The Valley of Opportunity : a History of West-Central Colorado

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Valley of Opportunity : a History of West-Central Colorado BLM LIBRARY 8801411 THE VALLEY OF OPPORTUNITY STEVEN F. MEHLS ©OJISE^lU ©IF A DDnST(D)IE¥ ©IF <D(DIL(Q)IBAin)<D CCDLOnS^®® CULTURAL RESOURCES SERIES TIMBER TWELVE ra\ Ce^ #s F THE VALLEY OF OPPORTUNITY A History of West-Central Colorado By Steven F. Mehls Bureau of Land Management Colorado State Office Denver, Colorado <c** r a# V- ^ M&* 1982 0^ BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT LIBRARY Denver , Colorado 88614162 COPIES OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE AVAILABLE FROM: BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT COLORADO STATE OFFICE 1037 20th STREET DENVER, COLORADO 80202 or BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT GRAND JUNCTION DISTRICT OFFICE 764 HORIZON DRIVE GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO 81501 This document is printed in conjunction with the Glenwood Springs, Colorado, Resource Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement and serves as support for both the RMP and EIS. In addition, this document is integral to the Glenwood Springs Resource Area Cultural Resource Management Plan. This document is in the public domain and may be quoted. Please credit either the Bureau of Land Management and/or the author if direct quotations are made. DESIGNED BY Leigh Wellborn FOREWORD This document represents the latest Class I (History) to be written for the western slope of Colorado. Our three districts in this region of Colorado now have histories specifically for them. Such works provide a valuable and needed synthesis of history and literature for these areas and also gives our managers data that are used on a daily basis for land-use decisionmaking. Multiple land use is a Bureau mission that is being met. Oil and gas, coal, oil shale and other energy minerals, not to mention rights-of-ways, grazing programs, recreation projects and land-use planning, are all supported by histories such as this. Resource Management Plans and subsequent Environmental Impact Statements that are pro- duced for the Bureau's Area Offices are the foundations for long-term land-use management. The Glenwood Springs, Colorado, Resource Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement is a Bureau pilot document and serves as a management tool for the Glenwood Springs Resource Area. This history, Valley of Opportunity supports the Resource Management Plan. In addition, a history provides back- ground and support for the upcoming Grand Junction Resource Area Managment Plan/Environmental Impact Statement. The Valley of Opportunity has already been used for Oil Shale Environmental Statements and for the Federal Coal Leasing Program in the Grand Junction, Colorado, District. Truly, such histories are not only multiple-use in scope but are also management tools that provide basic understanding for land use decisions. Additionally, this history represents an ongoing effort to provide the public reader with a work that is not only interesting but is also well researched. In this way, another sector is satisfied. These histories are used by schools, libraries, universities and, of course, the general public. Again, multiple-use is served. Finally, as the Valley of Opportunity was being prepared, it happened that the City of Grand Junction's Centennial would occur in 1982. Coincidentally, the Glenwood Springs Resource Manage- ment Plan will be published in November 1982. Since this history serves several purposes, it is appro- priate that it also is the Bureau's contribution to Grand Junction's Centennial celebration. With these thoughts in mind, it is my pleasure to present to both the general public and to interested readers this latest history of a BLM Colorado district. (P.% George C. Francis " State Director Bureau of Land Management, Colorado June 1982 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS * The history of west-central Colorado is the story of man using and adapting to his environment. As work on this study progressed, it became obvious that natural resources and their location led to two distinct patterns of development in different sections of the region. Men constantly made decisions about use of these resources and in a sense The Valley of Opportunity is a chronicle of those choices and their ramifications. An author accumulates many debts along the trail of history and I am no dif- ferent. I want to express my gratitude because without these people this document would have been impossible to write. Many thanks to the staffs of the Denver Public Library's Western History Department, the Documentary Resources Division of the Colorado Historical Society, the Western History Collections of Norlin Library at the University of Colorado, Mesa County Public Library, the Museum of Western Colorado, Mesa College Library, Garfield County Public Library, Glenwood Springs Public Library, Eagle County Public Library and Pitkin County Public Library. Special thanks go to the staffs at Colorado State Office and Grand Junction District Office, BLM, and