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HADIFOGSÁG, MÁLENKIJ ROBOT, GULÁG Kárpát-Medencei Magyarok És Németek Elhurcolása a Szovjetunió Hadifogoly- És Kényszermunkatáboraiba (1944–1953)

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HADIFOGSÁG, MÁLENKIJ ROBOT, GULÁG Kárpát-Medencei Magyarok És Németek Elhurcolása a Szovjetunió Hadifogoly- És Kényszermunkatáboraiba (1944–1953) HADIFOGSÁG, MÁLENKIJ ROBOT, GULÁG Kárpát-medencei magyarok és németek elhurcolása a Szovjetunió hadifogoly- és kényszermunkatáboraiba (1944–1953) Nemzetközi tudományos konferencia Beregszász, 2016. november 17–20. A II. Rákóczi Ferenc Kárpátaljai Magyar Főiskola Lehoczky Tivadar Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpontjának kiadványa Beregszász–Ungvár 2017 HADIFOGSÁG, MÁLENKIJ ROBOT, GULÁG Kárpát-medencei magyarok és németek elhurcolása a Szovjetunió hadifogoly- és kényszermunkatáboraiba (1944–1953) Nemzetközi tudományos konferencia Beregszász, 2016. november 17–20. A II. Rákóczi Ferenc Kárpátaljai Magyar Főiskola Lehoczky Tivadar Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpontjának kiadványa Szerkesztette: Molnár D. Erzsébet – Molnár D. István „RIK-U” Kiadó Beregszász–Ungvár 2017 ББК: 63.3 (2POC)-8 УДК: 323.282 (061.3) Т-12 A kötet a 2016. november 17–20-án Beregszászon megtartott a Lehoczky Tivadar Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont által rendezett „HADIFOGSÁG, MÁLENKIJ ROBOT, GULÁG. Kárpát-medencei magyarok és németek elhurcolása a Szovjetunió hadifogoly- és kényszermunkatáboraiba (1944–1953)” c. nemzetközi konferencia anyagait tartalmazza. Készült a II. Rákóczi Ferenc Kárpátaljai Magyar Főiskola Lehoczky Tivadar Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont műhelyében az Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma támogatásával. Szerkesztette: Molnár D. Erzsébet – Molnár D. István A kiadásért felel: Orosz Ildikó Tördelés: Molnár D. István Borító: Molnár D. István Korrektúra: Hnatik-Riskó Márta A közölt tanulmányok tartalmáért a szerzők a felelősek. A kiadvány megjelenését Magyarország Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma által kiírt Gulág Emlékév – 2016 pályázati program támogatta. ISBN 978-617-7404-36-0 © Molnár D. Erzsébet – Molnár D. István, 2017 © A szerzők, 2017 „RIK-U” Kiadó, Ungvár Nyomdai munkák: Kálvin Nyomda, Beregszász, Kossuth tér 4. Felelős vezető: Lacz Csilla TARTALOM ELŐSZÓ ................................................................................................................. 7 Bocskor Andrea: Kisebbségvédelem az Európai Unióban, avagy az EU reakciói a kisebbségi jogsértésekre és a kommunizmus bűntetteire ..................... 9 Seres Attila: A Kárpátaljai Református Egyház az 1956. évi forradalom idején. Iratok a szovjet állami Vallásügyi Tanács archívumából 1956–1957 .... 32 Csiszár Imre: A kényszermunkatáborok és a hadifogolytáborok világa a hajdúnánási túlélők elbeszéléseinek tükrében .................................................... 79 Fodor Gusztáv: A református egyház első évtizede Kárpátalja szovjetizálásának idején (1944–1954) ............................................................... 97 Ötvös István: Vagontörténelem – gondolatkísérlet ......................................... 118 Janek István: Esterházy János felvidéki magyar politikus munkássága, elítélése és a szovjetunióbeli Gulágon eltöltött évei ........................................ 126 Ilyés Gábor: A málenkij robot emlékezete a Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megyei településeken felállított emlékjelek tükrében ...................................... 150 Köteles László: Málenkij robot a jelenlegi Szlovákia területén. A szlovákiai magyarság sorsa 1944–53 ................................................................................ 177 Lukáč Gábor: Felső-Bodrogköz civil férfilakosságának legnagyobb áldozati vesztesége a 20. században ............................................................................... 193 Dupka György: A GUPVI–GULÁG táborokba elhurcolt magyar foglyok nyomában az oroszországi Baskíriában, Tatárföldön és a Kaukázus országaiban a levéltári iratok, visszaemlékezések és a helyszíni vizsgálatok tükrében ............................................................................................................ 208 Szamborovszkyné Nagy Ibolya: Koncepciós perek, politikai elítéltek, egyszerű emberek. Szovjet belbiztonsági tisztogatások Nagyberegen (1945– 51) ..................................................................................................................... 226 Molnár D. Erzsébet: A kárpátaljai németség szovjet hadifogolytáborokba hurcolása és internálása (1944–1946) .............................................................. 245 A KÖTET SZERZŐI ............................................................................................ 263 A KONFERENCIA FOTÓANYAGAI ...................................................................... 