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TESIS DOCTORAL Año: 2015 “La mujer en el Congreso estadounidense: el caso de Edith Nourse Rogers, 1925 – 1960” Autor: Antonio Daniel Juan Rubio Licenciado en Filología Inglesa UNED Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas Facultad de Filología Directora: Dra. Dª Antonia Sagredo Santos Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas Facultad de Filología Tesis Doctoral “La mujer en el Congreso estadounidense: el caso de Edith Nourse Rogers, 1925 – 1960” Autor: Antonio Daniel Juan Rubio Licenciado en Filología Inglesa Directora: Dra. Dª Antonia Sagredo Santos DEDICATORIA A nivel personal, no puedo ni debo olvidarme de mis seres más queridos que me han aguantado con estoica paciencia durante estos últimos años y me han apoyado en todo momento a lo largo de este arduo y difícil proceso que aquí culmina. Especialmente y en primer lugar a mi mujer Isabel María y a mi hijo Daniel en un destacado lugar, por todos los momentos que en estos últimos años no he podido compartir con ellos y que, lamentablemente, ya no volverán. Y en segundo lugar a mis padres por su continuo apoyo y ánimo a lo largo de los años y por su interés diario en el progreso de esta investigación a pesar de sus adversas condiciones personales. Gracias por estar siempre ahí, in vigilando , siempre comprensivos con mis cambios de humor y atentos a mis perentorias necesidades. AGRADECIMIENTOS A lo largo de este laborioso trabajo de investigación muchas personas e instituciones han colaborado de manera desinteresada. A todas ellas, quiero expresar mi más profunda y sincera gratitud. En primer lugar, a la doctora Dª Antonia Sagredo Santos, directora de esta tesis, por su asesoramiento, sugerencias, consejos, minuciosidad y diligencia en la revisión de los diversos borradores del trabajo así como por el apoyo recibido desde el primer curso de docencia del doctorado, pasando por el trabajo de investigación, siguiendo con la misma génesis del proyecto, y finalizando con las revisiones finales. A nivel professional a las siguientes personas e instituciones por su inestimable apoyo y colaboración: Mrs. Susan Landry (Executive Assistant to the Directors, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University), Mrs. Sarah Hutcheon (Reference Librarian, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University), Mrs. Laurie S. Ellis (Main Desk, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University), Mr. John Ulrich (Researcher, Harvard Student Resources), Mr. Nathaniel Wiltzen (Archivist, Boston National Archives), Mrs. Tracy Potter (Reference Librarian, Massachusetts Historical Society), Mrs. Kara Fossey (Executive Director, Fort Devens Museum), Mrs. Jillian C. Jakeman (Maine History Room), HdG Dna Maria St. Catherine (Director of the Congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers Initiative for Veterans and Women Veterans Program Management and Professional Leadership Excellence in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts). 1 2 ÍNDICE GENERAL Agradecimientos 1 Índice General 3 INTRODUCCIÓN Y METODOLOGÍA 9 PARTE PRIMERA: MARCO TEÓRICO 23 CAPITULO 1: La sociedad estadounidense en los años veinte 25 1.1. Contexto político 26 1.1.1. Políticas de prosperidad: las presidencias de Warren Harding y 27 Calvin Coolidge 1.1.2. La presidencia de Herbert Hoover 31 1.2. Contexto económico 33 1.2.1. El despegue estadounidense: los pilares de la economía 34 1.2.2. El crac bursátil y la Gran Depresión 37 1.3. Contexto socio-cultural 39 1.3.1. Conflictos sociales 40 1.3.2. Conflictos de identidad 44 1.3.3. El auge de la cultura 47 CAPITULO 2: La situación de la mujer en los Estados Unidos 51 2.1. Cambios significativos en la situación de la mujer 53 2.2. El movimiento feminista en los Estados Unidos 59 2.2.1. Los efectos de la obtención del voto 62 2.2.2. Las principales organizaciones