as well as the relevant economic and Federalists and three-quarters old Jefferso- political factors. nians. It was a period when local and state Any student of the War of 1812 must deal issues claimed more attention than national with the issue of the value of the militia. Al­ ones, when intrastate sectionalism often played though Mr. Coles does comment at length on an important role in politics, and when the this subject, he should have consulted the writ­ political game occupied much of the public's ings of John McAuley Palmer and Walter Mil­ attention. Andrew Jackson had nothing to do lis' Arms and Men to obtain a better under­ with the achievement of political democracy in standing of the militia question. Yet there New York, because that came about before his still remains a gap. Since there is no thorough rise to power. And finally, Kass suggests, what study of American military policy in the went on in other states resembled more or less period between the American Revolution and closely the New York experience. the War of 1812 Coles, as well as other his­ Kass, then, joins Lee Benson in attacking torians of the latter war, have had to write Dixon Ryan Fox's Decline of Aristocracy in around this gap. New York (1919), a Turnerian and Beardian With this book. Professor Coles has made analysis of New York politics that pitted Clin- a solid contribution to the Chicago History of tonian conservatives against Van Buren liber­ American Civilization series. als in a struggle for democratic reform. Un­ fortunately Kass joins both Benson and Fox EDWARD M. COFFMAN in ignoring the narrative responsibilities of a University of Wisconsin historian, and Kass has sinned here much more grievously than either of the other two. Indeed, Kass' book is a chopped-up series of generalizations with examples drawn from his­ Politics in New York State, 1800-1830. By tory, probably 90 per cent of which come ALVIN KASS. (Syracuse University Press, from the 1820-1830 decade. The result is— Syracuse, 1965. Pp. xii, 221. Notes, biblio­ for so brief a work—an amazingly repetitious graphy, index. $4.95.) statement and restatement of a rather simple thesis, too much of which is drawn from or based upon familiar secondary sources. In this brief book Alvin Kass has attempted much: a description of New York's political Kass makes a strong case to support his system from 1800 to 1830, including the struc­ thesis that democratic innovations came about ture of party machinery and the relation­ because opportunistic politicians in both par­ ships between local, state, and national poli­ ties, "without any permanent or recognizably tics; an analysis of the ways in which parties consistent commitments, pushed certain demo­ affected and were affected by ideology, poli­ cratic causes that they felt would promote their tical democracy, economic issues, and life in ambitions." Other aspects of his thesis, how­ the community; and a comparison of his find­ ever, are less convincingly handled. In view ings with other state studies. of his own explanation of how reform oc­ Kass believes the major theme of New York curred, for example, it is difficult to see how politics in this period to be the "democratiza­ he can state that democratization of the state tion of the state's governmental institutions." government was indisputably the major theme He argues that the period witnessed the tri­ in New York politics at this time. Was it a umph of "a virtually complete equal-rights major theme because of constant public pres­ democracy," brought about by "politicians of sure for reform? If so, Kass never points it different parties at different times," not by "a out. Furthermore, Kass never defines what consistently democratic group" fighting suc­ he believes constitutes "a virtually complete cessfully against "an equally consistent con­ equal-rights democracy." Apparently he servative group." Kass describes these parties thinks it came with the abolition of the Coun­ as well-drilled machines devoted to electioneer­ cils of Revision and Appointment, the achieve­ ing for candidates rather than organizations ment of universal white manhood suffrage, contending for political, economic, or ideolo­ and the elimination of the caucus in favor of gical principles. Neither party could ac­ the nominating convention. But does this add

92 BOOK REVIEWS up to a virtually complete equal-rights demo­ ous sectors of the economy had already mani­ cracy? Certainly the point is debatable. Kass fested themselves during the decade before never comes to grips with the problem. the war and were little affected by the strug­ The weakness of major aspects of his thesis gle. Moreover, almost without exception the and the total absence of any narrative, the commentators on the six papers presented dependence on secondary works, and the un­ agreed with the conclusions of the speaker. explained emphasis on the 1820's seriously While the informal discussion which followed weaken the small contribution this work makes each paper illustrated some disagreement, it to our understanding of the early nineteenth came mostly over quantitive not institutional century. changes in industrial growth. As Cochran pointed out during the con­ ALAN W. BROWNSWORD ference, his evidence consisted mostly of California State College—Long Beach quantitive datum which "indicates recession in general, recession in rates of advance, dur­ ing the decade of the sixties"; and since the sponsors of the conference deliberately de- Economic Change in the Civil War Era: Pro­ emphasized quantitive aspects of economic ceedings of a Conference on American Eco­ change, the papers fail to prove or disprove nomic Institutional Change, 1850—1873, and Cochran's hypothesis. The reader who expects the Impact of the Civil War, held March 12 - a definitive answer to the question of the im­ 14, 1964. Edited by DAVID T. GILCHRIST and pact of the Civil War on industrial growth will W. DAVID LEWIS. (Eleutherian Mills-Hagley be disappointed, but he will be richly re­ Foundation, Greenville, Delaware, 1965. Pp. warded by the excellence of the articles de­ ix, 180. $2.00 cloth; $1.25 paper.) picting some major areas of secular growth and change in the American economy during Did the Civil War promote industrial the period under consideration. growth in the United States? Indeed, did the Post-conference editing of the papers and war have any really significant impact on of the formal comments, which undoubtedly American economic development? With the adds to their readability, often leaves the un­ notable exception of Robert P. Sharkey's es­ edited authors' rebuttals meaningless and the say on commercial banking, the participants diiscussio " n •innocuous . in the Eleutherian Mills-Hagley Foundation Conference, examining Thomas Cochran's JAMES D. NORRIS hypothesis that rather than stimulating eco­ University of nomic growth the Civil War may have retard­ ed industrialization, all tended to negate the impact of the war on institutional changes in the American economy. George Rogers Tay­ lor's opening address on the national economy Oswald Garrison Villard: Pacifist At War. during the period under discussion set the By MICHAEL WRESZIN. (Indiana University pattern for the conference. Pointing to wider Press, Bloomington, 1965. Pp. v, 333. Notes, markets provided by population increases, bibliography, index. $6.95.) transportation improvements, and rising urban centers as the continuing key to economic "Ideas cannot be fought with bayonets." growth, Taylor minimized the significance Oswald Garrison Villard made this remark of the Civil War. about the Paris Peace Conference, but it sum­ Subsequent papers by Harry H. Pierce, marized his vehement opposition to force as "Foreign Investments in American Enter­ a means of resolving ideological differences. prise"; Morton Rothstein, "The International In Oswald Garrison Villard: Pacifist At War, Market for Agricultural Commodities, 1850- Professor Michael Wreszin, who teaches his­ 1873"; Louis Hartz, "Government-Business tory at Queens College, examines the lengthy Relations"; A. Hunter Dupree, "Science and career of an unusual liberal who vigorously Technology"; and Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., opposed American involvement in both world "The Organization of Manufacturing and wars. Villard, Wreszin declares, "always Transportation," substantially agreed that the warned that war and liberalism were totally war produced few, if any, institutional changes incompatible; and war was to be the nemesis in the American economy. Except for banking, of both his pacifism and his brand of liberal­ the Ions-range institutional trends in the vari­ ism."

