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Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2016, 3/4 (157/158), 477–511 Historical consciousness, personal life experiences and the orientation of Estonian foreign policy toward the West, 1988–1991 Kaarel Piirimäe and Pertti Grönholm ABSTRACT The years 1988 to 1991 were a critical juncture in the history of Estonia. Crucial steps were taken during this time to assure that Estonian foreign policy would not be directed toward the East but primarily toward the integration with the West. In times of uncertainty and institutional flux, strong individuals with ideational power matter the most. This article examines the influence of For- eign Minister Lennart Meri’s and Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar’s experienc- es and historical consciousness on their visions of Estonia’s future position in international affairs. Life stories help understand differences in their horizons of expectation, and their choices in conducting Estonian diplomacy. Keywords: historical imagination, critical junctures, foreign policy analysis, So- viet Union, Baltic states, Lennart Meri Much has been written about the Baltic states’ success in breaking away from Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and their decisive “return to the West”1 via radical economic, social and politi- Research for this article was supported by the “Reimagining Futures in the European North at the End of the Cold War” project which was financed by the Academy of Finland. Funding was also obtained from the “Estonia, the Baltic states and the Collapse of the Soviet Union: New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War” project, financed by the Estonian Research Council, and the “Myths, Cultural Tools and Functions – Historical Narratives in Constructing and Consolidating National Identity in 20th and 21st Century Estonia” project, which was financed by the Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS, University of Turku). -
Accession Treaty
23.9.2003EN Official Journal of the European Union 17 TREATY BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM, THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK, THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC, THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, IRELAND, THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG, THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, THE REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA, THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND, THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND (MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION) AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY, THE REPUBLIC OF MALTA, THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC, CONCERNING THE ACCESSION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY, THE REPUBLIC OF MALTA, THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA AND THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC TO THE EUROPEAN UNION HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF DENMARK, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE PRESIDENT OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC, HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SPAIN, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE PRESIDENT OF IRELAND, THE PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE -
Importance of European Remembrance for the Future of Europe
European Parliament 2019-2024 TEXTS ADOPTED P9_TA(2019)0021 Importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe European Parliament resolution of 19 September 2019 on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe (2019/2819(RSP)) The European Parliament, – having regard to the universal principles of human rights and the fundamental principles of the European Union as a community based on common values, – having regard to the statement issued on 22 August 2019 by First Vice-President Timmermans and Commissioner Jourová ahead of the Europe-Wide Day of Remembrance for the victims of all totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, – having regard to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted on 10 December 1948, – having regard to its resolution of 12 May 2005 on the 60th anniversary of the end of the Second World War in Europe on 8 May 19451, – having regard to Resolution 1481 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 26 January 2006 on the need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian Communist regimes, – having regard to Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law2, – having regard to the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism adopted on 3 June 2008, – having regard to its declaration on the proclamation of 23 August as European Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Stalinism and Nazism adopted on 23 September 20083, 1 OJ C 92 E, 20.4.2006, p. 392. 2 OJ L 328, 6.12.2008, p. -
Preoccupied by the Past
