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FM 6-120: the Field Artillery Observation Battalion and Batteries

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FM 6-120: the Field Artillery Observation Battalion and Batteries DEPARTMENT OF 'I.: .:RMY FIELD MANUAL U.S. Arlmy Midt' nHiUwy tnsUtute THE FIELD ARTILLERY OBSERVATION BATTALIOn AND BATTERIES A UT~4)Ri'TY 'FiLE DEPARTMENTOF TH.E ARMY · JULY 1951 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY * JULY 1951 WARNING Authority for release of this document to a foreign government must be secured from the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2. When this document is released to a foreign government, it is released subject to the follow- ing conditions: This information is furnished with the understanding that it will not be released to another notion without specific approval of the United States of America, Department of the Army; that it will not be used for other than military purposes; that individual or corporation rights originating in the information whether patented or not will be respected; and that the information will be afforded substantially the same degree of security as afforded by the United States of America, Department of the Army. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 6-120 This manual supersedes FM 6-120, 1 May 1945 THE FIELD ARTILLERY OBSERVATION BATTALION AND BATTERIES DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY · JULY 1951 United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1951 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 5 July 1951 FM 6-120 is published for the information and guid- ance of all concerned. [AG 322 (8 May 51)] BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY: OFFICIAL: J. LAWTON COLLINS WM. E. BERGIN Chief of Staff Major General, USA United States Army Acting The Adjutant General DISTRIBUTION: Arm & Svc Bd (2); AFF (40); AA Comd (2); OS Maj Comd (2); Base Comd (2); MDW (2); Log Comd (2); A (20); CHQ (5); D (2); B 6 (5); R 6 (5); Bn 6 (5); C 6 (2); FC (2); Sch (2) except 6 (100); RTC 6 (50); T/O & E's, 6-76 (9); 6-77(8); 44-7(2); 44-10-1(2); 44-12(2); 44-15 (2); 44-115(2). Special Distribution. For explanation of distribution formula, see SR 310- 90-1. CONTENTS Paragraphs Page CHAPTER I. GENERAL Section I. Purpose and scope ........ 1-2 1 II. Missions ................. 3-9 1 III. Organization, equipment, and duties of person- nel .................... 10-15 3 CHAPTER 2. TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT Section I. Principles of employment.. 16-18 25 II. Centralized control ....... 19-22 29 III. Decentralized control ..... 23-27 31 IV. Orders .................. 28-31 36 CHAPTER 3. RECONNAISSANCE, SELECTION, OCCUPATION, AND ORGANI- ZATION OF POSITION Section I. General ................. 32-33 41 II. Reconnaissance ........... 34-35 42 III. Selection of position ....... 36-37 44 IV. Occupation and organiza- tion of position ......... 38-41 46 CHAPTER 4. COMMUNICATION Section I. General .................. 42-43 53 II. Wire communication ...... 44-46 56 III. Radio communication ..... 47-50 58 CHAPTER 5. INTELLIGENCE Section I. General ................. 51-55 62 II. Counterbattery intelligence. 56-58 66 iii Paragraphs Page CHAPTER 6. SURVEY Section 1. General ................. 59-61 68 II. Planning ................. 62-69 71 III. Equipment ............... 70-73 81 IV. Traverse ................ 74-76 94 V. Triangulation ............ 77-82 99 VI. Three-point resection ...... 83-87, 107 VII. Two-point resection ....... 88-89 117 VIII. Vertical control .......... 90-91 127 IX. Astronomic observations .. 92-94 134 CHAPTER 7. SOUND RANGING Section I. General .............. 95-96 147 II. Selection of a sound position ............... 97-103 151 III. Installation of a base ...... 104-110 161 IV. Operations ............... 111-122 183 V. Miscellaneous ............ 123-126 237 CHAPTER 8. FLASH RANGING Section I. General ............... 127-129 256 II. Rapid installations ....... 130-138 259 III. Deliberate installations ... 139-144 292 IV. Conduct of.fire ........... 145-149 318 CHAPTER 9. RADAR RANGING Section 1. General ................. 150-153 326 II. Selection of position ...... 154-159 330 III. Weapon location ......... 160-163 343 IV. Registration and adjustment of friendly fire ......... 164-165 359 V. Other missions ........... 166-168 366 CHAPTER 10. METEOROLOGY Section 1. General ................. 169-173 375 II. Employment ............. 174-182 377 iv Paragraphs Page CHAPTER II. SPECIAL OPERATIONS ....... 183-187 389 APPENDIX I. REFERENCES ..................... 399 II. MINIMUM TRAINING SCHEDULES..... 401 III. REFERENCE DATA.................. 461 IV. CONVERSION FACTORS AND CONVERSION TABLES ............. 471 V. CORRECTIONS FOR CURVATURE AND REFRACTION ................ 489 VI. LENGTHS OF SUBBASES EXPRESSED IN YARDS, METERS, AND MILES .............. 491 VII. TIME SCALE VALUES ........... 492 VIII. TYPE SOUND RANGING CORREC- TION CHARTS .................... 