93 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965

The son of railroad financier Henry Villard Committee. And as in 1917, fellow liberals and William Lloyd Garrison's daughter, Vil­ joined in the denunciation, Harold Ickes lard rejected an academic career, joined the labeling him one of Hitler's most faithful elder Villard's New York Post, and supported henchmen. Stung by these remarks, Villard a number of liberal causes, including tariff almost completely lost his cherished faith in reform and the National Association for the the possibility of rational discussion. Advancement of Colored People. His support While Professor Wreszin has written a suc­ for reform developed from a belief that when cinct biography, he has sacrificed analysis for the teachings of Jesus conflicted with those of narrative. Villard's career raises several un­ the state, the good man supported the Lord. answered questions. What made him eschew a In 1918, Villard became editor of The program of systematic reform for the role of Nation, a prominent liberal journal. Hostile critic? What was his own image of the critic? to the Kaiser, he opposed American involve­ His autobiography supplies one clue to the ment in the war on the grounds that it would problem of role theory. The editor, he wrote, destroy liberal reform. Events proved him participates in "the joy of intense intellectual right. Postmaster Burleson, acting with Wil­ absorption in stimulating and exciting tasks son's consent, systematically attacked dissen­ which put [him] behind the scenes of poli­ ters by denying mailing privileges to The tics and in touch with the men who work the Nation even though the journal was often one governmental machinery." Discussing the of the President's most vocal supporters. Vil­ politician versus the critic, Wreszin weakly lard's position drew the fire of liberals, in­ concludes: "Both kinds of man play a vital cluding Walter Lippmann, and of many con­ role in the working process of democratic so­ servatives, who socially and intellectually ciety." Living through an era in which many ostracized the editor. American intellectuals surrendered their in­ Villard's fortunes improved briefly during tegrity during wartime, Villard was not as ir­ the 1920's, when many felt that America relevant as his biographer suggests. should have kept out of the war. But in the next decade the rise of Fascism again made him a polemical figure. Loathing anti-Semi­ RICHARD W. RESH tism, he nonetheless joined the America First University of Wisconsin

BOOK REVIEWS:

Barney and Burke, The Valley of the God-Almighty Kass, Politics in New York State, 1800-1830, review­ Joneses: Reminiscences of Frank Lloyd Wright's ed by Alan W. Brownsword 92 Sister, Maginel Wright Barney, reviewed by Victor P. Hass 83 Labaree, The Boston Tea Party, reviewed by Richard A. Erney 85 Coles, The War of 1812, reviewed by Edward M. Coffman 91 Lasch, The New Radicalism in America, 1889-1963: Cutlip, Fund Raising in the United States: Its The Intellectual as a Social Type, reviewed by Role in America's Philanthropy, reviewed by Roy James Gilbert 83 Lubove 89 Nichols, General Henry Atkinson: A Western Mili­ Gilchrist and Lewis (eds.), Economic Change in the tary Career, reviewed by Francis Paul Prucha .. 82 Civil War Era: Proceedings of a Conference on Smith, The Great Departure: The United States and American Economic Institutional Change, 1850- World War I, 1914-1920, reviewed by John A. 1873, and the Impact of the Civil War, reviewed DeNovo 90 by James D. Norris 93 Smith, American Diplomacy during the Second World Horsman, Matthew Elliott, British Indian Agent, re­ War, 1941-1945, reviewed by John A. DeNovo .. 90 viewed by Roger L. Nichols 83 Hosmer, Presence of the Past, reviewed by Richard Wreszin, Oswald Garrison Villard: Pacifist at War, W. E. Perrin 87 reviewed by Richard W. Resh 93

94 ACCESSIONS

ACCESSIONS

Services for microfilming and photostating all but certain restricted items in its manu­ script collections are provided by the Society. For details write Dr. Josephine L. Harper, Manuscripts Librarian.

Manuscripts

Mass Communications. It was from a Chi­ cago law partnership with Adlai E. Stevenson that President John F. Kennedy selected New­ ton N. Minow to become chairman of the Federal Communications Commission in 1961. Mr. Minow had long been interested in broad­ casting, particularly in educational TV. His firm was counsel to the Midwest Council for Society's Iconographic Collection Airborne Television, and he was legal advisor Presidential news secretary James Hagerty (left) to Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc., a and Newton N. Minow. pioneer in new techniques in visual education. His interest in broadcasting had been height­ suggestions for improvement in broadcasting, ened by his participation in Stevenson's 1952 especially TV. In the papers it is possible to and 1956 presidential campaigns, and in the follow the development of a Minow speech 1960 campaign when he was secretary of the through various drafts and revisions, includ­ National Business and Professional Men and ing appraisals from his staff. In addition to Women for Kennedy-Johnson. the fifty-nine file boxes of manuscripts (part­ During his chairmanship of the FCC Minow ly restricted), Minow also presented twenty- succeeded in focusing public attention on the five reels of tape recordings. significance of television in its influence on Other papers recently cataloged in the field both children and adults, and thus emphasized of mass communications are: "A Critical the great responsibility facing the industry. Analysis of the Formation and Development His views were well expressed in his speech of the Office of Assistant Secretary of De­ of May 9, 1961, before the National Associa­ fense (Public Affairs) within the U.S. De­ tion of Broadcasters, when he referred to partment of Defense," a thesis by William G. television as a "vast wasteland." As chair­ McNamara, The American University. 1963, man of the FCC he was also concerned with presented by Mr. McNamara, Washington, the development of a commercially feasible D. C.; "The American College Public Rela­ communications system through space satel­ tions Association: A Study of its Develop­ lites. ment during the Period 1915 to 1950," a thesis Although the inclusive dates for this col­ by M. Charles Seller, Pennsylvania State Uni­ lection are 1954 to 1965, these are essentially versity 1963, presented by Mr. Seller, Fasten, Mr. Minow's papers during the period when Pa.; "The Development of Public Relations he was chairman of the FCC, 1961-1963. as an Organized Activity in a Protestant De­ Prior to March, 1961, there are isolated items nomination," a thesis by Howard B. Weeks, and many congratulatory letters on his ap­ The American University, 1963, presented by pointment; and following his resignation in Mr. Weeks, Loma Linda, Calif.; and additions May, 1963, to become vice-president of En­ to the papers of Marquis Childs, Edward P. cyclopedia Britannica, Inc., most of the ma­ Morgan, and Arthur Page. terial deals with preparation of his book. Equal Time. Theater Papers. Papers, 1945-1956, of Alvin The papers contain correspondence with Boretz, consisting of scripts written for radio numerous persons in the field of mass com­ and television shows, including documentaries, munications and government and many let­ series, and quiz games, with occasional re­ ters from the public criticising or making vision notes and research materials, presented

95 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1965 by Mr. Boretz, Woodmore, N.Y.; blueprints sin Volunteers, consisting chiefly of diaries, for the stage sets for the play Green Pastures, 1862-1864 and 1875-1896, certificates, clip­ designed in 1950 and 1951 by Robert Edmund pings and copies of speeches, and notes on Jones, presented by Mason Arvold, New York, descendants of James Rollins and Joseph N.Y.; papers, 1938-1964, of Howard Koch, Henry Sweet, presented by the estate of Lucy author of radio scripts, plays, and screenplays, E. Rollins, Portland Ore.; and additions to including records of the 1938 Mercury Theater the papers of Henry Esch and John J. Esch. broadcast "War of the Worlds," screenplays, and material concerning the "Hollywood Ten" Civil War Papers. Letters, 1861-1862, 1864, and blacklisting, presented by Mr. Koch, from Wilson S. Covill and his brother, Andrew Woodstock, N.Y.; papers, 1928-1962, of J. (J. 1862), sergeants in Co. I, 14th Regi­ Richard Myers, producer, including corres­ ment Wisconsin volunteers, describing army pondence, legal papers, and other materials life in St. Louis, Tennessee, and northern Mis­ relating to twenty-eight plays, ledgers, scrap- sissippi, and battles north of Atlanta, lent for books, and photographs, and correspondence copying by Mrs. Lawrence Wight, Crystal, and office records concerning the Cape Cod Mich.; diary, 1864-1865, of Cpl. Levi H. Playhouse, 1928-1959, presented by Mr. Nickel, Co. I, 17th Regiment Wisconsin Volun­ Myers, New York, N.Y.; papers, 1936-1964, teers, describing army life and maneuvers in of Alan Schneider, writer and director, in­ Alabama and Georgia, including skirmishes cluding correspondence, production notes, near Atlanta, his march to Beaufort, S. C, and scripts, clippings, and material relating to his his trip to New York on a hospital ship, lent work during World War II as well as to his for copying by Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd H. Nickel, careers at the University of Wisconsin, Cor­ Hortonville; and a letter, January 20, 1862, nell University, and The Catholic University, written by Cpl. Benjamin P. Ordway, Co. D., presented by Mr. Schneider, Hastings-on- 7th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, from Hudson, N.Y.; papers, 1922-1964, of the Camp Arlington, presented by Mrs. M. G. Wisconsin Players, drama group of the Uni­ Shurtleff, Albuquerque, New Mexico. versity of Wisconsin, including correspond­ ence, 1959-1962, playbills and production photographs for most of the organization's Genealogy. "Ancestral line of the Poorman productions, posters, drawings, and budget and Carter families beginning with Daniel records for 1957-1962, presented by the Wis­ Poorman of revolutionary times down to the consin Players, Madison; and additions to present," compiled by Grace J. Carter, pre­ the papers of Jean and Walter Kerr. sented by Myra Poorman, Richland Center; family tree and lineage chart for Spencer Dexter Gushing, the Hatter family tree begin­ Wisconsin Papers. Papers, 1722-1938, of ning with Leonard Hatter, and the Wilhelm Morris E. Fuller, Madison businessman, in­ family tree beginning with Carl Friedrich Wil­ cluding correspondence of members of the helm, presented by Mrs. Robert J. Gushing, Fuller, Haskell, and Hobbins families, genea­ Sauk City; genealogical information concern­ logical data relating to the Fuller family, and ing the family of Lewis (Ludwig) Prillwitz, Williams family wills, 1722-1789, presented who immigrated from Germany and settled by Mrs. Dean Frasche, Greenwich, Conn.; in Milwaukee in 1885, contained in a letter, papers, 1894, 1919, 1932-1960, of Nat Green, October 26, 1961, from Mrs. E. W. Freda, Los an editor for The Billboard, including three Angeles, Calif.; and Bible records concerning letters, 1932-1935, from W. H. (Bill) Rice, the births, marriages, and deaths of the de­ and one letter. May 14, [1934], from Sophie scendants of Chauncey L. Williams, source Tucker, source unknown; papers, 1834-1880, unknown. of Josiah A. Noonan, Wisconsin editor and political boss, including correspondence with Miscellaneous Papers. Autobiography of H. many politicians and business men of the A. Anderson, father-in-law of Herman Ekern, period, presented by Mr. and Mrs. Hobart a Norwegian immigrant in 1867 who taught Olson, Milwaukee; papers of Agnes A. school and practiced law in Trempealeau O'Brien, Menomonie, U. S. Army nurse in County, lent for copying by Mrs. George World War II, including personal data, certi­ Fisher, Prior Lake, Minn.; autobiography of ficates, and brief diary of assignments, 1943- W. D. Barnard giving a history of forestry 1946, presented by Gertrude M. O'Brien, Mad­ and conservation in Wisconsin as related to ison; papers, 1822, 1862-1901, of Capt. Na­ Barnard's own work as a forester, presented thaniel Rollins, Co. H., 2nd Regiment Wiscon­ by Mr. Barnard, St. Croix Falls; papers, 1951