© Scandia 2010 http://www.tidskriftenscandia.se/ Preoccupied by the Past The Case of Estonian’s Museum of Occupations Stuart Burch & Ulf Zander The nation is born out of the resistance, ideally without external aid, of its nascent citizens against oppression […] An effective founding struggle should contain memorable massacres, atrocities, assassina- tions and the like, which serve to unite and strengthen resistance and render the resulting victory the more justified and the more fulfilling. They also can provide a focus for a ”remember the x atrocity” histori- cal narrative.1 That a ”foundation struggle mythology” can form a compelling element of national identity is eminently illustrated by the case of Estonia. Its path to independence in 98 followed by German and Soviet occupation in the Second World War and subsequent incorporation into the Soviet Union is officially presented as a period of continuous struggle, culminating in the resumption of autonomy in 99. A key institution for narrating Estonia’s particular ”foundation struggle mythology” is the Museum of Occupations – the subject of our article – which opened in Tallinn in 2003. It conforms to an observation made by Rhiannon Mason concerning the nature of national museums. These entities, she argues, play an important role in articulating, challenging and responding to public perceptions of a nation’s histories, identities, cultures and politics. At the same time, national museums are themselves shaped by the nations within which they are located.2 The privileged role of the museum plus the potency of a ”foundation struggle mythology” accounts for the rise of museums of occupation in Estonia and other Eastern European states since 989. -
List of Members
Subcommittee on Security and Defence Members Anna FOTYGA Chair European Conservatives and Reformists Group Poland Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Christian EHLER Vice-Chair Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands Jaromír ŠTĚTINA Vice-Chair Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) Czechia TOP 09 a Starostové Clare MOODY Vice-Chair Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament United Kingdom Labour Party Sabine LÖSING Vice-Chair Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left Germany DIE LINKE. Laima Liucija ANDRIKIENĖ Member Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) Lithuania Tėvynės sąjunga-Lietuvos krikščionys demokratai Johannes Cornelis VAN BAALEN Member Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Netherlands Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie Brando BENIFEI Member Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament Italy Partito Democratico Klaus BUCHNER Member Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance Germany Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei Jerzy BUZEK Member Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) Poland Platforma Obywatelska 30/09/2021 1 Aymeric CHAUPRADE Member Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy Group France Les Français Libres Javier COUSO PERMUY Member Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left Spain Independiente Arnaud DANJEAN Member Group of the European People's Party -
The Prague Summit and Nato's Transformation
THE PRAGUE SUMMIT AND NATO’S TRANSFORMATION NATO PUBLIC DIPLOMACY DIVISION 1110 Brussels - Belgium Web site: www.nato.int E-mail: [email protected] A READER’S GUIDE THE PRAGUE SUMMIT AND NATO’S TRANSFORMATION SUMMIT AND NATO’S THE PRAGUE PRARGENG0403 A READER’S GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 3 I THE SUMMIT DECISIONS 9 II KEY ISSUES 19 New members: Expanding the zone of security 20 New capabilities: Adapting to modern challenges 26 New relationships: Practical cooperation and dialogue 34 After Prague: The road ahead 67 © NATO 2003 NATO INVITEES Country* Capital Population GDP Defence Active Troop *Data based on (million) (billion expenditures Strength national sources Euros) (million Euros) Bulgaria (25) Sofia 7.8 16.9 494 (2.9% GDP) 52 630 Estonia (27) Tallin 1.4 6.8 130 (1.9% GDP) 4 783 Latvia (33) Riga 2.3 8.8 156 (1.8% GDP) 9 526 Lithuania (34) Vilnius 3.5 14.5 290 (2.0% GDP) 17 474 Romania (36) Bucharest 22.3 47.9 1117 (2.3% GDP) 99 674 Slovakia (38) Bratislava 5.4 24.9 493 (2.0% GDP) 29 071 ★ Slovenia (39) Ljubljana 2.0 22.4 344 (1.5% GDP) 7 927 III DOCUMENTATION 71 Prague Summit Declaration – 21 November 2002 72 Prague Summit Statement on Iraq – 21 November 2002 78 Announcement on Enlargement – 21 November 2002 79 Report on the Comprehensive Review of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and Partnership for Peace - 21 November 2002 80 Partnership Action Plan Against Terrorism - 21 November 2002 87 Chairman’s Summary of the Meeting of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council at Summit Level – 22 November 2002 94 Statement by NATO -
European Elections Why Vote? English
Europea2n E0lecti1ons9 THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT THE EUROPEAN ELECTIONS WHY VOTE? ENGLISH Latvia Results of the 25 May 2019 European elections Show 10 entries Search: Trend European Number of Percentage of Number of Political Parties compared affiliation votes votes seats with 2014 New Unity EPP 124 193 26.24 % 2 ↓ Social Democratic Party S&D 82 604 17.45 % 2 ↑ "Harmony" National Alliance "All for Latvia!" - ECR 77 591 16.40 % 2 ↑ For Fatherland and Freedom Development/For! 58 763 12.42 % 1 New Latvian Russian Union Greens/EFA 29 546 6.24 % 1 = Showing 1 to 5 of 5 entries Previous Next List of MEPs Inese Vaidere New Alliance EPP Sandra Kalniete New Alliance EPP Nils Ouchakov Social-democrat Party S&D Andris Ameriks Social-democrat Party S&D Tatjana Ždanoka Russian Union of Latvia Greens/EFA Roberts Zile National Alliance ECR Dace Melbärde National Alliance ECR Ivars Ijabs Development Renew Europe Lists for the elections on 25 May 2019 European Leading Name of party Translation Website Programme affiliation candidate Jauna Vienotība New Unity EPP Valdis vienotiba.lv Programme Dombrovskis Sociāldemokrātiskā Partija Social Democratic Party S&D Nils Ušakovs saskana.eu Programme "Saskaņa" (SDPS) "Harmony" Progresīvie The Progressives S&D Gunta Anča progresivie.lv Programme Nacionālā apvienība "Visu National Alliance "All for ECR Roberts Zile nacionalaapvieniba.lv Programme Latvijai!"-"Tēvzemei un Latvia!" - For Fatherland Brīvībai/LNNK" and Freedom Zaļo un Zemnieku Union of Greens and ALDE Dana zzs.lv Programme savienība (ZZS) Farmers -
The Disinformation Dilemma: How to Respond and Regulate Without Undermining Democracy?