Colorado National Monument, NPS. To simply say thank you to John Crouch, BLM District Archaeologist, Grand Junction hardly covers the debt. But the biggest obligation, by far, is owed Dr. Frederic J. Athearn, BLM's Colorado State Historian. His professional guidance and editing did more than anything else to strengthen the document. A special thank you to Larraine Davis, Debbie Allyn, Vickie Noreen, Mary Seifert, Cindy Gurule, and Terri Kingery who made it all possible by spending what must have seemed like endless hours at a typewriter. Finally, I must say thanks to my wife Carol, for her help, encouragement and occassional use of her "nimble fingers". DEDICATION This book is dedicated to the memory of my father, Thomas, a life-long civil servant and the person who got me interested in history. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. The Natural Backdrop and Spanish Exploration 1 Chapter II. The Fur Trade and Government Exploration 17 Chapter III. Inter-racial Contact and Ute Removal 37 Chapter IV. West-Central Colorado's Mining Frontier 51 Chapter V. The Transportation Frontier in West-Central Colorado 75 Chapter VI. The Stockmen's Frontier 1880-1920 107 Chapter VII. West-Central Colorado Farming 1880-1920 131 Chapter VIII. The Urban Frontier 161 Chapter IX. The Federal Government in West-Central Colorado 185 Chapter X. Depression Decades 215 Chapter XI. Mining Since 1920 237 Chapter XII. The New Prosperity 263 Bibliography 277 INTRODUCTION The Valley of Opportunity is a title that symbolizes development and settlement throughout west -central Colorado. From the days of native-American occupation, to the most modern period, mankind realized the value and importance of the Grand (Colorado) River valley and its tributaries like the Eagle. Early man saw that in the valley were sources of water, lush vegetation, and wildlife. They therefore used these resources to sustain themselves and they saw the Grand Valley as a major trailway between the Continental Divide and Utah. The Spanish explorers, Dominguez and Escalante, in 1776, traversed the Grand River valley on a northerly course while seeking a trail to California. This journal provided the first re- corded European description of the region. During the early to mid-1 800s, fur traders and trappers came into the area, some from the eastern plains, beyond the Continental Divide, and others from New Mexico, to the south. These men, some Spanish/ Mexican, others American, found little beaver along the Grand River and mainly used the valley as a passegeway into Utah where the Green, White, and other streams provided great quantities of the furry animals. Antoine Robidoux built a trading fort at the mouth of the Gunnison and Uncompaghre Rivers near present day Delta and it represented the first American settlement anywhere near the Grand Valley. The next entrance came with official government explorations. John C. Fre- mont arrived in the Eagle River valley while on his way to Oregon in 1845, and then he returned to Colorado in 1848 where his party nearly perished in the snowy San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado. Disaster ended Fremont's efforts. However, in 1853 John Williams Gunnison was commissioned to survey a transcontinental railroad route over the legendary Cochetopa Pass. In his effort, Gunnison surveyed a line to the mouth of the Gunnison and Grand Rivers, later to become the townsite of Grand Junction. In 1860 a group of miners, led by Richard Sopris, explored the Aspen and Glenwood Springs regions in search of minerals. None were discovered, but a mountain near Carbondale was named in honor of Sopris. The final gasp of exploration came in the 1870s when numerous geologists, geographers, and botanists under the direction of Ferdinand V. Hayden surveyed the western slope of Colorado. These surveys provided a wealth of information and provided the final touches preparatory to settlement in west- central Colorado. In 1879, Ute Indians, residing on the White River Reservation near Meeker, rose in rebellion. They killed Agent Nathan Meeker and others. The U.S. Army was called in to restore order. By 1881, after outcries from the Anglo citizens of Colorado, the Utes were removed to reservations in Utah and far southwestern Colorado. The west slope was, at last, open to settlement. The rush for western Colorado was soon in coming. The San Juans had already been invaded by miners and now it was west-central Colorado's turn. In the mid-1 870s the upper Eagle River valley was settled. Redcliffe, Holy Cross City, and other towns were founded. By 1879, the Aspen region was under development and precious metal mining was established in the high country. Coal mining also developed in the early 1880s to fuel the smelters and towns that arose from silver extraction efforts. Possibly the most important event in the region was the advent of transportation systems, beginning with roads and trails and culminating with railroads. In 1882, the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad reached the junction of the Gunnison and Grand Rivers on its way to Utah. The city of Grand Junction had been founded a year earlier.
