Multiverse-Wide Cooperation Via Correlated Decision Making
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Evidence-Based Policy Cause Area Report
Evidence-Based Policy Cause Area Report AUTHOR: 11/18 MARINELLA CAPRIATI, DPHIL 1 — Founders Pledge Animal Welfare Executive Summary By supporting increased use of evidence in the governments of low- and middle-income countries, donors can dramatically increase their impact on the lives of people living in poverty. This report explores how focusing on evidence-based policy provides an opportunity for leverage, and presents the most promising organisation we identified in this area. A high-risk/high-return opportunity for leverage In the 2013 report ‘The State of the Poor’, the World Bank reported that, as of 2010, roughly 83% of people in extreme poverty lived in countries classified as ‘lower-middle income’ or below. By far the most resources spent on tackling poverty come from local governments. American think tank the Brookings Institution found that, in 2011, $2.3 trillion of the $2.8 trillion spent on financing development came from domestic government revenues in the countries affected. There are often large differences in the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of social programs— the amount of good done per dollar spent can vary significantly across programs. Employing evidence allows us to identify the most cost-effective social programs. This is useful information for donors choosing which charity to support, but also for governments choosing which programs to implement, and how. This suggests that employing philanthropic funding to improve the effectiveness of policymaking in low- and middle-income countries is likely to constitute an exceptional opportunity for leverage: by supporting the production and use of evidence in low- and middle-income countries, donors can potentially enable policy makers to implement more effective policies, thereby reaching many more people than direct interventions. -
Mind-Crafting: Anticipatory Critique of Transhumanist Mind-Uploading in German High Modernist Novels Nathan Jensen Bates a Disse
Mind-Crafting: Anticipatory Critique of Transhumanist Mind-Uploading in German High Modernist Novels Nathan Jensen Bates A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Richard Block, Chair Sabine Wilke Ellwood Wiggins Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Germanics ©Copyright 2018 Nathan Jensen Bates University of Washington Abstract Mind-Crafting: Anticipatory Critique of Transhumanist Mind-Uploading in German High Modernist Novels Nathan Jensen Bates Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Richard Block Germanics This dissertation explores the question of how German modernist novels anticipate and critique the transhumanist theory of mind-uploading in an attempt to avert binary thinking. German modernist novels simulate the mind and expose the indistinct limits of that simulation. Simulation is understood in this study as defined by Jean Baudrillard in Simulacra and Simulation. The novels discussed in this work include Thomas Mann’s Der Zauberberg; Hermann Broch’s Die Schlafwandler; Alfred Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz: Die Geschichte von Franz Biberkopf; and, in the conclusion, Irmgard Keun’s Das Kunstseidene Mädchen is offered as a field of future inquiry. These primary sources disclose at least three aspects of the mind that are resistant to discrete articulation; that is, the uploading or extraction of the mind into a foreign context. A fourth is proposed, but only provisionally, in the conclusion of this work. The aspects resistant to uploading are defined and discussed as situatedness, plurality, and adaptability to ambiguity. Each of these aspects relates to one of the three steps of mind- uploading summarized in Nick Bostrom’s treatment of the subject. -
Generation Based Analysis Model for Non-Cooperative Games
Generation Based Analysis Model for Non-Cooperative Games Soham Banerjee Department of Computer Engineering International Institute of Information Technology Pune, India Email: [email protected] Abstract—In most real-world games, participating agents are to its optimal solution which forms a good base for comparison all perfectly rational and choose the most optimal set of actions for the model’s performance. possible; but that is not always the case while dealing with complex games. This paper proposes a model for analysing II. PROPOSED MODEL the possible set of moves and their outcome; where not all participating agents are perfectly rational. The model proposed is The proposed model works within the framework of pre- used on three games, Prisoners’ Dilemma, Platonia Dilemma and determined assumptions; but may be altered or expanded to Guess 2 of the Average. All the three games have fundamental 3 other games as well. differences in their action space and outcome payoffs, making them good examples for analysis with the proposed model. • All agents have infinite memory - this means that an agent Index Terms—game theory, analysis model, deterministic remembers all previous iterations of the game along with games, superrationality, prisoners’ dilemma, platonia dilemma the observation as well as the result. • All the games have a well-defined pure strategy Nash Equilibrium. I. INTRODUCTION • The number of participating agents is always known. • All the games are non co-operative - this indicates that the While selecting appropriate actions to perform in a game, agents will only form an alliance if it is self-enforcing. a common assumption made is that, all other participating agents (co-operative or not) will make the most optimal move Each participating agent is said to posses a Generation of possible. -