© AdobeStock/terovesalainen European Parliament Online Seminar The disinformation dilemma: How to respond and regulate without undermining democracy? 17 March 2021, 14:30 CET / 09:30 EST #Disinformation Directorate-General for Communication 14:30 Welcome and practicalities 14:35 Opening Jaume DUCH GUILLOT, European Parliament Spokesperson 14:40 Keynote speech Christopher KREBS, former Director of the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Moderator: Delphine COLARD, European Parliament Head of Spokesperson’s Unit and Deputy Spokesperson 15:00 Panel 1 - The disinformation challenge: foreign and domestic actors Sandra KALNIETE (EPP, Latvia), Member of the European Parliament. Rapporteur on Foreign interference in all the democratic processes in the EU, including disinformation in (INGE) Sophie IN ‘T VELD (Renew, The Netherlands), Member of the European Parliament. Member of LIBE Committe and Chair of Democracy, Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights Monitoring Group Ambassador Baiba BRAŽE, Assistant Secretary General of the Public Diplomacy Division, NATO HQ Geysha GONZÁLEZ, Senior Director for Programs and Strategy at the Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) Moderator: Raffaella DE MARTE, European Parliament Head of Media Services Unit 15:50 Panel 2 -Fighting disinformation and modernising our online regulation Christel SCHALDEMOSE (S&D, Denmark), Member of the European Parliament. Newly elected Rapporteur for Digital Services Act (Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, IMCO) -
Prague Process Targeted Initiative: Thematic Areas
Prague Process Targeted Initiative: thematic areas Information paper 2013 February 2014 Introduction Prague Process The Prague Process is a political initiative that emerged out of the “Building Migration Partnerships” (BMP) Ministerial Conference, which took place in Prague on 28 April 2009. At this conference, the participating states1 adopted the Joint Declaration on principles and initiatives for promoting close migration partnerships. Moreover, the participating states agreed to do so through a comprehensive, balanced and pragmatic approach that respects the human rights of migrants and their family members, as well as of refugees. The text of the BMP Joint Declaration was prepared by participating states with the active participation of several EU bodies and international organisations. Specifically, the Joint Declaration established the following five areas as a basis for cooperation and the last, sixth area was added after the endorsement of the Prague Process Action Plan 2012–2016 in Poznan in November 2011: preventing and fighting illegal migration; integration of legally residing migrants; readmission, voluntary return and sustainable reintegration; migration, mobility and development; legal migration with a special emphasis on labour migration; asylum and international protection. The main aim of the Prague Process has been to promote migration partnerships between states of the European Union/Schengen area, Western Balkans, Eastern Partnership, Central Asia, Russia and Turkey, in line with the Global Approach to Migration -
12.5.2021 A9-0115/11 Amendment 11 Frances Fitzgerald, Maria Da Graça
12.5.2021 A9-0115/11 Amendment 11 Frances Fitzgerald, Maria da Graça Carvalho, Deirdre Clune, Rosa Estaràs Ferragut, Hildegard Bentele, Vladimír Bilčík, Daniel Caspary, Pilar del Castillo Vera, Geoffroy Didier, Jarosław Duda, José Manuel Fernandes, Loucas Fourlas, José Manuel García-Margallo y Marfil, Esteban González Pons, Christophe Hansen, György Hölvényi, Brice Hortefeux, Danuta Maria Hübner, Rasa Juknevičienė, Sandra Kalniete, Seán Kelly, Arba Kokalari, Ewa Kopacz, Andrius Kubilius, Stelios Kympouropoulos, Leopoldo López Gil, Elżbieta Katarzyna Łukacijewska, Aušra Maldeikienė, Lukas Mandl, Liudas Mažylis, David McAllister, Francisco José Millán Mon, Nadine Morano, Marlene Mortler, Janina Ochojska, Markus Pieper, Jessica Polfjärd, Christian Sagartz, Simone Schmiedtbauer, Christine Schneider, Ralf Seekatz, Sara Skyttedal, Tomas Tobé, Eugen Tomac, Sabine Verheyen, Maria Walsh, Jörgen Warborn, Angelika