Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblast-Chondroblast Differentiation Jane E

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblast-Chondroblast Differentiation Jane E European Cells and Materials Vol. 16. Suppl. 4, 2008 (page 1) ISSN 1473-2262 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblast-Chondroblast Differentiation Jane E. Aubin Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 of simultaneous marker expression for multiple lineages INTRODUCTION: The fact that bone formation takes was seen in morphologically indistinguishable CFU-F, place not only during development but throughout life suggesting that gene priming may contribute to suggests that there is a large reservoir of cells in the mesenchymal cell fate selection. Mesenchymal stem and body capable of osteogenesis. The nature of these cells progenitor cell fate choice can also be altered by over the lifetime of the animal, contributions from stem cytokines and hormones, e.g., leukemia inhibitory factor cell versus committed progenitor pools, and (LIF) and 1,25(OH) D 2. identification of developmental transition steps remain 2 3 subjects of intense study. Osteoprogenitors (colony forming unit-osteoblast (CFU-O)) arise from multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (often designated CFU-fibroblast or CFU-F) that also give rise QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor to chondroblasts, adipocytes and myoblasts and in are needed to see this picture. which fate choice may be both stochastic and driven by environmental cues.. METHODS: Primary cultures of fetal (E21) rat or neonatal (P1-2) mouse calvaria and young adult mouse Fig. 1: Hormones, e.g. 1,25(OH)2D3 alter the fate or rat bone marrow stromal cells were prepared and 2 cultured as described1. Cells were cultured at high choice of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells. (5X103 cells/cm2) or low (5 cells/cm2) or a limiting dilution series, under conditions for osteogenic, DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS: Our data support chondrogenic, adipocytic or myogenic conditions as both a deterministic/hierarchical and non-deterministic appropriate. In some experiments, cells were analyzed (environmental cues and modifiers) model of and sorted by flow cytometry or magnetic beads. At mesenchymal stem cells in which gene priming and various times, RNA was extracted for PCR or cells were non-reciprocal regulation of fate selection play roles, fixed and stained by histochemistry or and offer new strategies for enriching for multipotential immunohistochemistry for marker expression. cells for regenerative medicine applications. 1 RESULTS: CFU-O comprise only a proportion of the REFERENCES: J.E. Aubin and J. Triffitt (2002) CFU-F, express limited self-renewal and occur at Mesenchymal stem cells and the osteoblast lineage. frequencies of ~1/105 to 1/102 cells in bone marrow or Principles of Bone Biology, 2nd ed. (eds J.P. Bilezikian, L.G. Raisz, and G.A. Rodan) Academic Press, pp 59- stromal and calvaria-derived populations respectively. 2 Fractionation based on Hoechst dye efflux (side 81. S. Zhang, S. Uchida, T. Inoue, M. Chan, E. population or SP) or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and/or Mockler and J.E. Aubin (2006) Side population (SP) parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone related cells isolated from fetal rat calvaria are enriched for protein receptor (PTH1R) expression enriches bone, cartilage, adipose tissue and neural progenitors. significantly for CFU-F and CFU-O, and reveals that Bone 38:662-670. both cell autonomous and non-autonomous ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This work is supported developmental events occur, that the majority of by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FRN immature progenitors reside in the ALP/PTH1R 483033). negative fraction and that cell autonomous clonogenic osteoprogenitors reside only in the latter pool. By other novel fractionation strategies based on positive and negative selection with lineage markers, we achieved >150-fold enrichment for a multipotential mesenchymal population with robust chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity in vitro and in vivo. Replica plating, global amplification poly(A)PCR, BrdU labelling and immunocytochemistry revealed at least seven transitional stages in osteoblast differentiation. Statistical analysis of the gene expression profiles uncovered multiple potential developmental pathways in osteoblast differentiation. A hierarchical distribution European Cells and Materials Vol. 16. Suppl. 