Recommended publications
  • Thesis Rapid Ascent: Rocky Mountain National Park In
    THESIS RAPID ASCENT: ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK IN THE GREAT ACCELERATION, 1945-PRESENT Submitted by Mark Boxell Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2016 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Mark Fiege Ben Bobowski Adrian Howkins John Lindenbaum Jared Orsi Copyright by Mark Boxell 2016 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT RAPID ASCENT: ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK IN THE GREAT ACCELERATION, 1945-PRESENT After the Second World War’s conclusion, Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) experienced a massive rise in visitation. Mobilized by an affluent economy and a growing, auto- centric infrastructure, Americans rushed to RMNP in droves, setting off new concerns over the need for infrastructure improvements in the park. National parks across the country experienced similar explosions in visitation, inspiring utilities- and road-building campaigns throughout the park units administered by the National Park Service. The quasi-urbanization of parks like RMNP implicated the United States’ public lands in a process of global change, whereby wartime technologies, cheap fossil fuels, and a culture of techno-optimism—epitomized by the Mission 66 development program—helped foster a “Great Acceleration” of human alterations of Earth’s natural systems. This transformation culminated in worldwide turns toward mass-urbanization, industrial agriculture, and globalized markets. The Great Acceleration, part of the Anthropocene— a new geologic epoch we have likely entered, which proposes that humans have become a force of geologic change—is used as a conceptual tool for understanding the connections between local and global changes which shaped the park after World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • THE COLORADO MAGAZINE Published Bi-Monthly by the State Historical Society of Colorado
    THE COLORADO MAGAZINE Published bi-monthly by The State Historical Society of Colorado Vol. XXIV Denver, Colorado, November, 1947 No. 6 A History of Mining Machinery Manufacture in Colorado* ELLSWORTH C. MITICK Man is forever seeking speed and short-cuts in his desire to produce from the minerals of the earth commodities which may pro­ vide him with more comfortable modes of living. The visitor to the Colorado School of Mines campus at Golden, Colorado, sees there a large arastra,1 or quartz crusher, an example of man's primitive efforts to speed up one step in the process of extracting minerals from the ores which bear them. True, the speed of the arastra, similar in design to the pharmacist's mortar and pestle, is only suited to the ''man to whom a day is as a thousand years, or vice­ versa,' '2 but the realization that machines, no matter how crude, in­ crease productive capacity and create more ease in the process spurs the inventive mind to design constantly better tools of manu­ facture. This thesis is written to show the part various men and com­ panies have played in Colorado in producing tools for the mining industry, so that mining methods might advance here in spite of great distances from Eastern centers of manufacture or inade­ quacies of such equipment for the peculiarities of Colorado mines. Much of this story is forever lost because of the large number of its characters who have died without setting down in writing, or relating to friends and relatives, the incidents of their lives which frame the nineteenth century portion of this picture.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Elevator No CO Conveyance ID 100 EAST MAIN 18592L CP16-000072 106 N FRENCH 407503 CP09-001296 1560 PINE GROVE RD BV590464 C
    Name Elevator No CO Conveyance ID 100 EAST MAIN 18592L CP16-000072 106 N FRENCH 407503 CP09-001296 1560 PINE GROVE RD BV590464 CP13-000710 1600 PINE GROVE EJ5851 CP08-001973 1874 GEORGETOWN SCHOOL 14270-L CP12-000696 204 S GALENA ST HANDICAP LIFT 630130 CP14-000240 225 MAIN ST ER6938 CP09-003119 2551 DOLORES LLC EP1461 NOT REGISTERED WITH STATE 300 S SPRING ST COA 611067 CP12-000239 308 E HOPKINS CONDO ASSOC EAC805 CP09-005503 308 E HOPKINS CONDO ASSOC EAC806 CP09-005504 311 MAIN ST 117999 CP12-000216 320 MAIN ST CONDO ASSN 009379 CP11-000374 320 SOUTH MAIN 66083 CP15-000664 327 MAIN ST CBJ531 CP13-000031 4 POINTS LODGE EBT951 CP13-000390 415 EAST HYMAN AVE LLC 51868-FL-B CP11-002146 514 AH LLC 5021458 CP14-000647 514 AH LLC 62866 CP14-000648 625 MAIN CONDO ASSOC EBB305 CP12-000846 625 MAIN CONDO ASSOC EBB306 CP12-000847 625 MAIN CONDO ASSOC EBB304 CP12-000845 701 GRAND AVE. IE08-83307 CP09-002123 8TH ST PROF BLDG C570596038 CP12-000295 AAA STORAGE 472555 CP09-001249 ADDISON CENTER CONDO ASSOC INC 238917 CP09-002635 ADVOCATES OF LAKE COUNTY 614602 CP13-000117 AGAVE RESTAURANT 11-2198 CP09-001683 AIRPORT OPERATION CENTER BC601584 CP09-001684 AJAX MOUNTAIN BUILDING 215334 CP15-000030 ALANTE VISTA/ARROWHEAD 200907 CP09-000859 ALANTE VISTA/EAGLE RIDGE ON SUMMIT WINTERSET 2P0702 CP11-001221 1 ALLIES CABIN 455412 CP09-001451 ALLIES CABIN 37118 CP09-001450 ALLINGTON INN & SUITES EY7423 CP12-000343 ALPENGLOW HGD2621 CP08-005142 ALPINE BANK - AVON 472419 CP09-001228 ALPINE BANK - BRECK EP7197 CP09-001685 ALPINE BANK - GS F34573 CP11-000163 ALPINE