96 ACCESSIONS

-1953, 1964, of /. L. Bernheim, once assistant An Organic Act for Conservation in Wiscon­ to the chairman of the U. S. Wage Stabihza- sin," probably by Leopold, presented by Wal­ tion Board at Chicago, including letters, mem­ ter E. Scott, Madison; copies of news clip­ oranda, notebooks concerning wage regula­ pings concerning Major General Robert B. tions and WSB resolutions, and a speech by McCoy, origin of the patronymic and descend­ Nathan P. Feinsinger, July 18, 1952, on the ants of John McCoy, notes on the Riege fam­ steel strike and wage stabilization; letters, ily, and a memorandum to the Interstate Com­ 1862-1864, of Carlos M. Brainerd, Co. A, merce Commission prepared in 1925 by Bal- 118th Regiment New York Volunteers, describ­ thasar Meyer, presented by Harold D. McCoy, ing the soldier's life in Maryland and Virginia Arlington, Va.; correspondence of /. G. Davis and prison in North Carolina, and scrapbook Mack relating to his appointment as a pro­ and reminiscences concerning the Civil War fessor of engineering at the University of and his life in Appleton, presented by Louis Wisconsin, and including various certificates, Sasman, Madison; papers, 1962-1964, of commissions, and memorials, presented by Curtis B. Cherry when he was a member of David J. Mack, Madison; three family letters the Peace Corps in Mollendo, Peru, helping from Norway written to Halvor Pederson with the national school feeding program, in­ Naessund, 1845-1856, who had immigrated cluding chiefly letters and reports to other to the Muskego settlement in Wisconsin Ter­ workers and to his central office, presented ritory, including translations by Professor by Mr. Cherry, Whitewater; manuscript by Einar Haugen, presented by Miss Bernice George Carter Dale recounting his experience Peterson, Stoughton; correspondence, clip­ as a prisoner in the War of 1812 and his life pings, and ephemera, 1947-1955, relating to and observations to about 1837, including the experience of F. A. Potts, Waupaca, as a letters and notes concerning the manuscript, civil engineer during construction of the Pan­ presented by Mrs. A. R. Shirley, Wauwatosa; ama Canal, including letters concerning use "Profile of the Negro Student — University of the canal and Potts' opinion of a possible of Wisconsin, 1964-65," by Ruth B. Doyle, seadevel project, presented by Mrs. F. A. an analysis of the American Negro at the Potts, Waupaca; mounted clippings with oc­ University of Wisconsin based on information casional correspondence and interoffice mem­ gathered by John McGrath and a committee oranda, 1924-1948, relating to a long-range of Negro students, presented by Mrs. Doyle, study of industrial relations and living stand­ Madison; transcription of journals, November ards conducted by the Russell Sage Founda­ 24, 1962, to June 26, 1964, kept by Donna tion, New York City, presented by L. R. Lin- Drewiski while she was with the Peace Corps senmayer, Washington, D. C; scrapbook of in Panama working on public health and sani­ clippings on "The Old Lead Trail," a series tation, presented by Miss Drewiski, Milwau­ of articles by Dr. John A. Schindler which kee; scrapbook, 1923-1933, relating to the appeared in the Monroe Times describing career of John W. Eber, La Follette Progres­ mining in southern Wisconsin and the lead sive, while a member and speaker of the Wis­ route near New Glarus, presented by Mrs. Ella consin state assembly, presented by Mr. Eber, Stucki, Neillsville; transcribed copy of a tape- Milwaukee; letter to the Society, August 23, recorded interview, September 30, 1963, with 1960, from John Froneh, Antigo, setting forth Layton Shepard of Oshkosh, son of Gene his recollections of early problems and legis­ Shepard, creator of the "Hodag," presented lation relating to conservation during his term by L. G. Sorden, Madison; letters, December, in the Wisconsin state assembly from 1927 1962, to October, 1963, from Patricia Silke to 1931; manuscript, December 28, 1954, dis­ while she was with the Peace Corps as a nur­ cussing union contracts and agreements, and sery-school and medical assistant in Peru, pre­ a letter. May 16, 1955, from E. H. Kohlhagen, sented by Miss Silke, Milwaukee; letters, June Sheboygan Falls, urging boycott of products 13 to October 30, 1881, from Mary Swain, from the Kohler Company during the strike Sun Prairie, chiefly to her husband who was of that period, transferred from the Society mining in the West, depicting the trials of her Library; "Sauk County Farming in the farm life, presented by David L. Jerrett, New 1880's," by Fred O. Leiser, a description of York, N.Y.; dictated and edited manuscript farm and rural school life near the foot of for printed booklet of reminiscences by A. the Baraboo Range in Sauk County, present­ P. Warner, Beloit inventor and industrialist, ed by Mr. Leiser, Madison; "Organizing Con­ called Making Things, and copy of a letter servation in Wisconsin," by Aldo Leopold, to Richard M. Nixon (1952) presented by October 18, 1926, and a "Rough Oudine of Mrs. Susan Welty, Beloit.

97 Contributors

EDWARD H. BEARDSLEY, a na­ Senate, 1913-1917," a study of progressive tive of Jacksonville, Florida, Republicanism during the first administration earned his undergraduate de­ of Woodrow Wilson. At present Mr. Griffith gree from the University of is engaged in research on the career of the Florida where he studied late Senator Joseph R. McCarthy under the chemical engineering. During supervision of Professor E. David Cronon. the three years following grad­ uation he worked in Texas as a technical salesman for the Rohm and Haas Company, manufacturers of chemicals and plastics. In 1961, a desire to follow a teach­ JAMES R. HAWKES was born ing career brought him to the University of in Chicago on October 5, 1933, Wisconsin where he is currently a graduate ^•S^ and both his primary and sec- student in American history. Interested pri­ » « 1 ondary education was re­ marily in the history of American science, Mr. ceived in the city's public Beardsley wrote his Master's thesis on "The schools. Following two years Rise of the American Chemistry Profession, .0*1 Iji^i** of service with the U.S._ Army, 1850-1900," and in 1964 it was published by he enrolled at the University the University of Florida Press as one of its of Illinois where he received his A.B. in 1959 social science monographs. His doctoral dis­ and his M.A. in 1960. For three years his sertation will be a biography of H. L. Russell, graduate work in history was interrupted from 1903 until his retirement in 1931 the while he taught World History in high school. dean of the College of Agriculture of the Uni­ At present Mr. Hawkes is an advanced grad­ versity of Wisconsin and director of the Agri­ uate student at the University of Illinois where cultural Experiment Station. The present he has held teaching assistantships and Uni­ article on Russell's formative years in Europe versity fellowships for the last three years. and another article which will appear in a Majoring in Russian history, with a minor in subsequent issue are drawn from the biogra­ American intellectual history, he expects to phy in progress. Mr. Beardsley is married and receive his Ph.D. in the coming August. His has one child. article in this issue is the outgrowth of a 1965 seminar paper, done for Professor Winton U. Solberg. Mr. Hawkes is married and the father of two children.