4, 2008 (page 2) ISSN 1473-2262 Xenogenic Transplantation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Critical Size Bone Defects in Sheep Philipp Niemeyer1, Thomas Schönberger1, Joachim Hahn2, Norbert P. Südkamp1, Erich Schneider2, Simon Pearce2 and Stefan Milz2 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, GER 2 AO Research Institute, AO Foundation, Davos, CH INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal stem cells level however, there was no statistically (MSC) from bone marrow represent an attractive significant difference between the two groups. cell source for tissue engineering purposes such as the regeneration of bone. Due to a lack of expression of immunologically relevant surface antigens, this cell type might even be available for non-autologous cell transplantation. Although immunosuppressive properties have been demonstrated in vitro and xenogenic MSC show an engraftment after transplantation in immunocompetent mice, it remains unclear if HLA-mismatched MSC have a regeneration Fig.1: Sufficient bridging of the defect was found in 3 potential equal to autologous MSC. animals of the autologous MSC group (radiography at 24 weeks (A). Giemsa-Eosin staining of conventional METHODS: After isolation and cultivation on histology (B). In vivo fluorescent sequence labeling mineralized collagen as described earlier3, revealed that bone formation in these defects occurred as late as 20 weeks after surgery (C). xenogenic human and autologous ovine MSC were transplanted into a 3.0 cm diaphyseal tibia defect in Swiss Alpine sheep. Animals were sacrificed after 3 and 6 months. Unloaded mineralized collagen scaffolds served as a control. Radiography was performed every 2 weeks, in addition histological evaluation was performed Fig.2: Human-specific in-situ hybridization revealed after euthanasia (including in-situ hybridization presence of human MSC after xenogenic transplantation in 3 of 7 animals for detection of human MSC). Bone regeneration was analyzed using semi DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS: Although quantitative scoring systems on radiographic and xenogenic MSC could be detected in a significant histological levels. Furthermore, the amount of number of animals after transplantation, no severe newly formed bone was quantified using the immune response was detected. Nevertheless digital image software analysis program GIMP. xenogenic transplantation of MSC seems to lead to a lesser rate of bone formation compared to RESULTS: Autologous MSC lead to significant autologous ovine MSC which performed best. increase in radiological bone density in the defect Identification of the biological principle beyond after 6 weeks compared to unloaded controls (p < this observation will be part of further studies. 0.05). This difference could also be confirmed by histological evaluation after euthanasia (p < 0.01). REFERENCES: Compared to the autologous MSC group, the 1 Le Blanc K, et al. (2003) HLA expression and transplantation of xenogenic MSC leads to a immunologic properties of MSC … Exp Hematol 31:890- lower rate of bone formation (p < 0.05). 896. Nevertheless, an engraftment of xenogenic MSC 2 Niemeyer P, et al. (2007) Comparison of immunological was detected in 3 out of 7 animals using human properties of bone marrow stroma cells and adipose tissue- specific in situ hybridization, while no severe derived stem cells …. Tissue Eng 13:111-121. systemic or histological immune response could be detected. Bone formation in the xenogenic ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: group was higher than in the unloaded control The Project was supported by the AO Research group with statistical significance in radiological Fund (No. 04-N94) of the AO Foundation, CH and data evaluation. On semi quantitative histological by the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany. European Cells and Materials Vol. 16. Suppl. 