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Oscar Heinrich Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8n303k9 No online items Finding Aid to the Edward Oscar Heinrich Papers Lara Michels The Bancroft Library 2018 The Bancroft Library University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-6000 [email protected] URL: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/libraries/bancroft-library Finding Aid to the Edward Oscar BANC MSS 68/34 c 1 Heinrich Papers Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: The Bancroft Library Title: Edward Oscar Heinrich papers creator: Heinrich, Edward Oscar Identifier/Call Number: BANC MSS 68/34 c Physical Description: 144 linear feet (87 cartons, 33 boxes, 25 oversize boxes, 18 cardfile boxes) Date (inclusive): 1888-1953 Date (bulk): 1909-1953 Physical Location: Many of the Bancroft Library collections are stored offsite and advance notice may be required for use. For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the library's online catalog. Conditions Governing Access Collection is open for research, with the exception of Series 8 (oversize boxes 18-25 and cardfile boxes 17-18), which is restricted and requires curatorial permission to view. Accruals No future additions are expected. Immediate Source of Acquisition The Edward Oscar Heinrich papers were gifted to The Bancroft Library by Mortimer A. Heinrich on December 7, 1969. Biographical / Historical Edward Oscar Heinrich was a chemist, consultant, expert witness, businessman, and pioneer in scientific criminology. He operated a private crime lab out of his home at 1001 Oxford Street in Berkeley, California from the 1920s through his death in 1953. In his lab, Heinrich pioneered techniques in scientific crime detection, applying them in a wide array of criminal cases, including forgery and fraud as well as some of the most high profile murder cases of his day.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 1. Species: Mountain Plover (Charadrius Montanus) 2. Status
    1. Species: Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) 2. Status: Table 1 summarizes the current status of this species or subspecies by various ranking entity and defines the meaning of the status. Table 1. Current status of Charadrius montanus Entity Status Status Definition NatureServe G3 Species is Vulnerable At moderate risk of extinction or elimination due to a fairly restricted range, relatively few populations or occurrences, recent and widespread declines, threats, or other factors. CNHP S2B Species is Imperiled At high risk of extinction or elimination due to restricted range, few populations or occurrences, steep declines, severe threats, or other factors. (B=Breeding) Colorado SGCN, Tier 1 Species of Greatest Conservation Need State List Status USDA Forest R2 Sensitive Region 2 Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species Service USDI FWSb BoCC Included in the USFWS Bird of Conservation Concern list a Colorado Natural Heritage Program. b US Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. The 2012 U.S. Forest Service Planning Rule defines Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) as “a species, other than federally recognized threatened, endangered, proposed, or candidate species, that is known to occur in the plan area and for which the regional forester has determined that the best available scientific information indicates substantial concern about the species' capability to persist over the long-term in the plan area” (36 CFR 219.9). This overview was developed to summarize information relating to this species’ consideration to be listed as a SCC on the Rio Grande National Forest, and to aid in the development of plan components and monitoring objectives. 3. Taxonomy Genus/species Charadrius montanus is accepted as valid (ITIS 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Background Study, Curecanti Recreation Area, Colorado
    •••••a••• ••••a••••aa•a COLORADO Historical Background Study By BENJAMIN LEVY DIVISION OF HISTORY Office of Areheology and Historic Preservation October 15, 1968 National Park Service B&WScans U.S. Department of the Interior ..S·fb·~~ FOREIDRD The object of th.is study is to provide the historical data necessary :fOJ: the proper development of a Master Plan for Curecanti Rec:ceation Area, Colorado. This study, authorized by Resource Study Proposal (RSP) CURE-H-1, seeks to identi:fy historical resources and historic sites lo­ cated within or closely associated with the recreation area. Such an undertaking will enable master planning teams to consider the use o:f historical data in interpre­ tive and development programs and provide £or the protection 0£ historic sites and structures. Ideally, thE! background study ought to precede the master plan team's field investigation. The urgency 0£ the Curecanti plan r1equired this investigation to be undertaken immediately at the beginning of the current :fiscal year and compelled it to be done while the team was in the field. Hopefully, this report will have found its way into the team's hands prior to their completion report. This report does not pretend to be a detailed or de­ £ini tive study of the history 0£ the Curecanti area. The urgency of the c:all of this document and the limited time assigned for its preparation permit little more than the examination of secondary sources, although little i published mateI'ial exists on the history ox that stretch of the Gunnison River from Montrose to Gunnison city.