ROBERT W. GRIFFITH was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and For biographical information concerning was reared in southern In­ PAUL H. HASS see the Winter, 1964-1965, is- diana. He received a B.A. degree from DePauw Univer­ sity in 1962, and in 1964 was awarded the M.A. by the Uni­ versity of Wisconsin. His Master's thesis, from which his article in this An announcement of interest to historians issue was adapted, was entitled, "Willful Men: appears on page xxii, following the an­ Republican Insurgency in the United States nual donors' list.

98 LIST OF DONORS TO THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN 1964-1965

Supplement to The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 49, No. 1, Autumn, 1965 In Appreciation

\ NNUALLY it is my pleasure and privilege guardian and interpreter of the records and -^*- to render public thanks to the many or­ artifacts of our state and national inheritance. ganizations and individuals who, in the year To attempt to evaluate these gifts in mone­ just past, have so generously aided the Society tary terms would be as pointless as it would in its several programs and have contributed be impossible. Their value falls within that to its strength both as a research institution intangible realm of intellectual and historic and as an agency for popular education. wealth by which, alone, a state or nation's In the listing which follows it is readily ap­ real worth can be measured. parent that the Society's friends and benefact­ ors are not confined solely to Wisconsin or Much of the Society's strength and effective­ the Middle West, but are nationwide and even ness depends upon bequests, and I am grati­ international. This year's donors numbered fied that the Society continues to be remem­ more than 1,100 groups or persons represent­ bered in this fashion. I would welcome in­ ing forty states, as well as Canada, Greece, and quiries concerning the details of preparing the Netherlands. Some contributed funds to such bequests. sustain special projects for which no state On behalf of the Board of Curators and money was available; some gave books, maps, the staff of the State Historical Society of or manuscripts to enlarge the usefulness of Wisconsin, I express our profound grateful­ our libraries; some donated artifacts for the ness and our debt to all whose names appear enrichment of our historic sites and museums. on this year's donors' list. Each gift, no matter how large or how small, represents a personal concern for our heritage LESLIE H. FISHEL, JR. and reflects a confidence in the Society as a Director

Justin M. Sclimiedei^e (Left) Stonemasons completing work on decorative details of the Society's new building, 1899. (Right) A modern-day workman carefully removes a flexible latex cast of a window decoration from which portions of the building addition will be duplicated. Donors, 1964—1965

Alabama Mountain View Marshall B. Hanks Birmingham OUen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. Oakland Mrs. John R. Barton Theodore Mrs. J. L. Stallworth Redlands Marc Jack Smith

Arizona St. Helena Mr. and Mrs. Horatio B. Hawkins Phoenix Joint Council of Teamsters No. 71 San Diego Ray Lawton William Pitt Fessenden

Tucson San Francisco Donald Farris Don Francis Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Green Fred Gustorff Dr. Grace Zorbaugh San Francisco Labor Council William E. Westbrooke

California San Gabriel Mrs. Edwinna Dodson Bierman Berkeley Mrs. Louis J. Kramer, Sr. Colonel James B. Haley John D. Hicks* San Marino Mrs. Bernice Lee Krippene Ray A. Billington* Robert Pickus Santa Ann Carmel Edwin Tomlinson Jesse Calvin Cross Santa Barbara Coronado Owen R. Aylesworth Mrs. Litta B. Bascom*

La Jolla Seal Beach Mrs. H. L. Nunn Mrs. John J. Brassil Mrs. AnnaBelle S. Rogers Long Beach Carl C. Burdick, Sr. Stockton Mrs. Virginia P. Macpherson Los Angeles Sherman L. Kearl Theodore Saloutos Sunland United Auto Workers Local 887 0. L. Hydle William E. Zeuch Turlock Los Gatos John C. Elstad Jackson Turner Main Van Nuys * Indicates member. Walter Kaufman

111 Whittier Wayne C. Grover Potter B. Brayton Stanley K. Hornbeck George H. Cooke Frank W. Kuehl* Mrs. Inez C. Sowndes Congressman Melvin Laird Mrs. William Morris Leiserson* David C. Mearns Colorado National Postal Union Henry C. Schadeberg Boulder Bert Sheldon Carl William Ubbelohde United Association of Journeymen and Ap­ prentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fit­ Colorado Springs ting Industry of the United States and International Typographical Union Canada William Archie Wheeler Greeley Congressman Clement J. Zablocki Ora B. Peake Florida Limon Mrs. Mary Iven Clearwater George F. Cable Connecticut Jacksonville Jacksonville Free Public Library, Southside Greenwich Branch Library Mrs. H. Bartow Farr Mrs. Dean Frasche Naples Henry C. Taylor Hartford Mrs. Charles C. Crankshaw Tallahassee Maurice M. Vance New Haven Forest History Society, Inc. West Palm Beach Lewis Historical Publishing Company Storrs William Stallman Georgia

West Hartford Athens Chester McArthur Destler William M. Carhon Atlanta District of Columbia John Bowen Miss Carroll Hart Arthur J. Altmeyer Miss Beatrice F. Lang Americans for Constitutional Action Americans for Democratic Action Hawaii American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organization Mrs. Burnett Anderson Honolulu Mrs. L. A. Block David J. Saposs Honorable Lukas F. Burckhardt Kaneohe Mrs. Elizabeth H. Buck Mrs. Helen R. Kluegel Wilbur J. Cohen District of Columbia Civil War Centennial Commission Illinois Friends Committee on National Legislation Herman R. Friis Arlington Heights Victor Gondos. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. R. Vattenjhoff Bradley Rock Island Reverend Mark R. Moore Roy L. Martin"-'

Cambridge Rockford Robert L. Parkinson Mrs. R. Haen

Chicago Springfield Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Miss Margaret C. Norton Workmen of North America Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific XJrbana Railway Company Maynard J. Brichford* William 6. Derby Mrs. John Downes Watseka Hilton E. Hanna Austin Mosher Clarence A. Hollister John Howard Association Tom R. and Maud King West Chicago Mrs. E. W. Kirchner Mrs. Nat Green Mrs. William Bross Lloyd Fowler McCormick* Western Springs National Historical Fire Foundation Frederick Huebner David Bell Peck Laurence P. Warner Howard I. Potter"' Thomas Porett Wilmette Clement M. Silvestro'"' Arthur Dewey Chilgren* Turn Toward Peace United Packinghouse, Food and Allied Zion Workers, AFL-CIO Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Steinbach

Decatur Indiana Reverend and Mrs. William Lampe Fort Wayne Freeport Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Society Mr. and Mrs. Philip L. Keister* Franklin Glencoe Mrs. H. C. Hougham Donald S. Bradford William J. Hagenah* Indianapolis Mrs. Warren R. Gregory Hubert Hawkins Hinsdale Mrs. Ralph S. Pierce Rochester The Rochester Sentinel Lake Bluff R. W. Hantke South Bend Manion Forum Macomb Mrs. A. G. Zimmerman Vincennes Mrs. Harry T. Watts, Sr. Maywood Mrs. G. H. Patterson Whiting Independent Oil Workers Union Normal Allan C. Helgeson Roland A. White Iowa

Park Ridge Centerville Dr. H. H. Conley Lloyd E. Large Lamoni Frederick Robert B. Flanders Henry Berger