4, 2008 (page 3) ISSN 1473-2262 Syndecan-4 Deficiency Leads to an Osteoporotic Bone Structure in vivo and an Impaired Osteoblast Functionality in vitro R. Stange +, M. Timmen +, T. Stoltenberg +, H. Hidding +, F. Echtermeyer *, K. Neugebauer *, T. Pap *, M. Raschke + +Dept. of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster *Division of Molecular Medicine of Musculoskeletal Tissue, Dept. of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Muenster, Germany 100 INTRODUCTION: Members of the syndecan family of 90 18 80 heparan sulfate proteoglycans play important roles in cell 46 70 adhesion and cell communication by serving as co- 60 50 receptors for both extracellular matrix molecules and 40 82 whole% area growth factors together with integrins. Syndecan-4 is 30 54 20 ubiquitously expressed and appears to be involved in cell 10 proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration. It c 0 a b wild type syndecan-4 -/- has been demonstrated that syndecan-4 is upregulated in Fig. 1: Histological analysis (v. the dermis after injury, and syndecan-4 knockout mice Kossa) of a lumbar vertebra of wild type (a) and show a delay in wound healing1. During embryogenesis, syndecan-4 knockout mice (b); c Quantification of syndecan-4 is important for regulation of chondrocyte mineralized bone area differentiation and enchondral ossification. To determine the influence of syndecan-4 on bone morphology and In vitro analysis of osteoblast
Recommended publications
  • Understanding Entheseal Changes: Definition and Life Course Changes Sébastien Villotte, Christopher J
    Understanding Entheseal Changes: Definition and Life Course Changes Sébastien Villotte, Christopher J. Knüsel To cite this version: Sébastien Villotte, Christopher J. Knüsel. Understanding Entheseal Changes: Definition and Life Course Changes. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Wiley, 2013, Entheseal Changes and Occupation: Technical and Theoretical Advances and Their Applications, 23 (2), pp.135-146. 10.1002/oa.2289. hal-03147090 HAL Id: hal-03147090 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03147090 Submitted on 19 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology Understanding Entheseal Changes: Definition and Life Course Changes Journal: International Journal of Osteoarchaeology Manuscript ID: OA-12-0089.R1 Wiley - ManuscriptFor type: Commentary Peer Review Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Villotte, Sébastien; University of Bradford, AGES Knusel, Chris; University of Exeter, Department of Archaeology entheses, enthesopathy, Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM), Keywords: senescence, activity, hormones, animal models, clinical studies http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/oa Page 1 of 27 International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1 2 3 Title: 4 5 Understanding Entheseal Changes: Definition and Life Course Changes 6 7 8 Short title: 9 10 Understanding Entheseal Changes 11 12 13 Keywords: entheses; enthesopathy; Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM); senescence; 14 15 activity; hormones; animal models; clinical studies 16 17 18 Authors: For Peer Review 19 20 Villotte S.
    [Show full text]
  • Systemic Therapy of Mscs in Bone Regeneration: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Jingfei Fu, Yanxue Wang, Yiyang Jiang, Juan Du, Junji Xu* and Yi Liu*
    Fu et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2021) 12:377 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02456-w REVIEW Open Access Systemic therapy of MSCs in bone regeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis Jingfei Fu, Yanxue Wang, Yiyang Jiang, Juan Du, Junji Xu* and Yi Liu* Abstract Objectives: Over the past decades, many studies focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy for bone regeneration. Due to the efficiency of topical application has been widely dicussed and systemic application was also a feasible way for new bone formation, the aim of this study was to systematically review systemic therapy of MSCs for bone regeneration in pre-clinical studies. Methods: The article search was conducted in PubMed and Embase databases. Original research articles that assessed potential effect of systemic application of MSCs for bone regeneration in vivo were selected and evaluated in this review, according to eligibility criteria. The efficacy of MSC systemic treatment was analyzed by random effects meta-analysis, and the outcomes were expressed in standard mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval. Subgroup analyses were conducted on animal species and gender, MSCs types, frequency and time of injection, and bone diseases. Results: Twenty-three articles were selected in this review, of which 21 were included in meta-analysis. The results showed that systemic therapy increased bone mineral density (SMD 3.02 [1.84, 4.20]), bone volume to tissue volume ratio (2.10 [1.16, 3.03]), and the percentage of new bone area (7.03 [2.10, 11.96]). Bone loss caused by systemic disease tended to produce a better response to systemic treatment (p=0.05 in BMD, p=0.03 in BV/TV).