268 ELŐSZÓ A Lehoczky Tivadar Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont elsődleges feladatának tekinti a kárpátaljai magyarságot érintő sorfordulók történetének a feltárását. Ezen célkitűzések megvalósítását hagyta ránk a Kutatóközpont első vezetője, dr. Soós Kálmán. A kárpátaljai magyarság a határon túli régiók közül a legkisebb létszámú közösség, de ennek ellenére felvállaltuk múltunk inkább tragikus, mint dicsőséges eseményeinek a tudományos feldolgozását. Jelen kötetünk éppen a kárpátaljai magyarság legvészesebb korszakára hivatott rámutatni. 2016. november 17–20. között Hadifogság, málenkij robot, Gulág. Kárpát-medencei magyarok és németek elhurcolása a Szovjetunió hadifogoly- és kényszermunkatáboraiba 1944-1953 címmel konferenciát szerveztünk, amelynek tanulmányait tárjuk az olvasók elé. Az egész Kárpát-medencéből, érkeztek kutatók, akik beszámoltak legújabb kutatásaikról a II. világháború befejezése előtti lakossági megtorlásokról és deportálásokról. Képviseltette magát többek között az Emberi Erőforrás Támogatáskezelő, a Gulág Programiroda, a Nemzeti Emlékezet Bizottságának képviselője, az MTA Történettudományi Intézetének képviselője, valamint jelen volt dr. Bocskor Andrea EP-képviselő. Ezenkívül megemlítendők a helytörténészek, akik előadásaikkal és hozzászólásaikkal hozzájárultak az értekezés sikeréhez. Az előadások révén a résztvevők mélyebben megismerkedhettek az 1944. évi sztálini elhurcolások, a történelmi egyházak képviselői ellen levezényelt koncepciós perek, a kuláktalanítás, a donbászi munkaszolgálat történetével. A sztálinista éra embertelen megtorlásai elsősorban a Kárpát-medence magyar–német lakosságát sújtották, akik a korabeli államhatalmi túlkapások áldozatai lettek. A Szovjetunióban a háborús évek során kialakult a nagy tömegű deportálások menetrendje, és amikor a front elérte Kárpátalját, már egy jól kidolgozott séma alapján, kimunkált módszerekkel szedték össze a megbélyegzett lakosságot. A sztálinisták evvel újabb hadifoglyokat nyertek a kényszermunkatáborok részére, egyúttal etnikai tisztogatást hajtottak végre, eltávolítva a szovjet rendszer számára nemkívánatos személyeket, és nem utolsósorban megfélemlítették a lakosságot. Az elhurcolások időszakát megidézve válhat láthatóvá és mérhetővé az út, amelyet megtettünk azóta, de még mindig kérdés, hogy mennyire maradtak meg az emberi fejekben a régi gondolkodás kódjai. A tisztán látáshoz erre az időszakra vonatkozóan ez a tanulmánykötet is hozzájárul, hiszen szinte minden egyes dolgozatban megjelennek a számadatok, amelyek mögött valójában az emberi életek sokasága tanúskodik egy totalitárius államrend törvénytelen tetteiről. A történészek előtt ma is hatalmas feladat áll, mivel annak ellenére, hogy már Ukrajnában is immár negyedszázada elhangzott az igazság a deportálásokról, a téma kutatásakor a kérdőívezés és az interjúkészítés idején az elhurcoltak hozzátartozói részéről még mindig tapasztalható félelem. Ezeknek a félelmeknek 7 az eloszlatása ma sem fejeződött be. Meggyőződésünk, hogy az újabb kutatások eredményeinek a közkinccsé tétele hozzájárul az évtizedes trauma feloldásához, múltunk tragédiákba torkolló részleteinek a megismeréséhez, ami megerősítheti az igazságba és magyarságba vetett hitünket. Dr. Csatáry György a Lehoczky Tivadar Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont vezetője 8 KISEBBSÉGVÉDELEM, AVAGY AZ EURÓPAI UNIÓ REAKCIÓI A KISEBBSÉGI JOGSÉRTÉSEKRE ÉS A KOMMUNIZMUS BŰNTETTEIRE KISEBBSÉGVÉDELEM, AVAGY AZ EURÓPAI UNIÓ REAKCIÓI A KISEBBSÉGI JOGSÉRTÉSEKRE ÉS A KOMMUNIZMUS BŰNTETTEIRE MINORITY PROTECTION WITH REGARD TO THE REACTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION TO THE MINORITY RIGHTS AFFECTIONS AND THE CRIMES OF COMMUNISM BOCSKOR ANDREA RESUME The 20th century witnessed two world wars, numerous territorial and ethnic conflicts that lead to human tragedies on personal and community level either. Basing on historical research we can state that the most severe crimes against humanity were committed by totalitarian regimes: the Communizm, the Naczi and the Fascist regimes. These crimes are still not investigated completely and even the victims are not rehabilitated in many countries. Since the enlarging of the European Union by Central-European countries the issue of the minority rights and their protection is constantly on the agenda. In the 1990th the EU seemed to have the political will to find solutions and to define the minimum standards of the minority rights, e.g. by formulating the Coppenhagen Criterias, but the experience showes that it is not enough. Crimes of totalitarian regimes, especially of the Communizm, against humanity, including those commited against minority communities are still "swept under the carpet" in the EU, as there is no legal framework for dealing with it. Since 2008 Prague Declaration there are initiatives of some member states or politicians, members of the Europian and National Parliaments to raise the issue on the EU level, and there are some achievemnts, e.g. proclamation of 23 August as European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism, but we have to do more efforts in order to reach reconciliation. A XX. századi történelem számos olyan konfliktust, területi vitát és háborút hozott
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