Iowa City Silver Spring State Historical Society of Iowa* Horace S. Merrill

Washington Takoma Park Lawrence E. Zuehlke Howard M. Johnson C. E. Rightor Kansas Massachusetts Ashland The Freedom Academy Boston Lyman H. Butterfield Dodge City Miss Lola A. Harper Cambridge Frank Freidel Topeka Mrs. Michael W. McGill Mrs. Horace S. Moses Frederick Merk John H. Van Vleck Kentucky Cotuit Harlan Calvin D. Crawford James S. Greene, III Edgartown Louisiana Mrs. Daniel P. Gaines

Baton Rouge Norwood T. Harry Williams* Action for Interracial Understandina

New Orleans Michigan Miss Susan B. Keane Ann Arbor Maryland Howard H. Peckham

Baltimore Birmingham Stephen E. Ambrose Frazer F. Hilder Mrs. J. Nolan Callahan H. Findlay French Crystal Mrs. Lawrence Wight Bethesda Miss Eunice L. Hoffman Detroit Temple W. Vaught Henry D. Brown Norman Wengert Bowie George Ely Russell Flint Eldon P. Gundry Chevy Chase Miss Mary R. Dearing Kalamazoo Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Holland John E. Fetzer

Edgewater Mason Merrill G. Murray William K. Alderfer* Orchard Lake South St, Paul Mr. and Mrs. Jack Warfield Mrs. William Julson

Vassar Wayzata Miss Lois M. Craig Mrs. Harry A. Bullis

Mississippi Minnesota Greenville Albert Lea Judge Zelma W. Price Frank E. Flatt Hattiesburg Duluth W. S. B. Jones R. J. Edwards* Vicksburg Faribault Vicksburg & Warren County Historical So­ Reverend John H. MacNaughton ciety

Glenwood Mrs. J. A. Leedahl Missouri

Lake City Kansas City Fred Goldsmith J. W. Beggs

Minneapolis St, Joseph Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Hammond St. Joseph Union Observer Ahon H. Hilden Norman G. Patterson St. Louis Miss Alice Lachmund Minnetonka Carl S. Meyer Hennepin County Historical Society William L. Oliver

Montevideo Montana James R. Fisher Missoula Northfield Edward Earl Bennett* Kenneth Bjork Miss Beulah Folkedahl* Nebraska Norwegian-American Historical Association* Lincoln Mrs. Elizabeth S. Radtke Estate Prior Lake Mrs. George Fisher Omaha Frank L. Byrne St. Cloud Miss Helen C. Carter New Hampshire

St, Paul Hanover Theodore C. Blegen Harry N. Scheiber Miss Ona A. Crume* Miss Bertha L. Heilbron Mrs. J. Clifford Janes* New Jersey Mrs. Clarence Johnson Miss Lucile Kane Newark Minnesota Historical Society* New Jersey State AFL-CIO News

vii Parsippany Ross L. Muir Gregor Ziemer Louis W. Robey The Society for Ethical Culture South Orange Bayrd Still Miss Rose S. Rock Textile Workers Union of America William Van Nortwick Summit John Alden Hall Port Washington Mrs. William L. Bachmeyer New Mexico Syracuse Syracuse University Library* Albuquerque Mrs. M. G. Shurtleff Vtica Miss Lula Root Roswell Alexander P. Horwitz West Chazy D. K. Martine New York West Seneca Alfred Frank J. Lankes Herrick Memorial Library Yonkers Buffalo Judge Jacob Panken Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society* Lester W. Smith North Carolina Delmar Matthew J. Burns* Raleigh H. G. Jones Garden City Clifford L. Lord*

Hempstead North Dakota David L. Dykstra Enderlin Ithaca Reverend A. A. A. Schmirler* American Farm Economic Association Paul W. Gates* Ohio Moravia Leslie A. Luther Akron Carl D. Sheppard New York American Council for Judaism Athens Nicholas Benton Lee Soltow Consumers League of New York Nicholas Falco Foreign Policy Association Cincinnati Lloyd K. Garrison George B. Engberg Leo Holz Irwin S. Rhodes David L. Jarrett Miss Anna M. Jones Cleveland Mrs. Marion T. Lawson Frederick Coolidge Crawford E. G. Lundy J. Vernon Shea Robert A. Moore Whiting Williams* Columbus Pittsburgh Miss Esther Hutchinson* W. P. Snyder Charitable Fund

New Hiram Pottsville Chester V. Easum* Thomas M. Hunter

Oberlin Miss Grace L. Schauffler South Carolina

Oxford Westminster John N. Dickinson Wallace Martin Holland

Sylvania Mrs. Richard Northrup Tennessee

Wilmington Chattanooga Larry Gara* Carl M. Gevers

Oklahoma Knoxville Aubrey J. Wagner Oklahoma City Mrs. John Herrington Nashville Miss Sue Thrasher Stillwater Berlin B. Chapman Texas Oregon Corsicana Portland Mahan Blair Autry Oregon AFL-CIO Reports Mrs. William A. Fugelson Denton Miss Lucy Rollins Estate William T. Hagan Thomas Vaughan Ellis W. Hawley Martin VoUbrecht Burt D. Wells Vermont Salem Mrs. Ella B. Bradford Burlington David C. Duniway Guy W. Bailey Library Pennsylvania Virginia Butler Ray Hall Vernon L. Wise, Sr. Alexandria W. Neil Franklin Harrisburg Mr. and Mrs. Willard Van Valkenburgh Waher G. Heist, Jr. Arlington Lancaster Mrs. Lyle C. Bryant Charles Haynie Colonel Walter Frank Choinski Meadville H. D. McCoy Paul Knight T. R. Schellenberg Philadelphia Fairfax Hayward H. Coburn Joseph H. Harrison, Jr. Richmond Bagley W. J. Barrow Mrs. C. M. Miller Archibald G. Robertson Union Theological Seminary Baldwin Baldwin Cooperative Creamery Association Williamsburg Lester J. Cappon* Baraboo Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Gust Washington Paul Luckey* Miss Belle Potter Seattle Mrs. Ida Richards Edward W. Allen* Clark Wilkinson* Robert Burke Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Carstensen* Barron Joint Council of Teamsters No. 28 John E. Hoar United Federation of Postal Clerks, AFL-CIO, Local No. 28 Bayfield C. P. Wurtz Spokane Labor World Publishing Company Bear Creek Edward E. Scofield Gerald D. Lorge

Wenatchee Beaver Dam Bernard Farley Miss Margaret Fisher Mrs. Edna Butterbrodt Kocian* Wisconsin Beloit Abbotsford George B. Belting Clarence Rankl Jesse C. Brabazon Mrs. Emilie Goldsworthy Adams Roy C. Hormig Mrs. Leo Klein Robert Irrmann* Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kitto* Amherst Mrs. Robert K. Richardson* Morris Carey Mrs. R. P. Robinson* Antigo Mrs. Susan Welty John Fronek, Sr. Berlin Appleton Mrs. B. H. Blanc* Gordon A. Bubolz Mrs. John J. Stemler* Bill Griffith Miss Lida M. Schneider Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Shilcrat Black Earth Mr. and Mrs. John Strange* Miss Aha M. Bennet Trinity English Evangelical Lutheran Church Black River Falls Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Walker E. E. Homstad* Mrs. Lynn A. Weaver Jackson County Bank Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Wickesberg* Lester Johnson Argyle J. A. McGinnity Blanchardville Dennis G. Novinski Ashland Thomas J. Watson Mrs. Boyd Foster Augusta Bloomer Virgil L. Dickinsen Chippewa County Co-op Dairy Blue Mounds Cross Plains Asher Hobson William F. Dahmen

Brantwood Cudahy Mrs. Paul Heikkinen George W. Krecklow

Brookfield Delavan Arthur R. Boerner* Mr. and Mrs. Perry Dangerfield Mrs. George W. Jones Burlington Ray Tetzlaff Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Hoffman Denmark Camp Douglas Reverend Rudolph Kerch Camp Douglas Centennial Committee De Pere Cashton James L. Quinn M. E. Hagen De Soto Cassville Mrs. Herbert W. Spalla Edward D. Carpenter Ivan Cook Dodgeville Karl Kleinpell* Harley Hicks St. Peter's Lutheran Church Mrs. Edna K. Meudt* Clyde Skinner Production Credit Association of Dodgeville Loren Wood Dorchester Cedar Grove Eugene Skerbeck Mrs. Henry Teunissen Dousman Cedarburg Mrs. Violet C. Lurvey Daughteraughterss of the American Revolution, State of Wisconsin Eau Claire Thomas H. Barland* Chetek Miss Grace Barnes Mrs. Alice Nerlien Mrs. C. W. Chatterson* Dairy Maid Products Cooperative Chippewa Falls Right Reverend W. W. Horstick Chippewa Falls Public Library Miss Vine Miller* Olin Swenson Ralph W. Owen*