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Index affordances 241–2 apps 11, 27–33, 244–5 afterlife 194, 227, 261 Ariely, Dan 28 Agar, Nicholas 15, 162, 313 Aristotle 154, 255 Age of Spiritual Machines, The 47, 54 Arkin, Ronald 64 AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) Armstrong, Stuart 12, 311 61–86, 98–9, 245, 266–7, Arp, Hans/Jean 240–2, 246 298, 311 artificial realities, see virtual reality AGI Nanny 84, 311 Asimov, Isaac 45, 268, 274 aging 61, 207, 222, 225, 259, 315 avatars 73, 76, 201, 244–5, 248–9 AI (artificial intelligence) 3, 9, 12, 22, 30, 35–6, 38–44, 46–58, 72, 91, Banks, Iain M. 235 95, 99, 102, 114–15, 119, 146–7, Barabási, Albert-László 311 150, 153, 157, 198, 284, 305, Barrat, James 22 311, 315 Berger, T.W. 92 non-determinism problem 95–7 Bernal,J.D.264–5 predictions of 46–58, 311 biological naturalism 124–5, 128, 312 altruism 8 biological theories of consciousness 14, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud 40–1 104–5, 121–6, 194, 312 Andreadis, Athena 223 Blackford, Russell 16–21, 318 androids 44, 131, 194, 197, 235, 244, Blade Runner 21 265, 268–70, 272–5, 315 Block, Ned 117, 265 animal experimentationCOPYRIGHTED 24, 279–81, Blue Brain MATERIAL Project 2, 180, 194, 196 286–8, 292 Bodington, James 16, 316 animal rights 281–2, 285–8, 316 body, attitudes to 4–5, 222–9, 314–15 Anissimov, Michael 12, 311 “Body by Design” 244, 246 Intelligence Unbound: The Future of Uploaded and Machine Minds, First Edition. Edited by Russell Blackford and Damien Broderick. -
Biographies BIOGRAPHIES 327
Biographies BIOGRAPHIES 327 ALDRICH, John Herbert Articles 1. “A method of scaling with applications to the 1968 and 1972 U.S. presidential elections.” American Political Born Science Review, 11(March):1977 (with Richard September 24, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA McKelvey). Current Position 2. “The dilemma of a paretian liberal: some consequences Pfizer-Pratt University Professor of Political Science, Duke of Sen’s theorem,” and “Liberal games: further thoughts University, Durham, North Carolina, 1997–. on social choice and game theory.” Public Choice, 30(Summer):1977. Degrees 3. “Electoral choice in 1972: a test of some theorems of B.A., Allegheny College, 1969; M.A., Ph.D., University of the spatial model of electoral competition.” Journal of Rochester, 1971, 1975. Mathematical Sociology, 5:1977. 4. “A dynamic model of presidential nomination Offices and Honors campaigns.” American Political Science Review, Co-Editor, American Journal of Political Science, 14(September):1980. 1985–1988 (with John L. Sullivan). 5. “A spatial model with party activists: implications for President, Southern Political Science Association, electoral dynamics,” and “rejoinder.” Public Choice, 1988–1989. 41:1983. Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral 6. “A downsian spatial model with party activism.” Sciences, 1989–1990. American Political Science Review, 17(December):1983. Fellow, Bellagio Center, 2002. 7. “Southern parties in state and nation.” Journal of Heinz Eulau Award (best article in the American Political Politics, August:2000. Science Review), 1990 (with Eugene Borgida and John L. 8. “Challenges to the American two-party system: Sullivan). evidence from the 1968, 1980, 1992, and 1996 presi- Gladys Kammerer Award (best book on U.S. -
Villager's Dilemma
Villager's dilemma Beihang He Advertisement 0702,Department of Arts and Communication, Zhejiang University City College No.51 Huzhou Street Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310015 Tel: 13906539819 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract:With deeper study of the Game Theory, some conditions of Prisoner’s Dilemma is no longer suitable of games in real life. So we try to develop a new model-Villager’s Dilemma which has more realistic conditions to stimulate the process of game. It is emphasize that Prisoner’s Dilemma is an exception which is lack of universality and the importance of rules in the game. And it puts forward that to let the rule maker take part in the game and specifies game players can stop the game as they like. This essay describes the basic model, the villager’s dilemma (VD) and put some extended use of it, and points out the importance of rules and the effect it has on the result of the game. It briefly describes the disadvantage of Prisoner’s Dilemma and advantage Villager’s Dilemma has. It summarizes the premise and scope of application of Villager’s Dilemma, and provides theory foundation for making rules for game and forecast of the future of the game. 2 1. Basic Model In the basic model, the villager’s dilemma (VD) is presented as follows: Three villagers who have the same physical strength and a robber who has two and a half times physical strength as three villagers are living in the same village. In other words, three villagers has to act together to defeat the robber who is stronger than anyone of them. -