    [Show full text]
  • PEAK to PRAIRIE: BOTANICAL LANDSCAPES of the PIKES PEAK REGION Tass Kelso Dept of Biology Colorado College 2012
    !"#$%&'%!(#)()"*%+'&#,)-#.%.#,/0-#!"0%'1%&2"%!)$"0% !"#$%("3)',% &455%$6758% /69:%8;%+<878=>% -878?4@8%-8776=6% ABCA% Kelso-Peak to Prairie Biodiversity and Place: Landscape’s Coat of Many Colors Mountain peaks often capture our imaginations, spark our instincts to explore and conquer, or heighten our artistic senses. Mt. Olympus, mythological home of the Greek gods, Yosemite’s Half Dome, the ever-classic Matterhorn, Alaska’s Denali, and Colorado’s Pikes Peak all share the quality of compelling attraction that a charismatic alpine profile evokes. At the base of our peak along the confluence of two small, nondescript streams, Native Americans gathered thousands of years ago. Explorers, immigrants, city-visionaries and fortune-seekers arrived successively, all shaping in turn the region and communities that today spread from the flanks of Pikes Peak. From any vantage point along the Interstate 25 corridor, the Colorado plains, or the Arkansas River Valley escarpments, Pikes Peak looms as the dominant feature of a diverse “bioregion”, a geographical area with a distinct flora and fauna, that stretches from alpine tundra to desert grasslands. “Biodiversity” is shorthand for biological diversity: a term covering a broad array of contexts from the genetics of individual organisms to ecosystem interactions. The news tells us daily of ongoing threats from the loss of biodiversity on global and regional levels as humans extend their influence across the face of the earth and into its sustaining processes. On a regional level, biologists look for measures of biodiversity, celebrate when they find sites where those measures are high and mourn when they diminish; conservation organizations and in some cases, legal statutes, try to protect biodiversity, and communities often struggle to balance human needs for social infrastructure with desirable elements of the natural landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW DRAFT #2 Colorado National Monument Sally Mcbeth February 26, 2010
    ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW DRAFT #2 Colorado National Monument Sally McBeth February 26, 2010 written in consultation with the Northern Ute ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW DRAFT #2 Colorado National Monument Sally McBeth February 26, 2010 written in consultation with the Northern Ute Submitted to the National Park Service Cooperative Agreement # H1200040001 (phases I and II) and H1200090004 (phase III) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The generosity of many Ute friends, whose willingness to share their stories, remembrances, and recollections with me cannot go unacknowledged. I treasure their rich and profound understandings of ancestral landscape shared with me over the past three years. These friends include, but are not limited to Northern Ute tribal members (alphabetically): Loya Arrum, Betsy Chapoose, Clifford Duncan, Kessley LaRose, Roland McCook, Venita Taveapont, and Helen Wash. Their advice and suggestions on the writing of this final report were invaluable. Special thanks are due to Hank Schoch—without whose help I really would not have been able to complete (or even start) this project. His unflagging generosity in introducing me to the refulgent beauty and cultural complexity of Colorado National Monument cannot ever be adequately acknowledged. I treasure the memories of our hikes and ensuing discussions on politics, religion, and life. The critical readings by my friends and colleagues, Sally Crum (USFS), Dave Fishell (Museum of the West), Dave Price (NPS), Hank Schoch (NPS-COLM), Alan McBeth, and Mark Stevens were very valuable. Likewise the advice and comments of federal-level NPS staff Cyd Martin, Dave Ruppert, and especially Tara Travis were invaluable. Thanks, all of you. Former Colorado National Monument Superintendant Bruce Noble and Superintendant Joan Anzelmo provided tremendous support throughout the duration of the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Wars: Corporate Expansion and Labor Violence in the Western Desert, 1876-1920
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 2009 Mining wars: Corporate expansion and labor violence in the Western desert, 1876-1920 Kenneth Dale Underwood University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Latin American History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Underwood, Kenneth Dale, "Mining wars: Corporate expansion and labor violence in the Western desert, 1876-1920" (2009). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1377091 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MINING WARS: CORPORATE EXPANSION AND LABOR VIOLENCE IN THE WESTERN DESERT, 1876-1920 by Kenneth Dale Underwood Bachelor of Arts University of Southern California 1992 Master