Clinton Edgar Mrs. Lloyd Edge Ben Straub

Cobb Edgerton Merlyn Fritsch Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Sayre

Colfax Eleva Mrs. D. P. Rice Reverend Henry Kuhn

Columbus Elkhart Lake Mrs. Winifred W. Proctor Mrs. Paul Kissinger Frederick A. Stare Cecile Houghton Stury

Conrath Ephraim Reverend Ramon E. Hunt Mrs. David Stevens ;

XI Evansville Green Bay Mark Hall Bruce Mrs. Charles R. Cady Eager Free Public Library Reverend Roland H. Hansen Mrs. J. K. P. Porter Russell Haven Mrs. Will Sumner Richard L. Steinbrinck Don L. Thompson Green Lake Fennimore Mrs. Clarence J. Manning" William J. Buri Hales Corners Fifield Mrs. Fred Madenwald* John Boyd Alton Van Camp Hancock Arthur H. Randorf Estate Fond du Lac Hartland Sister Mary Agreda Herbert P. Brumder* Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Boardman Mrs. Neita 0. Friend* Miss Emily Hadley Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Jones Hubert R. Murphy Horicon Mrs. Sim C. Schaefer* Miss Florence Wendt Roger E. Soles Hortonville Lloyd Nickel Forest Junction Robert Haese* Hubertus The Raymond H. Wolf Estate Fort Atkinson Archie Hammarquist Hudson Dr. P. J. Majerus* Miss Esther Burkhardt* St. Croix County Historical Society* Fox Lake Robert Frank* Janesville Mrs. Vincent W. Koch* Gays Mills The Parker Pen Company Mrs. Albert Walker Society of the Daughters of Colonial Wars in the State of Wisconsin Genesee Depot Mrs. Howard T. Greene* Juda Hugh Jones Miss Inez Weaver Mr. and Mrs. Harold Petersen George Pronold Kenosha Miss Carrie I. Cropley* Genoa City Stanley Schuren Kewaunee Mrs. Alice M. Brusky Glenbeulah Miss Marguerite Heynen Mr. and Mrs. Fred A. Huntley Kewaunee County Government

Grand Marsh Kiel Mrs. Elsie Thompson Meyer Mrs. Alfred A. Laun, Jr.*

Grantsburg Knowles Ml. and Mrs. Paul Been Mrs. Elmer Marquart Kohler Mrs. L. E. Blair The Kohler Company* Mrs. Norman H. Blume Mrs. Agnes Bodenstein* La Crosse Allan G. Bogue* John Bosshard Richard Boissard* Mr. and Mrs. Edward Dietiker Mrs. John S. Bordner George Gilkey* Mrs. Alfred W. Briggs* Leslie Messerschmidt Mrs. George S. Bryan* Mrs. Inga M. Olson Robert R. Burke Everett B. Runge Rondo Cameron St. John's Reformed Church Mrs. Celia Pope Campbell* Peter Carstensen Lake Geneva Mrs. Bruce L. Cartters William J. Bevens Mrs. W. H. Cartwright City of Madison Planning Department Mrs. James Halpin Bradley Clark Harry H. Clark* Lake Mills Mr. and Mrs. John H. Coatsworth Dr. Gustave E. Eck* Edward M. Coffman* Mrs. Thomas E. Coleman* Lancaster John C. Colson County of Grant Mr. and Mrs. Leo R. Cook Mrs. Lillian Lee Mrs. Rogers T. Cooksey Judge M. R. Mehlhouse Bentley Courtenay* E. David Cronon* Larsen Mrs. J. George Crownhart* Larsen Cooperative Company Mrs. James W. Crowley Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Larson Richard N. Current* Merle Curti* Lodi Scott M. Cutlip* William J. Schereck, Sr. Mrs. Farrington Daniels* H. S. Van Ness Miss Joann Darken D.A.R., John Bell Chapter Loretta Democratic Party of Wisconsin Dave Biller Mrs. Eugene Dennis Adolph Lind Robert Dewa Mrs. Jennie Neubauer Dion Diamond Gilbert H. Doane* Loy«/ Mrs. James Doyle Mrs. Ida Lautenback Miss Dorothy Dubielzij F. W. Duffee Madison Dennis East William J. P. Aberg* Mrs. Mark Eccles Paul Adkins Miss Dorothy. Ekern Arthur Allegar Mrs. Conrad A. Elvehjem* American Society of Civil Engineers Jack T. Ericson* Don Anderson* Albert Erlebacher* Miss Grace Argall* Richard A. Erney* Association of Midwest Fish and Game Stuart Ewen Commissioners Mrs. Philip Fauerbach Association of Wisconsin Planners Doug Baer Robert Feinglass Miss Miriam Feingold Mr. and Mrs. Ira Baldwin* Mrs. Arvil S. Barr Mrs. Luella Fey Miss Lelia Bascom* Mr. and Mrs. Leslie H. Fishel, Jr.* Mrs. Alice M. Bast* Joseph Flynn Miss Ruth Baumann James Fosdick Miss Mary Berliner Walter A. Frautschi* Blackhawk Council of Girl Scouts Arthur H. Frazier* E. B. Fred* Mrs. Frank F. Kosobud Mrs. Orrin A. Fried Harold Kubly Mrs. William D. Frost* Philip F. La Follette* Robert Gabriner League of Women Voters Mrs. Albert F. Gallistel* Fred 0. Leiser Mrs. Altie Gibson Jerris Leonard Miss Sue Gladstone Mrs. Leo B. Levenick Gilbert M. Gleason Mrs. Charles Link Miss Margaret Gleason* Mrs. Stella Macaulay Miss Emma L. Glenz Jackson Turner Main* Mrs. Wilma E. Goodhue David Mack Mrs. Edgar Gordon Madison Citizens for Fair Housing Mrs. Hattie Gordon Mrs. F. A. Marshall Miss Mary Lee Griggs* Miss Eleanor McCann Philip S. Habermann James J. McDonald* Mrs. James G. Halpin Miss Margaret McDowell* Carl E. Hanusa Kevin McGrath Mrs. Eldred Hardtke Frank McMahon Miss Josephine L. Harper Mendota State Hospital Fred H. Harrington* Forrest C. Middleton* Mrs. Wilfred J. Harris George L. Mosse Mrs. Marja I. Hart Frank S. Moulton Mrs. Ruth E. Hayes* Mrs. Mary E. Muckenhirn William Carl Haygood Mr. and Mrs. Otto Mueller Justice Nathan S. Heffernan Robert B. L. Murphy* Mrs. Beber Helburn National Guardian Life Insurance Company Grant Hendrickson Robert C. Nesbit* Reverend John F. Hendrickson Mrs. Delia Neumann Frank J. Hess and Sons Mrs. Adeline D. Nickels Mrs. William B. Hesseltine* Robert J. Nickles, Sr. Christopher Hexter Miss Gertrude M. O'Brien Jim Dan Hill* Mrs. Michael B. Olbrich John Hogan Louis Oshesky Mr. and Mrs. Francis D. Hole* Max C. Otto John 0. Holzhueter Miss Eleanor Peterson Mrs. Henry A. Hovey Bryan Peterson F. William Huels Miss Doris H. Platt* Willard Hurst* Mrs. Joseph Porter Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ilgen* Lew F. Porter Ralph M. Immell* John D. Powell Industrial Relations Research Center The Progressive Magazine Miss Marvel Y. Ings Mrs. Arthur W. Quan* Claude J. Jasper Miss Frances M. Radermacher Wade Jensen Ray-0-Vac Division of Electric Storage Mr. and Mrs. George H. Johnson* Battery Company Mrs. Majorie Chase Johnson Research Products Corporation Charles Jones Warren H. Resh Miss Alicia Kaplow Anne and Bobby Reynolds Verne P. Kaub John W. Reynolds Commander George A. Kelley Robert L. Reynolds, Sr.* Peter J. Kienitz Mrs. Fred Risser* Mrs. Victor E. Kimball Miss Ethel Theodora Rockwell* Mrs. Roger C. Kirchhoff* Mrs. Clarence Rosen Mrs. Dorothy K. Knaplund* Morton Rothstein* Peter R. Knights Mrs. Russel Sackett Miss Margaret I. Knowles* Mr. and Mrs. Louis M. Sasman* Mrs. Robert Koehler Mrs. Charles F. Schimel Mrs. Raymond J. Koltes* Mrs. Donald F. Schmitt Robert M. Schmitz William A. Williams Edward Schneberger* Frederick G. Wilson* H. J. Schubert* Honorable Emmert L. Wingert Henry A. Schuette* John W. Winn* Mrs. E. G. Schwingel Wisconsin Association of Supervision and Waher E. Scott* Curriculum Development Dr. Elvira C. Seno* Wisconsin Conservation Department M. James Severa Wisconsin Council of Churches David Shannon* Wisconsin County Boards Association Mr. and Mrs. John E. Short* Wisconsin Federation of Music—Folk G. P. Singer Music Archives Soil Conservation Society of America, Wisconsin Library Association Wisconsin Chapter Wisconsin Press Association Solar Energy Laboratory Wisconsin Society for the Equal Rights L. G. Sorden* Amendment Mrs. Mary Agnes Starr Wisconsin Society for Ornithology State Bar of Wisconsin* Women's Auxiliary of the State Historical State of Wisconsin, Department of Society of Wisconsin Insurance Women's International League for Peace State of Wisconsin, Department of Nurses and Freedom, Madison Branch Mrs. Roland S. Stebbins Irvin G. Wyllie* Mrs. William H. Stehr H. Edwin Young* Edwin D. Stein Stephan & Brady, Inc. Manitowoc Mrs. W. T. Stevens Holy Family Alumni Association Miss Violette J. Stewart R. G. Plumb Miss Belle Sundby Lloyd Swanson Marshfield Milo K. Swanton* Mrs. Clark Abbott Ellis S. Taff Miss Elizabeth Baldwin Misses Louise and Julie Thiard W. D. Connor, Jr. Mrs. Joseph D. Thoma Mrs. R. J. Henrichs Trygve Thoresen Messrs. James and Jerry Normington Maude Tarr Estate Mrs. Albert Paulson Miss Nancy Jo Tice Town and Gown Club Mayville Miss Ethel Trenary Mrs. Raymond Bachhuber Paul B. Turner* University Heights Poetry Club McFarland University League Mrs. Lowell Jensen University of Wisconsin, Astronomy Department University of Wisconsin Alumni Association Medford University of Wisconsin Nursing Alumni Clarence Goessl Organization Mellen Mr. and Mrs. Andrew T. Weaver Martin Hanson Loren George Webb Mrs. Robert R. Webb Menasha Laurence Weber George Banta, Jr. Mrs. Dora M. Wendt Banta Company Foundation Clarence R. Wentland Herb Werner Menomonie Miss Helen C. White* John M. Russell Peter Wiley Trinity Methodist Church Mrs. Carl H. Wilhelm ThoiiiRs W. Wilkie Mequon Mrs. Duane Willard Tracy Atkinson Russell L. Williams* Reverend G. R. Brueggemann