    [Show full text]
  • ICRS Heritage Summit 1
    ICRS Heritage Summit 1 20th Anniversary www.cartilage.org of the ICRS ICRS Heritage Summit June 29 – July 01, 2017 Gothia Towers, Gothenburg, Sweden Final Programme & Abstract Book #ICRSSUMMIT www.cartilage.org Picture Copyright: Zürich Tourismus 2 The one-step procedure for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions Aesculap Biologics Facing a New Frontier in Cartilage Repair Visit Anika at Booth #16 Easy and fast to be applied via arthroscopy. Fixation is not required in most cases. The only entirely hyaluronic acid-based scaffold supporting hyaline-like cartilage regeneration Biologic approaches to tissue repair and regeneration represent the future in healthcare worldwide. Available Sizes Aesculap Biologics is leading the way. 2x2 cm Learn more at www.aesculapbiologics.com 5x5 cm NEW SIZE Aesculap Biologics, LLC | 866-229-3002 | www.aesculapusa.com Aesculap Biologics, LLC - a B. Braun company Website: http://hyalofast.anikatherapeutics.com E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: +39 (0)49 295 8324 ICRS Heritage Summit 3 The one-step procedure for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions Visit Anika at Booth #16 Easy and fast to be applied via arthroscopy. Fixation is not required in most cases. The only entirely hyaluronic acid-based scaffold supporting hyaline-like cartilage regeneration Available Sizes 2x2 cm 5x5 cm NEW SIZE Website: http://hyalofast.anikatherapeutics.com E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: +39 (0)49 295 8324 4 Level 1 Study Proves Efficacy of ACP in
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Osteoblast and Adipocyte Lineages in the Bone Marrow
    Bone 118 (2019) 2–7 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bone journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bone Full Length Article Defining osteoblast and adipocyte lineages in the bone marrow T ⁎ J.L. Piercea, D.L. Begunb, J.J. Westendorfb,c, M.E. McGee-Lawrencea,d, a Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA b Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA d Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Bone is a complex endocrine organ that facilitates structural support, protection to vital organs, sites for he- Bone marrow mesenchymal/stromal cell matopoiesis, and calcium homeostasis. The bone marrow microenvironment is a heterogeneous niche consisting Osteogenesis of multipotent musculoskeletal and hematopoietic progenitors and their derivative terminal cell types. Amongst Osteoblast these progenitors, bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) may differentiate into osteogenic, Adipogenesis adipogenic, myogenic, and chondrogenic lineages to support musculoskeletal development as well as tissue Adipocyte homeostasis, regeneration and repair during adulthood. With age, the commitment of BMSCs to osteogenesis Marrow fat Aging slows, bone formation decreases, fracture risk rises, and marrow adiposity increases. An unresolved question is whether osteogenesis and adipogenesis are co-regulated in the bone marrow. Osteogenesis and adipogenesis are controlled by specific signaling mechanisms, circulating cytokines, and transcription factors such as Runx2 and Pparγ, respectively. One hypothesis is that adipogenesis is the default pathway if osteogenic stimuli are absent. However, recent work revealed that Runx2 and Osx1-expressing preosteoblasts form lipid droplets under pa- thological and aging conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone Xenograft on Tumor Necrosis Factor- Alpha Secretion in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
    Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. Vol. 20 (December Suppl.) : 2018 : S88-S92 © Global Science Publications ISSN-0972-3005 EFFECT OF FREEZE-DRIED BOVINE BONE XENOGRAFT ON TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR- ALPHA SECRETION IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS AHMAD K.M. HUMIDAT1, DAVID B. KAMADJAJA2,3*, CHRIST BIANTO1, ANINDITA Z. RASYIDA1, PURWATI3 AND ACHMAD HARIJADI2 1Residency Program, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. 2Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya,Indonesia. 3Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia (Received 25 September, 2018; accepted 15 November, 2018) Key words: Tumor Necrosis Factor , Freeze Dried Bovine Bone Xenograft, Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell. Abstract– Alveolar bone augmentation requires the use of bone graft particles to promote bone formation. Freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft (FDBBX) is a type of bone substitute may be potential as an alternative to autogenous bone graft. However, since it is xenogeneic material, it may trigger body’s immune response and cause early resorption of the graft. Tumor Necrosis Factor- (TNF-) is a cytokine which is released rapidly after trauma or infection and is one of the most abundant mediators in inflammation tissue. The immune system and immune response play a very important role in the concept of bone healing. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) is a critical component of the immune system which release TNF-. This study aims to evaluate FDBBX effect on the secretion of TNF-á in hPBMCs culture. hPBMC cultures were divided into two groups. In experimental groups, the cell was cultured in FDBX conditioned medium of 2.5% dilution while in control group, basic medium was used.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between Bone and Immune Systems: a Focus on the Role of Inflammation in Bone Resorption and Fracture Healing
    PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 116, No 1, 45–52, 2014 CODEN PDBIAD ISSN 0031-5362 Interactions between bone and immune systems: A focus on the role of inflammation in bone resorption and fracture healing Abstract TOMISLAV KELAVA1,2 ALAN ŠUĆUR1,2 Functional interactions between the immune system and bone tissues are SANIA KUZMAC2,3 reflected in a number of cytokines, chemokines, hormones and other media- 2,3 VEDRAN KATAVIĆ tors regulating the functions of both bone and immune cells. Investigations 1 Department of Physiology and Immunology of the mechanisms of those interactions have become important for the un- University of Zagreb School of Medicine derstanding of the pathogeneses of diseases like inflammatory arthritis, in- [alata 3b, Zagreb-HR 10000, Croatia flammatory bowel disease, periodontal disease and osteoporosis. This review 2 Laboratory for Molecular Immunology first addresses the roles of the inflammatory mediators and mechanisms by University of Zagreb School of Medicine which they cause inflammation-induced bone loss. In the second part of the [alata 12, Zagreb-HR 10000, Croatia review we stress the importance of proinflammatory mediators for normal 3 Department of Anatomy fracture healing. Defective bone remodeling underlying different patho- University of Zagreb School of Medicine logical processes may be caused by disturbed differentiation and function of [alata 3b, Zagreb-HR 10000, Croatia either osteoclast or osteoblast lineage cells. Understanding of the mechanisms governing enhanced differentiation and activation
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Into Adipogenic and Osteogenic Stem Cells
    vv ISSN: 2641-3000 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/sscrt LIFE SCIENCES GROUP Hassan IH El Sayyad1*, Mohamed A Sobh2, Soad A Khalifa1 and Omnia KR Research Article 3 El-Sayyad Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem 1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Egypt 2Urology & Nephrology Center, Research Center, Egypt Cell Differentiation into Adipogenic 3Pediatric Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura University, Egypt and Osteogenic Stem Cells Dates: Received: 08 December, 2016; Accepted: 23 December, 2016; Published: 29 December, 2016 *Corresponding author: Hassan IH El-Sayyad, Depart- Abstract ment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, Tel: 0020502254850; Objective: Lipoaspiration of human breast fats are important source of adipocyte stem cells E-mail: (hAMSCs) which play a great role in regenerative medicine. The present study illustrates its capability of its transformation and characterization of adipocyte, osteogenic or chondrogenic cells. https://www.peertechz.com Methods and results: The hAMSCs were positive for CD13, CD29, CD105 and CD90 and negative CD34 and CD 14. The hAMSCs were cultured in adipogenic or osteogenic culture for 4,7,14 & 21 days. Gene expression for adipogenic (PCR of leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and lipoprotein lipase) and osteogenic (osteocalcin) cells were carried out. Biochemical assessments of adipogenic (lipoprotein lipase enzyme and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and osteogenic (alkaline phosphatase, B-galactosidase and calcium content) markers. Also, light and transmission electron microscopic investigation of adipocyte stem cell culture were investigated at 4,7,14 & 21 days in both two models. Adipocyte derived from hAMSCs displayed fi broblastic morphology and confl uency at 7 days and fl at-shape with positive oil red staining at 14 &21 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant
    Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease 1 Produced by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Departments of Hematology, Patient Education, and Biomedical Communications. Funds were provided by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, ALSAC, and a grant from the Plough Foundation. This document is not intended to take the place of the care and attention of your personal physician. Our goal is to promote active participation in your care and treatment by providing information and education. Questions about individual health concerns or specifi c treatment options should be discussed with your physician. For more general information on sickle cell disease, please visit our Web site at www.stjude.org/sicklecell. Copyright © 2009 St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital How did bone marrow (stem cell) transplants begin for children with sickle cell disease? Bone marrow (stem cell) transplants have been used for the treatment and cure of a variety of cancers, immune system diseases, and blood diseases for many years. Doctors in the United States and other countries have developed studies to treat children who have severe sickle cell disease with bone marrow (stem cell) transplants. How does a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant work? 2 In a person with sickle cell disease, the bone marrow produces red blood cells that contain hemoglobin S. This leads to the complications of sickle cell disease. • To prepare for a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant, strong medicines, called chemotherapy, are used to weaken or destroy the patient’s own bone marrow, stem cells, and infection fi ghting system.
