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Biorremediación Programa de la asignatura: Biorremediación Microorganismos implicados en U2 procesos de biorremediación Ciencias de la Salud Biológicas y Ambientales | Ingeniería en Biotecnología Biorremediación U2 Microorganismos implicados en procesos de biorremediación Índice Presentación de la unidad.……………………………………………………………………..…...2 Propósitos……………………………………………………………………………………………..2 Competencia específica……………………………………………………………………………..3 2.1. Empleo de microorganismos en el tratamiento de ambientes contaminados..................3 2.1.1. Importancia de la diversidad microbiana………………………………………………......6 2.1.2. Tipos de microorganismos empleados en la biorremediación……………………...…...8 2.2. Las bacterias y su aplicación en la Biorremediación………………………........................9 2.2.1. El género Pseudomonas y sus características metabólicas…………………………....10 2.2.2. El género Alcaligenes y sus características metabólicas……………………………….19 2.2.3. El género Sphingomonas y sus características metabólicas…………………………...22 2.2.4. El género Rhodococcus y sus características metabólicas……..……………………...26 2.2.5. El género Mycobacterium y sus características metabólicas……………………….….30 2.3. Otros organismos involucrados en los procesos de biorremediación….…………….….34 2.3.1. La importancia de los hongos en biorremediación………………………………….…...35 2.3.2. La biorremediación de metales pesados a través de hongos………………………..…38 2.3.3. Las algas y su aplicación en la biorremediacion………………………………………....43 Actividades…………………………………………………………………………………………...47 Autorreflexiones……………………………………………………………………………………...47 Cierre de la unidad………………………………………………………………………………..…47 Fuentes de consulta…………………………………………………………………………………48 Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México 1 Biorremediación U2 Microorganismos implicados en procesos de biorremediación Presentación de la Unidad Como resultado de la actividad y uso de los recursos naturales por parte del hombre, es inminente el problema de la contaminación a diversos niveles, afectando no solo la vida humana sino al resto del ecosistema, razón por la cual se ha buscado mecanismos que den solución a dicha problemática. Sin embargo, algunos de estos mecanismos pueden solucionar parte del problema de contaminación o bien complicar la solución del problema generando otros aspectos ambientales. Por tanto, lo ideal sería remover el contaminante sin generación de otros y recuperar el ecosistema comprometido en su totalidad. Aquí es donde surge, esta solución alternativa, la Biorremediación. Así que, por lo ya revisado durante la Unidad anterior, donde logramos familiarizarnos no solo con la terminología necesaria para su comprensión sino también se logró visualizar los tipos de contaminación y los protagonistas causales. Ahora es nuestra tarea enfocarnos al cómo solucionar esta situación. Por lo que en esta Unidad nos dedicaremos al estudio de aquellos microorganismos que han sido utilizados durante los procesos de biorremediación, como las bacterias, los hongos y las algas. Aquí identificaremos y comprenderemos las características metabólicas que justifican su aplicación en esta rama de la biotecnología, que ofrece ser económica y amigable para los diferentes ecosistemas. Propósitos Identificar los microorganismos implicados en los procesos de biorremediación. Reconocer la importancia de la biodiversidad microbiana para el tratamiento de ambientes contaminados. Identificar y revisar el metabolismo de los principales géneros de bacterias que justifican su utilidad en los procesos de biorremediación. Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México 2 Biorremediación U2 Microorganismos implicados en procesos de biorremediación Distinguir otros organismos comúnmente empleados, el caso de los hongos y algas. Competencia específica Identificar los distintos organismos con capacidad de biorremediación, para distinguir su aplicación en suelos y aguas contaminadas mediante el estudio de sus características metabólicas. 2.1. Empleo de microorganismos en el tratamiento de ambientes contaminados Cómo ya vimos en el capítulo anterior, muchas de las actividades industriales y agrícolas, especialmente en los últimos 50 años, han causado un incremento significativo en la concentración de contaminantes tóxicos al medio ambiente. Entre las sustancias producto de la manufactura del hombre, las más peligrosas resultan ser los clorofenoles, nitrofenoles, así como el benceno, etilbenceno, tolueno, xileno (conocidos como BTEX por sus sigla en inglés de benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene y xylene), hidrocarburos aromáticos poli cíclicos (HAP) bifenilos policlorados y los solventes orgánicos. Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México 3 Biorremediación U2 Microorganismos implicados en procesos de biorremediación Figura 1. Estructuras químicas de BTEX. Recuperado de: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/BTX Los orígenes de estos compuestos encontrados en suelos, aguas residuales y los acuíferos, son la gasificación del carbón, las baterías en los hornos de carbón, las refinerías, las plantas petroquímicas y otras industrias, como las que sintetizan químicos, herbicidas y pesticidas. Figura 2. Desarrollo industrial en las zonas costeras. Tomado de http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/ciencia/volumen2/ciencia3/100/html/sec_8.html Muchas de estas sustancias son mutagénicas y carcinogénicas, se degradan muy lentamente y permanecen en el ambiente por largos periodos de tiempo. Por esta razón, Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México 4 Biorremediación U2 Microorganismos implicados en procesos de biorremediación la remoción de estas sustancias químicas de las áreas contaminadas es de gran importancia (Ahn Y et al, 1999; De Lorenzo, 2001; Lehmann, 1998; Mrozik A y Piotrowska-Seget, 2010). Con objeto de remover estos contaminantes en los últimos años se ha recomendado sustituir los métodos químicos y físicos por los biológicos durante el tratamiento de contaminantes. Una de estas recomendaciones, en la que hay mucho interés es la biorremediación, que es un método mediado por microoganismos, porque de entre muchas cosas, es barata ya que elimina el costo de transportación usal en los métodos químicos y/o físicos, disminuye la responsabilidad a largo plazo sobre los lugares contaminados por la eliminación de los contaminantes y puede ser acoplada a otros métodos de eliminación de desechos (Mohee & Mudhoo, 2012; Wasilkowski et al., 2012). Figura 3. Método físico para la remoción de petróleo. Recuperado de http://www.petroleomagdalena.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/enero-1999-petroleo-recogido-en- baldes-de-albanil.jpg Acorde a lo revisado en la primera Unidad, para la biorremediación es importante el uso de microoganismos, los cuales, pueden ayudar a la restauración ambiental por medio de la oxidación, unión, inmovilización, volatilización o de alguna otra forma, transformando contaminantes. Idealmente, las estrategias de biorremediación pueden ser diseñadas en base a: Los tipos de microorganismos que están presentes en ambientes contaminados Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México 5 Biorremediación U2 Microorganismos implicados en procesos de biorremediación Sus capacidades metabólicas Las respuestas de estos microorganismos a los cambios en el medio ambiente (Lovley, 2003). Como podemos ver los microorganismos son particularmente aplicables debido a su extraordinaria diversidad metabólica, que incluye en algunos microorganismos la habilidad de degradar contaminantes como los hidrocarburos presentes en el petróleo así como hidrocarburos halogenados que son enteramente el resultado de la manufactura humana (Philp et al., 2001). Para que vayas sorprendiéndote, te invito a que revises una base de datos ubicada en la Universidad de Minnesota (Ellis& Wackett, 2012) (http://umbbd.ethz.ch/) donde podrás visualizar una lista muy extensa de microorganismos que pueden participar en los procesos de biorremediación. Por tanto, vamos a revisar qué y cómo los microorganismos pueden ser utilizados con este propósito. 2.1.1. Importancia de la diversidad microbiana La biorremediación tiene sus bases en la intensidad de la biodegradación. A su vez la biodegradación está influenciada por varios factores, tales como nutrientes, oxígeno, pH, composición, concentración y biodisponibilidad de los contaminantes, características físicas y químicas de los mismos, así como del factor histórico del ambiente contaminado. Su objetivo es potenciar la degradación de los contaminantes ambientales a pesar de las diferentes condiciones climáticas. En ese sentido debemos considerar que en nuestro planeta, contamos con una gran variedad de suelos y de condiciones climáticas en las cuales crecen diferentes tipos de microorganismos y se puede manifestar la contaminación. Estos ambientes están caracterizados por bajas o altas temperaturas, pH ácidos o alcalinos, altas o bajas concentraciones de sal o altas presiones (Margesin & Schinner, 2001). Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México 6 Biorremediación U2 Microorganismos implicados en procesos de biorremediación Figura 4. Crecimiento de microorganismos provenientes de suelo. De lado izquierdo se ilustra un monocultivo y de lado derecho se exhibe una variedad de colonias resultado de una gran biodiversidad. Tomado de http://www.engormix.com/MA-agricultura/cultivos- tropicales/articulos/microorganismos-beneficos-t3938/078-p0.htm Los microorganismos pueden ser aislados de casi cualquier condición ambiental. Los microorganismos se pueden adaptar y crecer a temperaturas bajo cero, así como también en temperaturas extremadamente calientes, condiciones desérticas, en agua con
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