XV Middleton Miss Bernice A. Habeck Mrs. George Dehnert* The Heil Company* Mr. and Mrs. George E. Hafstad* H. W. Hein Mrs. Charles Lubcke Mrs. David Heller Mrs. Arlene R. Morhoff William C. Heller, Jr. Robert A. Hess Millville Miss Irma E. Hochstein* Robert Peterson H. W. Jordens Mr. and Mrs. George F. Kasten Milton Junction Mrs. Alfred Kieckhefer* Walter B. CockeriU* Frank L. Klement* Mrs. Ruby McCarthy Gaines Albert Kuhli Laborers' Union, Local 113 Milwaukee Mrs. August J. Luedke Miss Marie Adams Reverend and Mrs. James Ethan Allen* Mrs. George Luehring AFL-CIO Milwaukee Labor Press Mrs. D. S. MacKinnon Ampco Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Annabel Douglas McArthur* Miss Mary Jane Baez Milwaukee Building & Construction Trades Mrs. Ruth Baker Council Lloyd A. Barbee Milwaukee Institute of Technology Max A. Barczak The Milwaukee Journal* Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Barry Milwaukee Teachers Education R. Paul Bartoloni Association* Mrs. Gertrude Mayne Bates Milwaukee Teachers Union, Local 252 Miss Metta Bean* Milwaukee-Downer College Donald Beatty Misericordia Hospital Alumnae Association Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Beaver Arthur A. Mueller* Mrs. Frank J. Benda, Jr. Mrs. John V. Munro J. L. Bernheim H. J. Nunnemacher* Miss Mary Birr Oil-Heat Institute of Southeastern Fred B. Blair Wisconsin Mrs. Cecile Timlin Bremner Carl Penner* James B. Brennan Charles Petrie William C. Bruce* Edward Plantiko Campaign Committee for WNA Candidates Mrs. Florence C. Pulver to ANA Office Herbert W. Rice* J. G. Carnachan Miss Elleaner M. Ryerson Mrs. Arthur V. D. Clarkson* Frederic Sammond* Congress of Racial Equality, Milwaukee Mrs. Etta Mae Schiike Chapter Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company L. L. Cook Company Schlitz Foundation, Inc.* Daughters of the American Colonists, Schmidt Publications Wisconsin State Society Mrs. Irving Seaman* Dr. Ralph E. Davis Miss Patricia A. Silke William C. Dean Donald C. Slichter* Miss Dorothea Desormeaux Mrs. Eldred Stephenson* Gene Divine Mrs. Stanley Stone* Miss Donna Drewiske Technical Engineers Association Mrs. Loyal Durand* Mrs. Rodger Trump* John W. Eber Erwin C. Uihlein Mrs. Mary Money Eggert Estate University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee* Edwin Eschrich* Visiting Nurse Association of Milwaukee Eliot Fitch Mrs. William Vogel* W. Norman FitzGerald* Mrs. Lorna Hooper Warfield* Mrs. Max A. Freschl Mr. and Mrs. Logan Weldy Mar T. Fritz Mrs. Bertha K. Whyte Mrs. Harry Garfinkel Mrs. Harold R. Wilde Miss Anita J. Glienke* Wisconsin Junior Chamber of Commerce

xvi Wisconsin Manufacturers' Association Palmyra Wisconsin State Dental Society Fisk Carlin* Harold C. Woehr Pepin Mineral Point Miss Fern Marcks Dr. Harvey S. Huxtable Thomas Tredinnick Peshtigo Arthur Bundy Monona B. A. Schumacher Pewaukee Howard B. Stark Company Monroe Miss Emma Becker Pine River Miss Lena Conrad Reinhold 0. Ebert*

Montello Platteville Syl F. Adrian* Edwin R. Barden Robert C. Block Mosinee Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Burris Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Green Arthur W. Kopp*

Mount Horeb Port Washington Mrs. Edgar Field Bolens Division, FMC Corporation Gregory Pick Neenah Misses Elizabeth and Helen Babcock Portage Mrs. James W. Bergstrom* Mrs. J. R. McCarthy Peter Dunwiddie Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Parchem John S. Sensenbrenner* Mrs. Paul Strange Poynette J. Rodney Jamieson* Neillsville Mrs. William L. Smith* Racine Mrs. Ben Stucki Anonymous Mrs. Ella Stucki Miss Edith Chandler Mrs. Frank J. Hall* New Holstein Walter Kuemmerlein* Reverend Charles Koch Albert W. Levin John Prasch Oconomowoc Lloyd E. Smith* Mrs. Frederick Pabst* Radisson Ogdensburg Bernard Belisle Robert F. Rogers Randolph Omro Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Wendlandt A. C. Birkholz Archie Daggett Redgranite Steven D. Angelo Oshkosh Don Mayer Reedsburg Edward Noyes* T. R. Lathrop Miss Helen Wahoski* Mrs. Carl Lucht Max E. Ninman Oregon John E. Riggert* Village of Oregon William C. Thies* Rice Lake Sparta City Clerk Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Suhr Rice Lake Public Library Ernest F. Swift Spooner Mrs. George Chido Richland Center Miss Myra Poorman Stevens Point Guy J. Gibson* Ripon Robert C. Jenkins, Jr. William E. Haseltine Estate Norman L. Myra* Joe Mills Wisconsin Federation of Conservation Clubs