    [Show full text]
  • Ex Vivo Systems to Study Chondrogenic Differentiation and Cartilage Integration
    Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology Review Ex Vivo Systems to Study Chondrogenic Differentiation and Cartilage Integration Graziana Monaco 1,2, Alicia J. El Haj 2,3, Mauro Alini 1 and Martin J. Stoddart 1,2,* 1 AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (M.A.) 2 School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; [email protected] 3 Healthcare Technology Institute, Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-81-414-2448 Abstract: Articular cartilage injury and repair is an issue of growing importance. Although common, defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing capacity, which is largely due to its avascular nature. There is a critical need to better study and understand cellular healing mechanisms to achieve more effective therapies for cartilage regeneration. This article aims to describe the key features of cartilage which is being modelled using tissue engineered cartilage constructs and ex vivo systems. These models have been used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation and to study the mechanisms of cartilage integration into the surrounding tissue. The review highlights the key regeneration principles of articular cartilage repair in healthy and diseased joints. Using co-culture models and novel bioreactor designs, the basis of regeneration is aligned with recent efforts for optimal therapeutic interventions. Keywords: bioreactors; osteochondral; integration; tissue engineering Citation: Monaco, G.; El Haj, A.J.; Alini, M.; Stoddart, M.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Immune Systems
    Immunology 101 (for the Non-Immunologist) Abhinav Deol, MD Assistant Professor of Oncology Wayne State University/ Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI Presentation originally prepared and presented by Stephen Shiao MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Disclosures Bristol-Myers Squibb – Contracted Research What is the immune system? A network of proteins, cells, tissues and organs all coordinated for one purpose: to defend one organism from another It is an infinitely adaptable system to combat the complex and endless variety of pathogens it must address Outline Structure of the immune system Anatomy of an immune response Role of the immune system in disease: infection, cancer and autoimmunity Organs of the Immune System Major organs of the immune system 1. Bone marrow – production of immune cells 2. Thymus – education of immune cells 3. Lymph Nodes – where an immune response is produced 4. Spleen – dual role for immune responses (especially antibody production) and cell recycling Origins of the Immune System B-Cell B-Cell Self-Renewing Common Progenitor Natural Killer Lymphoid Cell Progenitor Thymic T-Cell Selection Hematopoetic T-Cell Stem Cell Progenitor Dendritic Cell Myeloid Progenitor Granulocyte/M Macrophage onocyte Progenitor The Immune Response: The Art of War “Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War Immunity: Two Systems and Their Key Players Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity Dendritic cells (DC) B cells Phagocytes (Macrophages, Neutrophils) Natural Killer (NK) Cells T cells Dendritic Cells: “Commanders-in-Chief” • Function: Serve as the gateway between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Bone Marrow Biopsy
    Helpline (freephone) 0808 808 5555 [email protected] www.lymphoma-action.org.uk Bone marrow biopsy This information is about a test called a bone marrow biopsy. You might have one to check if you have lymphoma in your bone marrow. On this page What is bone marrow? What is a bone marrow biopsy? Who might need one? Having a bone marrow biopsy Is a bone marrow biopsy safe? Getting the results We have separate information about the topics in bold font. Please get in touch if you’d like to request copies or if you would like further information about any aspect of lymphoma. Phone 0808 808 5555 or email [email protected]. What is bone marrow? Bone marrow is the spongy tissue in the middle of some of the bigger bones in your body, such as your thigh bone (femur), breastbone (sternum), hip bone (pelvis) and back bones (vertebrae). Your bone marrow is where blood cells are made. It contains cells called blood (‘haemopoietic’) stem cells. Stem cells are undeveloped cells that can divide and grow into all the blood cells you need. This includes red blood cells, platelets and all the different types of white blood cells. Page 1 of 8 © Lymphoma Action Figure: The different blood cells that develop in the bone marrow What is a bone marrow biopsy? A bone marrow biopsy is a test that involves taking a sample of bone marrow to be examined under a microscope. The samples are sent to a lab where an expert examines them.
    [Show full text]