02 IX. VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR......... 507 X. SURVEY AND COMPUTATION TABLES FOR CURVED BASE......... 508 XI. TABLES FOR COMPUTATION OF GRID CONVERGENCE AND SCALE FACTORS.................. 511 INDEX .. .................. ................. 517 This manual supersedes FM 6-120, 1 May 1945 CHAPTER I GENERAL Section I. PURPOSE AND SCOPE I. PURPOSE This manual is a guide for unit commanders and section leaders in the tactics and technique of the employment of the field artillery observation bat- talion and batteries. 2. SCOPE a. The manual covers the organization, duties of personnel, training, and tactical employment of the field artillery observation battalion and bat- teries. It also covers techniques involved in sound, flash, and radar ranging; and survey and meteor- ological operations. b. For tactics and technique common to all field artillery battalions and batteries, not contained in this manual, see FM 6-101 and FM 6-140. Section 11. MISSIONS 3. GENERAL Six principal missions are performed by the' field artillery observation battalion. These mis- sions are discussed in the following paragraphs. IT DA M 4. LOCATION OF HOSTILE ARTILLERY Location of hostile artillery is performed by sound, flash, and radar platoons. 5. REGISTRATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF FRIENDLY ARTILLERY Precise registration and adjustment of friendly artillery can be conducted by flash and radar ranging. Registration and adjustment can also be conducted by sound ranging. Sound and radar units should not be diverted from their target lo- cation mission if other means of registration or adjustment are available. 6. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION Collection of information is a duty of all per- sonnel of the observation battalion. Flash ob- servers provide most of the combat information reported by the battalion. 7. CONDUCT AND COORDINATION OF CORPS ARTILLERY SURVEY OPERATIONS The observation battalion survey officer coor- dinates the survey operations of all artillery oper- ating within the corps area. Plans for use of the organic survey parties of the observation bat- talion and attached topographic engineer parties must be coordinated with the survey plans of the divisions of the corps to avoid duplication of effort. A survey information center (SIC) is maintained in continuous operation near the ob- 2 servation battalion headquarters or the corps ar- tillery fire-direction center. 8. COMPARATIVE CALIBRATION OF FRIENDLY ARTILLERY The flash ranging platoon can perform com- parative calibration of friendly artillery. The flash observation posts locate each round, and the flash survey parties locate each piece being calibrated. 9. PROVISION OF BALLISTIC METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR FRIENDLY ARTILLERY AND FOR SOUND RANGING Meteorological messages are provided by the meteorological section of headquarters battery. Section III. ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT, AND DUTIES OF PERSONNEL 10. GENERAL All operations and methods described in this manual are applicable with any current table of organization and equipment for the field artillery observation battalion. I I. OBSERVATION BATTALION a. The observation battalion consists of a head- quarters and headquarters battery and three ob- servation batteries. The battalion is motorized. b. Normally, one observation battalion is as- signed to a corps. 3 12. BATTALION HEADQUARTERS The observation battalion headquarters con- sists of the commander and his staff; its organiza- tion is similar to that of any other type artillery battalion headquarters. For the detailed duties of headquarters personnel common to all types of artillery battalions, see FM 6-101. a. Battalion Commander. For the detailed du- ties of the. battalion commander, see FM 6-101. In addition to his other duties, the observation battalion commander is also the. corps artillery survey officer; for his duties as corps artillery survey officer, see paragraph 60. b. BattalionExecutive. For duties of the execu- tive officer, see FM 6-101. c. Personnel Officer (Si). For duties of the S-1, see FM 6-101. d. Intelligence Officer (S2). In the field artillery observation battalion, the S2 and the S3 function as a team in which the S2 may be assigned as the assistant to the S3. The principal duties of the S2 are- (1) Keep the battalion commander and staff informed of the enemy situation. (2) Coordinate observation agencies within the battalion. (3) Receive, evaluate, and record shelling, counterbattery, and countermortar re- ports from observation battalion agen- cies; and disseminate information and resulting intelligence to subordinate units and the next higher artillery head- quarters. 4 (4) Make a continuous study of the terrain. (5) Keep the S2 situation map. Foresee the need for, obtain, and distribute maps and air photographs in the battalion. (6) Insure dissemination of periodic weather reports to the using agencies. (7) Plan for and supervise all counter- intelligence activities within the bat- talion. (8) Coordinate and supervise intelligence
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