Cognitive Biases Nn Discussing Cognitive Biases with Colleagues and Pupils
The RSA: an enlightenment organisation committed to finding innovative practical solutions to today’s social challenges. Through its ideas, research and 27,000-strong Fellowship it seeks to understand and enhance human capability so we can close the gap between today’s reality and people’s hopes for a better world. EVERYONE STARTS WITH AN ‘A’ Applying behavioural insight to narrow the socioeconomic attainment gap in education NATHALIE SPENCER, JONATHAN ROWSON, LOUISE BAMFIELD MARCH 2014 8 John Adam Street London WC2N 6EZ +44 (0) 20 7930 5115 Registered as a charity in England and Wales IN COOPERATION WITH THE no. 212424 VODAFONE FOUNDATION GERMANY Copyright © RSA 2014 www.thersa.org www.thersa.org For use in conjunction with Everyone Starts with an “A” 3 ways to use behavioural insight in the classroom By Spencer, Rowson, www.theRSA.org Bamfield (2014), available www.vodafone-stiftung.de A guide for teachers and school leaders at: www.thersa.org/startswitha www.lehrerdialog.net n Praising pupils for effort instead of intelligence to help instil the Whether you and your pupils believe that academic idea that effort is key and intelligence is not a fixed trait. For ability is an innate trait (a ‘fixed mindset’) or can be example, try “great, you kept practicing” instead of “great, you’re strengthened through effort and practice like a muscle really clever”. (a ‘growth mindset’) affects learning, resilience to n Becoming the lead learner. Educators can shape mindset setbacks, and performance. Mindset through modelling it for the pupils. The way that you (and parents) give feedback to Think about ability like a muscle Try: n Giving a “not yet” grade instead of a “fail” to set the expectation pupils can reinforce or attenuate a given mindset. -
Joseph Gao EAS 499: Senior Thesis Advisor: Brett Hemenway [DRAFT]
Joseph Gao EAS 499: Senior Thesis Advisor: Brett Hemenway [DRAFT] Introduction to Cryptocurrencies for Retail Investors 1. ABSTRACT In the year 1998, roughly seven years before the smartphone revolution, (2007 marked the release of the iPhone, which arguably kicked off the ‘always online’ era that we live in today), Wei Dai published a proposal for an “anonymous, distributed electronic cash system”.(http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt). In the paper, Dai introduced two protocols to achieve his proposal - the first using a proof of work function as a means of creating money, and the second defining a set of servers responsible for keeping accounts, which must be regularly published, and verify balances for the other participants in the decentralized system. While B-money never took off, in part due to the impractical requirement of the first protocol that asks for a broadcast channel that is synchronous and unjammable, Wei Dai’s proposal planted the seeds of an idea that would later inspire Satoshi Nakamoto to publish the Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System white paper. This publication sparked a renewed wave of interest in distributed payment systems and resulted in thousands and thousands of new proposals and protocols to be developed in the next ten years. 2. INTRODUCTION The year of 2017 showed immense mainstream adoption in a number of cryptocurrencies. However, while mainstream chatter of these various cryptocurrencies has become nearly impossible to avoid, many retail investors are unfamiliar with the underlying technology powering each coin, according to studies performed by CoinDesk, Blockchain Capital, and The 1 University of Cambridge . -
William Gibson's Neuromancer and Its Relevanceto Culture And
“KALAM” International Journal of Faculty of Arts and Culture, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka William Gibson’s Neuromancer and Its Relevanceto Culture and Technology Noeline Shirome .G South Eastern University of Sri Lanka Abstract We live in a time where technology is in a rapid growth. These advancements have made various changes in the cultural sphere. Computers have drastically started to influence the lifestyle of people through various systems of information technology. Thus, within a fragment of time anyone can access to any sort of resources on the planet. This advancement is in way shrinking the division of mind and machine as most people depend vastly on the outside sources of intelligence through technological devices. The concept of mind uploading, trans-humans, cyber space, virtual reality, and etc. have interested the cyberpunk writers and influenced them to project these ideas in their literary texts. Thus the present paper explores the relationship between William Gibson’s cyberpunk science fiction Neuromancer and its relevance to culture and technology. It first focuses on the novel Neuromancer, and then goes onto its cultural and technological relevance with present time, and discusses the close connection between reality and cyberpunk literature. Key words Cyberpunk, cyber space, mind uploading, mindclones, mindfile, William Gibson Introduction in the novel named Henry Dorsett Case is a The link between computer technology and hacker who eventually gets into the digitalised literature play an important role in society, as system and logs into the Matrix where the literary texts reflects the contemporary copy of his consciousness exists forever. The situation. In this context, cyberpunk science similar idea of this mind uploading is now an fictions play an important role in exploring emerging concept in the twenty-first century. -
Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe New Perspectives on Modern Jewish History
Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe New Perspectives on Modern Jewish History Edited by Cornelia Wilhelm Volume 8 Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe Shared and Comparative Histories Edited by Tobias Grill An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-048937-8 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-049248-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-048977-4 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Grill, Tobias. Title: Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe : shared and comparative histories / edited by/herausgegeben von Tobias Grill. Description: [Berlin] : De Gruyter, [2018] | Series: New perspectives on modern Jewish history ; Band/Volume 8 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018019752 (print) | LCCN 2018019939 (ebook) | ISBN 9783110492484 (electronic Portable Document Format (pdf)) | ISBN 9783110489378 (hardback) | ISBN 9783110489774 (e-book epub) | ISBN 9783110492484 (e-book pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Jews--Europe, Eastern--History. | Germans--Europe, Eastern--History. | Yiddish language--Europe, Eastern--History. | Europe, Eastern--Ethnic relations. | BISAC: HISTORY / Jewish. | HISTORY / Europe / Eastern. Classification: LCC DS135.E82 (ebook) | LCC DS135.E82 J495 2018 (print) | DDC 947/.000431--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018019752 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. -
“Is Cryonics an Ethical Means of Life Extension?” Rebekah Cron University of Exeter 2014
1 “Is Cryonics an Ethical Means of Life Extension?” Rebekah Cron University of Exeter 2014 2 “We all know we must die. But that, say the immortalists, is no longer true… Science has progressed so far that we are morally bound to seek solutions, just as we would be morally bound to prevent a real tsunami if we knew how” - Bryan Appleyard 1 “The moral argument for cryonics is that it's wrong to discontinue care of an unconscious person when they can still be rescued. This is why people who fall unconscious are taken to hospital by ambulance, why they will be maintained for weeks in intensive care if necessary, and why they will still be cared for even if they don't fully awaken after that. It is a moral imperative to care for unconscious people as long as there remains reasonable hope for recovery.” - ALCOR 2 “How many cryonicists does it take to screw in a light bulb? …None – they just sit in the dark and wait for the technology to improve” 3 - Sterling Blake 1 Appleyard 2008. Page 22-23 2 Alcor.org: ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ 2014 3 Blake 1996. Page 72 3 Introduction Biologists have known for some time that certain organisms can survive for sustained time periods in what is essentially a death"like state. The North American Wood Frog, for example, shuts down its entire body system in winter; its heart stops beating and its whole body is frozen, until summer returns; at which point it thaws and ‘comes back to life’ 4. -
Eszter Babarczy: Community Based Trust on the Internet
PTE BTK Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola Kommunikáció Doktori Program Babarczy Eszter: Community Based Trust on the Internet Doktori értekezés Témavezető: Horányi Özséb egyetemi tanár 2011. 1 Community-based trust on the internet Tartalom Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 II. A very brief history of the internet ........................................................................................................... 9 Early Days ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Mainstream internet .............................................................................................................................. 12 The internet of social software .............................................................................................................. 15 III Early trust related problems and solutions ............................................................................................ 20 Trading .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Risks of and trust in content ....................................................................................................................... 22 UGC and its discontents: Wikipedia ......................................................................................................