feministas 66 3 PARTE SEGUNDA: MARCO DESCRIPTIVO 71 CAPITULO 3: El Congreso de los Estados Unidos 73 3.1. El papel del Congreso a lo largo de su historia 77 3.2. La formación y organigrama del Congreso 81 3.2.1. La Cámara de Representantes 82 3.2.2. El Senado 85 3.2.3. El organigrama y personal del Congreso 86 3.2.4. El Capitolio 91 3.3. La función del Congreso 93 3.4. El proceso legislativo del Congreso 96 3.5. Los poderes del Congreso 98 3.5.1. Los poderes enumerados del Congreso 98 3.5.2. Los poderes implícitos del Congreso 100 3.5.3. Los procedimientos del Congreso: tipo de sesiones 101 CAPITULO 4: La presencia de la mujer en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos 103 4.1. La presencia de la mujer en los partidos políticos 105 4.1.1. La respuesta de los partidos políticos al sufragio femenino 106 4.1.2. Los cambios políticos en los partidos 107 4.1.3. El desencanto político 112 4.2. Mujeres candidatas y representantes electas 114 4.2.1. Gobernadoras y representantes estatales 115 4.2.2. Legisladoras estatales 116 4.2.3. Mujeres en organismos municipales 118 4.3. Las primeras mujeres congresistas 121 4.3.1. Mujeres en la Cámara de Representantes 125 4.3.2. Mujeres Senadoras 127 4.3.3. El impacto de las mujeres en el Congreso 128 4 PARTE TERCERA: MARCO EMPÍRICO 133 CAPITULO 5: La faceta personal de Edith Nourse Rogers 135 5.1. Aspectos biográficos 136 5.2. La incorporación de Edith Nourse Rogers a la política 148 CAPITULO 6: La correspondencia general de Edith Nourse Rogers 163 6.1. Correspondencia personal 165 6.2. Correspondencia profesional 184 6.3. Correspondencia social 199 CAPITULO 7: La correspondencia oficial de Edith Nourse Rogers 211 7.1. Correspondencia oficial 211 7.2. Compromisos públicos oficiales 232 CAPITULO 8: La documentación oficial de Edith Nourse Rogers 251 8.1. Los documentos oficiales 252 8.2. El material de campaña 259 CAPITULO 9: Los inicios de Edith N. Rogers en el Congreso: años 20 y 30 291 9.1. Historial de voto de Edith N. Rogers en los congresos de los años 20 y 30 292 9.2. Tipología de las medidas presentadas por Edith N. Rogers en el Congreso 296 9.3. Medidas presentadas en los congresos de los años veinte 297 9.4. Medidas presentadas en los congresos de los años treinta 303 5 CAPITULO 10: La madurez de Edith N. Rogers en el Congreso: años 40 y 50 325 10.1. Historial de voto de Edith N. Rogers en los congresos de los años 40 y 50 326 10.2. Medidas presentadas en los congresos de los años cuarenta 329 10.3. Medidas presentadas en los congresos de los años cincuenta 360 CONCLUSIONES 365 ABREVIATURAS Y SIGLAS 381 TABLAS Y FIGURAS 385 FUENTES 387 1. Fuentes primarias 387 1.1 Fuentes Hemerográficas: Artículos de prensa 387 1.2 Compilaciones documentales 389 1.3 Documentos históricos 389 1.4 Fuentes estadísticas 391 1.5 Legislación 392 1.6 Correspondencia 398 1.7 Discursos 405 2. Fuentes secundarias 406 2.1. Historia General 406 2.2. Historia de los Años Veinte 409 2.3. Historia del Movimiento Feminista 412 2.4. Historia del Congreso 415 2.5. Las Mujeres en la Política 417 3. Páginas web 420 6 ANEXO: DOCUMENTOS INCLUIDOS EN EL CD Anexo 1 Cronología de los años veinte Anexo 2 Fotos representativas del movimiento sufragista estadounidense Anexo 3 Cronología del sufragio femenino en los Estados Unidos Anexo 4 Biografías de mujeres relevantes en puestos públicos Anexo 5 Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos Anexo 6 Listado de legisladoras estatales en los Estados Unidos Anexo 7 Biografías de las primeras mujeres en la Cámara de Representantes Anexo 8 Cronología temporal del impacto de la mujer en el Congreso Anexo 9 Asignaciones a Comités de las primeras mujeres congresistas Anexo 10 Cartas enviadas a Edith Nourse Rogers de felicitación o nombramiento Anexo 10.1 Cartas de felicitación Anexo 10.2 Cartas de nombramiento Anexo 11 Certificado Graduación del Rogers Hall School Anexo 12 Listado