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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-16,438 KIM, Haingja, 1913- A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF KOREA: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY FOCUSING ON ROLE ANALYSIS OF FEMALE POLITICIANS. University of Hawaii, Ph.D., 1975 Political Science, general Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF KOREll.: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY FOCUSING ON ROLE ANALYSIS OF FEMALE POLITICIlI~S A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DECEMBER 1975 By Haingja Kim Dissertation Committee: Harry Friedman, Chairman Douglas Bwy Michael Mezey Robert Stauffer Young II-Lim ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Completion of this study was made possible by the generous aid and advice offered by a group of people too numerous to be credited individually and by name. First, I would like to thank the f~male members of the u.S. 93rd Congress and the 9th National Assembly of Korea, and their aides and assistants, who found time in their busy schedules to sit through 45-minute long interviews. Their sincere cooperation is at the heart of this dissertation. I also owe thanks to Mrs. Catherine Norrell, former Congresswoman from Arkansas, and Mrs. Soon Chun Park, former Assemblywoman and former head of the People's Democratic Party of Korea, both of whom offered many valuable suggestions from a retrospective viewpoint. In order to expose myself to another set of perspectives, I talked to Representatives Edward Hebert, Spark Matsunaga, and Barber Conable (all of the u.S. House), and Assemblymen Hai Won Lee, Chin Man Kim, Moon Shik Chae, Byung Ki Min, Bum Mo Ku, and Tae Joon Moon of the National Assembly of Korea. Hawaii State Senators Jean King and Patsy Young kindly submitted to interviews for a pilot study in the early stages of this dissertation. The Rev. Won Yong Kang and Assemblyman Joon Kyu Park helped arrange interviews with the Korean legislators, and Rep. Lindy Boggs and members of her iv staff spent a great deal of time and effort helping me arrange interviews with several of the u.s. Congresswomen. Ms. Shirley Elder of the Washington Star relayed to me her very clear and knowledgeable impressions of the various female members of the Congress, and Mr. Ki Sang Kil, Director of the Rules Bureau of the Assembly Secretariat of Korea, supplied me with many relevant documents and personal comments regarding the National Assembly of Korea. ABSTRACT This dissertation, consisting of ten chapters, is a study of legislative roles with particular attention being paid to the role strain felt by legislators today: specifically, female legislators of the 9th Assembly of the National Assembly of Korea and the 93rd Congress of the u.S. House of Representatives. The main purpose of this study is to explore one of the important issues of this generation: the growing demands of women for self-development, both individually and collectively. To see how these demands might be properly planned and utilized, we look at the female members of the aforementioned bodies. This comparative study is based on in-depth interviews of the female legislators of the u.S. House of Representatives and of the National Assembly of Korea. Very little study has been done which includes the role of women in world politics and very little systematic research has been done which includes all the women who have served in the u.S. Congress. Literally no research at all has been done on women in the National Assembly of Korea. The role of women has changed in the twentieth century. The development of technology has brought about some of these changes, such as the extension of life-sp~l, population control, increasing the level of women's higher education, and so on. For these, and other reasons, women find vi themselves left with leisure time, and often with potential capability, and it is quite natural that they go out to look for ways to utilize their abilities. Here arises a central conflict, characteristic to women, career or family oriented. Women in the twentieth century who want to be successful in professional fields more or less tend to reject their societally-given psychological predisposition as women, because of the prejudiced expectation society has for them. In other words, there are conflicts between ascribed status and achieved status; many women feel role strain because they are women. In this study this characteristic is referred to as "role strain." Those who are involved in politics feel more role strain because the world of politics is often regarded as a predominantly male prerogative. As a specific way of illustration, we examined a group of female legislators who, as pioneers in this field, feel role strain due to in­ congruence between their career (politics) and their ascribed role. Despite all their disadvantages as female politicians they develop their own techniques for reducing role strain in coping with a situation and surviving in the system; it varied according to the role perception of the individual legislators. Four female legislator-types are developed according to their values (as women) vis-a-vis the role of women in society, and their actions in their own behaving situation. Those types are Conformist, Idealist, Liberationist, and Feminist. Female legislators in Korea are either Conformist vii or Idealist; in the u.s. 93rd Congress, there are no Idealist types. Idealist types and Feminist types legislators feel more ascribed role strain than the other two types of legis­ lators because they feel incongruence between their behaving situations and their values. Feminist type legislators are those who overcame their role strain by informal group meetings, and official trips and committee assignments. Their efforts help the other u.s. House of Representatives female members to reduce or negate their role strain. The female members of the u.s. House of Representatives feel almost no role strain in the legislature because, I believe, they are much more qualified than their predecessors in the Congress. On the other hand, female members of the National Assembly of Korea feel role strain both within and out of the legislature. They have special role expectations--to institutionalize equality between sexes by combining representation of women's groups with their law-making function. Their situation is similar to that of early twentieth century u.s. female members of the Congress. Female members of the u.s. Congress feel role strain in the recruitment process, as most of them ran on their own-­ they did not have party support. This is one of the reasons for the small number of women in the Congress. On the con­ trary, female members of Korea had party support in the recruitment process. This empirical exploration of female legislators' role analyses is primarily based on private interviews, tape- viii recorded with the subjects' consent. Interviews, observa­ tions and docQ~ent collection were carried out both in Seoul and in Washington, D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. • iii ABSTRACT .•. v LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF FIGURES .• xii PREFACE. • •• xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. 1 CHAPTER II THEORY OF ROLE-SET: APPLYING MIDDLE- ~~GE THEORY •..• 8 CHAPTER III COMPARATIVE LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS. 16 CHAPTER IV WOMEN k~D THE NOTION OF ROLE STRAIN . 28 CHAPTER V PAST FEMALE MEMBERS OF THE TWO LEGISLATURES .•.. 46 United States Congress. ...••. 49 Outstanding Individual Personalities . 50 Some Statistics As a Group . 54 National Assembly of Korea. 61 Individual Personalities . 61 CHAPTER VI AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FEMALE MEMBERS OF THIS CASE STUDY. ••.•.... 70 Female Members of the U.S.

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