Winzig, Isabel Wiseler-Lima, Javier Zarzalejos, Željana Zovko, Milan Zver, Gabriel Mato, Henna Virkkunen, Franc Bogovič, Andrzej Halicki, Michael Gahler, Marian-Jean Marinescu, Tom Berendsen, Peter Pollák, Siegfried Mureşan, Peter Liese, David Lega, Pernille Weiss, Tomasz Frankowski, Lena Düpont, Magdalena Adamowicz, Dennis Radtke, Tom Vandenkendelaere, Radosław Sikorski, Traian Băsescu, Stefan Berger, Michaela Šojdrová Report A9-0115/2021 Mónica Silvana González Impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations in developing countries (2020/2042(INI)) Motion for a resolution Paragraph 73 - introductory part Motion for a resolution Amendment -
International Conference Crimes of the Communist Regimes, Prague, 24–25 February 2010
International conference Crimes of the Communist Regimes an assessment by historians and legal experts proceedings Th e conference took place at the Main Hall of the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (24–25 February 2010), and at the Offi ce of the Government of the Czech Republic (26 February 2010) Th e publication of this book was kindly supported by the European Commission Representation in the Czech Republic. Th e European Commission Representation in the Czech Republic bears no responsibility for the content of the publication. © Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes, 2011 ISBN 978-80-87211-51-9 Th e conference was hosted by Jiří Liška, Vice-chairman of the Senate, Parliament of the Czech Republic and the Offi ce of the Government of the Czech Republic and organized by the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes together with partner institutions from the working group on the Platform of European Memory and Conscience under the kind patronage of Jan Fischer Prime minister of the Czech Republic Miroslava Němcová First deputy chairwoman of the Chamber of Deputies, Parliament of the Czech Republic Heidi Hautala (Finland) Chairwoman of the Human Rights Subcommittee of the European Parliament Göran Lindblad (Sweden) President of the Political Aff airs Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and chairman of the Swedish delegation to PACE Sandra Kalniete (Latvia) former dissident, Member of the European Parliament Tunne Kelam (Estonia) former dissident, Member of the European Parliament -
Trio Presidency Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic 18-Month Work Programme 1 January 2011 – 30 June 2012
Trio Presidency Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic 18-month work programme 1 January 2011 – 30 June 2012 Mission Statement Given the need for and possibilities of enhanced cooperation within the Salzburg Forum, a professional framework for cooperation must be created in the coming decade. The Salzburg Forum remains an informal Central European security partnership. Its central functions should be: firstly, cooperation and lobbying within the EU; secondly, regional cooperation; and thirdly, contributing as effectively as possible to a coherent and credible EU external strategy vis-à-vis relevant countries and regions in the security-relevant neighbourhood of the Salzburg Forum. Thus, defining a common EU policy and making a common contribution aimed at strengthening the area of freedom, security and justice will become the pivotal points of cooperation for the Salzburg Forum. Cooperation of the Salzburg Forum will be determined by the shared interests of all or several partners as well as the principle of solidarity. Other partners can be involved as well. In view of the above, the structures of cooperation should be adjusted to those of the European Union. This implies, above all, the introduction of trio presidencies in the Salzburg Forum, the drafting and implementation of 18-month work programmes and related action plans, as well as the introduction of consistent, professional coordination based on the structures within the EU. 1 1. European Union 1.1. Key challenges 2011 – 2012 1. Implementation of the Stockholm Programme o 1.a. Internal Security Strategy and COSI o 1.b. Asylum system 1.c. Schengen Evaluation 1.d. Accession of Bulgaria and Romania into the Schengen area 2.