de premios y condecoraciones concedidas a Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 13 Títulos honoríficos concedidos a Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 14 Condecoraciones de instituciones extranjeras a Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 15 Reconocimientos de asociaciones de veteranos a Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 16 La muerte de Edith Nourse Rogers en la prensa Anexo 17 Listado oficial de flores enviadas al tanatorio Anexo 18 Libro de condolencias del cementerio Anexo 19 Cartas y telegramas de pésame recibidos en la oficina de la congresista Anexo 20 Resoluciones del estado de Massachusetts y de la Cámara de Representantes Anexo 21 Proclamación del 30 de junio de 2012 en el estado de Massachusetts Anexo 22 Cartas de pésame recibidas por Edith Nourse Rogers a la muerte de su marido Anexo 23 Cartas de felicitación enviadas a Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 24 Certificado elección de Edith N. Rogers a la Cámara de Representantes en 1925 Anexo 25 Ley 346, Sección 268 ( The White House ) Anexo 26 Cartas personales de Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 26.1 Cartas personales referentes a diferentes medidas propuestas Anexo 26.2 Cartas personales de felicitación o agradecimiento Anexo 27 Cartas profesionales de Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 27.1 Cartas profesionales de agradecimiento o felicitación Anexo 27.2 Cartas profesionales de empresas o entidades por diversas medidas Anexo 28 Cartas de carácter social de Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 28.1 Cartas de carácter social de agradecimiento o felicitación Anexo 28.2 Cartas de carácter social con diversas peticiones Anexo 29 Cartas oficiales de Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 29.1 Cartas oficiales de felicitación y conmiseración Anexo 29.2 Cartas oficiales a/de congresistas, funcionarios y cargos públicos Anexo 29.3 Cartas oficiales a/de organizaciones o asociaciones de veteranos Anexo 30 Compromisos oficiales de Edith Nourse Rogers Anexo 30.1 Cartas de compromisos públicos oficiales 7 Anexo 30.2 Invitaciones oficiales enviadas a Edith N.
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    INDEX Message From The Desk Of Director 1 1. Feature Article 2-12 a. India-China Border Dispute b. Coastal Regulation Zone c. CoVID-19 and MSME 2. Mains Q&A 13-29 3. Prelims Q&A 30-62 4. Bridging Gaps 63-139 1. Jammu and Kashmir Grant of Domicile Certificate (Procedure) Rules, 2020 2. UMANG App 3. Darbar Move 4. Azaan 5. Collective Conscience Of Society 6. Stringency Index 7. One Nation, One Ration Card 8. Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship scheme 9. Pulitzer Prize 10. International Labour Day VAJIRAM AND RAVI The Recitals (May 2020) Page 2 11. International Day of Families 12. WHO Cites Concerns Over BCG Vaccine 13. Coir Geotextiles for PMGSY 14. Sanjivani App 15. Samarth ERP 16. CoAST India 17. National Career Service Project (NCSP) 18. WHO Foundation 19. Endemic and Syndemic Disease 20. Demographic Data 21. West Bengal Major Irrigation and Flood Management Project 22. Alcohol and State Finances 23. Open Budget Survey 24. Demand Curve Shift 25. MSP For Minor Forest Produced Raised 26. Calamity Cess 27. TB Drugs Used For Crops 28. Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) 29. Other Reforms Announced Under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (Self-Reliant India) 30. Stimulus Package Under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 31. Jagannath Rath Yatra 32. Indo-Nepal Border Dispute 33. India and RCEP 34. India, Russia Collaboration on Coking Coal and Crude Oil Trade 35. Indo-Bangla Protocol Route 36. Elections in Gilgit-Baltistan 37. Online Summit of NAM Contact Group 38. Digital Currency Project of China 39. Taiwan and World Health Assembly 40. Afghan Power-sharing Deal 41.