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado Southern Frontier Historic Context
    607 COLORADO SOUTHERN FRONTIER HISTORIC CONTEXT PLAINS PLATEAU COUNTRY MOUNTAINS SOUTHERN FRONTIER OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION COLORADO HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLORADO SOUTHERN FRONTIER HISTORIC CONTEXT CARROL JOE CARTER STEVEN F. MEHLS © 1984 COLORADO HISTORICAL SOCIETY FACSIMILE EDITION 2006 OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION COLORADO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1300 BROADWAY DENVER, CO 80203 The activity which is the subject of this material has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Historic Preservation Act, administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior and for the Colorado Historical Society. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior or the Society, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or the Society. This program receives Federal funds from the National Park Service. Regulations of the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination in departmental Federally assisted programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, age or handicap. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Director, Equal Opportunity Program, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20240. This is a facsimile edition of the original 1984 publication. Text and graphics are those of the original edition. CONTENTS SOUTHERN FRONTIER Page no. 1. Spanish Dominance (1664-1822) .• II-1 2. Trading �nd Trapping (1803-1880) .
    [Show full text]
  • Western Civil War Bibliography
    PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CIVIL WAR ERA AND CIVIL WAR VETERANS’ ACTIVITIES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Compiled by David A. Davis, PCC Camp Historian/Civil War Memorials Officer General William Passmore Carlin Camp 25 Department Historian Department of California and Pacific Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War This list was started from a small number of books on the Civil War in the western United States collected by the compiler and then added to from an occasional search of library catalogs and websites. It also includes references on the Grand Army of the Republic (G. A. R.) and its allied orders. Each book has at least a passing reference to the Civil War and/or the G. A. R. This list is only a small part of the likely thousands of such publications out there, and is intended to cover the areas of the present states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. This list is a work in progress and will be added to, corrected, and updated as time permits. If anyone sends me a reference, I will add it to the list. Updated as of November 9, 2009. All Quiet on Yamill Hill: the Civil War in Oregon. The Journal of Corporal Royal A. Bensall; edited by Gunter Barth, 1959, University of Oregon Books, 226 p. The Archaeology of Fort Churchill; by Bruce D. Hutchison, 1998, a thesis in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, December, 1998, 162 p.
    [Show full text]
  • Utah History Encyclopedia
    JOHN WILLIAMS GUNNISON John W. Gunnison was born in Goshen, New Hampshire in 1812; he graduated from West Point in 1837, second in his class of fifty cadets. After he had served one year in the Florida campaign against the Seminole Indians, his health led him to ask for a reassignment to the Corps of Topographical Engineers, where he spent the rest of his military career. But his new appointment did not take him out of the Florida swamps for another year; in 1839 he helped to build a road in Florida until his superiors were forced to send him to Saratoga Springs in order that he could recover his health. He then finished his southern tour of duty in supervising the construction of a canal in Georgia. While there, he married Martha A. Delony on 15 April 1841. For the next eight years, 1841 to 1849, he was engaged in survey work in the Great Lakes region. He helped plot the boundary between Wisconsin and Michigan, the western coast of Lake Michigan, the coasts of Lake Erie, and the marshy areas of northern Ohio. He was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant on 9 May 1846 but did not serve in the Mexican War, continuing with his duties as an engineer in the Great Lakes area. In the spring of 1849 he was assigned as second in command of the Howard Stansbury Expedition to explore and survey the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. During the trip across the plains in the spring and summer of that year, Gunnison was so ill that he was forced to ride in a closed carriage until, at Fort Bridger, he had recovered sufficiently to take charge of the party the rest of the way to the Mormon capital while Stansbury reconnoitered a new road to Salt Lake City.
    [Show full text]