River Falls Stoughton George Belair Robert Chambers Ezekiel Lutheran Church Mrs. R. L. Cornwell James T. King Mrs. Karen Falk Johnson^ Wisconsin State University—River Falls Major A. J. Karasch

Rosholt Stratford Malcolm Rosholt* D. D. Hale

Rudolph Sturgeon Bay E. R. Krutza Frank N. Graass* Chan Harris St. Croix Falls Mrs. Mable Kalmbach Spencer Harry D. Baker* Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company St. Nazianz Victor A. Miller Sun Prairie Mrs. Michael Krall Sauk City Mrs. Robert J. Gushing* Superior August Derleth* Miss Florence J. Roberts*

Scandinavia Thiensville Carl R. Evenson Mr. and Mrs. William Eccles*

Seymour Tripoli Mrs. Adela Peters Melchert Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Heikkinen George Klingelhoets Sharon Mrs. C. M. StoUe Eric Kjelland Verona Sheboygan Miss Edith E. Schuster Peter Fields* Mrs. Sidonia Hoberg Vesper Mr. and Mrs. Albert Vinson Earl Trickey

Sheboygan Falls Viola Alvin J. Altmeyer James A. Winters

Sheldon Viroqua Mrs. Grace Randorf Mr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Nuzum* Washington Island Wauwatosa Hans H. Baasch Russell G. Lynch Mr. and Mrs. Conan B. Eato Frederick I. Olson Glen E. Pommerening Waterloo Milo C. Richter* Arthur Setz Wauwatosa State Bank

Watertown West Bend Don's New York Market Herbert P. Schowalter* E. E. Kowalke Mrs. B. C. Ziegler

Waukesha Whitewater Howard A. Hartman* Curtis B. Cherry Miss Celia Miller Stephen Lewandowski Warren S. O'Brien* Edward J. Morgan* Waukesha Motors Company Miss Arelisle Seaman Mrs. Phil Wilke Whitewater Historical Society* Walker D. Wyman* Waunakee Mr. and Mrs. George Guild Williams Bay Storrs B. Barett Memorial Library* Waupaca Mrs. F. A. Potts Winter Karl Kielcheski Waupun Pete Makalonis Alto Cooperative Creamery Joe Smith

Wausau Wisconsin Dells First Universalist Church Dells Associated Boat Lines Mrs. Alice Woodson Forester Jack B. Olson Mrs. John E. Forester* Harold Walker Miss Frieda Heinrich* Miss Rose Kryshak Wisconsin Rapids Mrs. 0. C. Lemke* Mr. and Mrs. Harold Haertel' 0. Charles Lemke Mrs. John N. Miller* Miss Ellen Scheel Charles E. Smith, Sr.* Wausau Public Library* Withee Yawkey Lumber Company St. John's Lutheran Church

Wautoma Woodman Charles G. Bridgeman Estate Ed Freymiller

Foreign

Canada Montreal Payette Radio Limited Camp Petawawa, Ontario Major I. A. MacDonald The Netherlands

Ayers Cliff Vlissingen Mrs. Rixford Knight Mr. Nierynck Donors to the Mass Communications History Center

California inois

Beverly Hills Chicago Morris Ryskind Bauer Miss Vera Caspary wGeorg. we. M. Crowson James R. Webb William I Donahey Newton N. Minow Loma Linda Donald Smith Howard B. Weeks Skokie Waher E. Botthof Los Angeles Cecil Brown Albert Maltz Kansas David Victor Topeka Pacific Palisades Mrs. M. N. Beelei Rod Serlins Massachusetts Palm Springs Mrs. Moss Hart Provincetown Mis. Mary Heaton Vorse

Connecticut New Jersey Parsippany New Canaan Gregor ZiZiemee r Mrs. H. T. Webster

Storrs New York N. E. Katter Barrytown Gore Vidal Weston Max Ehrlich Glen Cove, Long Island Mrs. William V. Hester

District of Columbia Larchmont Walter and Jean Kerr David Brinkley Art Buchwald New York Marquis W. Childs C. Edmonds Allen John W. Hazard Bruce Barton Ray Henle Burton Benjamin The Kiplinger Magazine Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Biberman The Kiplinger Washington Editors Robert L. Bliss Lester Lindow Harry Bruno William G. McNamara John C. Daly William B. Monroe David Davidson Edward P. Morgan Bernard Duffy Edgar A. Mowrer David Finn* Howard K. Smith Foundation for Public Relations Research Station WTOP and Education Andrew Glaze Woodmere George H. Gribbin Mrs. Alvin Boretz John W. Hill Langston Hughes Pennsylvania Lewis Isaacs Hans V. Kaltenborn Easton The Kaltenborn Foundation M. Charles Seller Edward M. Kirby Herbert Kubly Philadelphia Frederic March* Mrs. Edward Davis John McGowan National Broadcasting Company Wisconsin National Educational Television Paul Osborn Madison Mrs. Arthur Page Scott M. Cutlip* Arnold Perl James Fosdick John P. Hunter* Public Relations Society of America The Progressive Magazine Rosser Reeves Paul Talley Louis W. Robey University of Wisconsin-Theatre Players Miss Jean Rosenthal Alan Schneider Milwaukee John Scott Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company* Thomas Seedorff Barkin, Herman & Associates David Susskind Mrs. J. Donald Ferguson Robert E. Freidel James Wechsler Wayne Gratton Earl Wilson The Journal Company* Mrs. Christopher Wyatt Mrs. Paul McMahon

White Plains Neenah John Fischer Mrs. James Auer*

Foreign

Canada Greece

Montreal Athens Canadian Public Relations Society International Public Relations Association William B. Hesseltine A\vard nPHE State Historical Society of Wisconsin is pleased to announce -^ the establishment of the WILLIAM B. HESSELTINE AWARD for the best article to appear in the Wisconsin Magazine of History each year, beginning with 1965-1966. The award-winning article, to be chosen by a panel of judges from articles published during the previ­ ous year, will consist of $100. The winning article will be announced annually in the autumn issue of the Magazine. In its forty-nine years of scholarly publication, the Magazine has concentrated primarily on the history of Wisconsin and of the Middle West, but it has also published articles on such diverse topics as patent medicine almanacs, the Horatio Alger myth, American aid to Germany following World War I, and the historiography of im­ migration. Therefore, manuscripts dealing with larger aspects of national history which are general in their appeal or which provide new interpretive insights will be given equal consideration. Graduate students in American history are particularly encouraged to submit manuscripts. Members of the Board of Curators and full-time staff members of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin are ineligible for the award. Manuscripts should be based upon original research, fully docu­ mented, and between 4,000 and 8,000 words in length. Both text and footnotes should be double-spaced. Members of the judging panel are Professors E. David Cronon and Richard N. Current of the Department of History, University of Wisconsin; Leslie Cross, book editor of the Milwaukee Journal; Mrs. William B. Hesseltine, Madison; Leslie H. Fishel, Jr., director of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin; and William C. Hay­ good, editor of the Wisconsin Magazine of History. There is no deadline for submissions. Manuscripts and queries should be addressed to: Editor, Wisconsin Magazine of History, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. THEY CARVED AN EMPIRE FROM THE FOREST

The sturdy loggers pictured above in their bunk- house were among thousands who felled the tall trees, dragged them to rivers, and rode them down­ stream during the heyday of lumbering in Wiscon­ sin. Now their axes are silent, but their lives and their work are preserved in THE DAYS OF LUMBER­ ING, a portfolio of 27 historic photographs newly issued by the State Historical Society for display in the classroom and library.

The pictures (with informative captions) are printed on durable stock, 8V2 x 11 inches in size, and are cased in a heavy folder to ensure their continued usefulness. Order THE DAYS OF LUMBERING from: Business Office, State Historical Society of Wis­ consin, 816 State Street, Madison. The price is $1.10 per set, postpaid. i!=ar=T,

To promote a wider appreciation of the American heritage The Purpose with particular emphasis on the collection, advancement, of this and dissemination of knowledge of the history of Wisconsin Society shall he and of the Middle West.

State Historical Society of Wisconsin 816 State Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Second class postage paid Return Requested Madison. Wisconsin