1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3031

John J. Muccio, of Rhode Island, now a Foreign Service NORTH CAROLINA officer of class 6 and a consul, to be also a secretary in the Mortimer H. Mitchell, Aulander. Diplomatic Service; and Robert Lee Brtdger, Bladenboro. William P. Cochran, Jr., of Pennsylvania, now a Foreign . Tasker T. Hawks, Norlina. Service officer, unclassified, and a vice consul of career, to Elias Carr Speight, Rocky Mount. be also a secretary in the Diplomatic Service. G. Glenn Nichols, Sparta. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. McGILL in the chair). The reports will be placed on the Executive Calendar. SOUTH DAKOTA The calendar is in order. Lewis E. Smith, Alpena. H. THE CALENDAR-POSTMASTERS Ian Maxwell, Delmont. Regina Trinen, Letcher. The legislative clerk proce.eded to read the nominations James R. Crowe, Yankton. of sundry postmasters. Mr. McKELLAR. I ask unanimous consent that the nomi­ TEXAS nations of postmasters on the calendar may be confirmed Robert Rowntree, Bartlett. en bloc. Otto Hicks, Blum. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the nom..: Earl B. Hopkins, Brazoria. inations are confirmed en bloc. Theodore A. Low, Jr., Brenham. That completes the calendar. Stanley F. Labus, Falls City. RECESS Wallace J. Bludworth, Flatonia. As in legislative session, James F. Atkinson, Florence. Mr. ROBINSON. I move that the Senate stand in recess Robbie G. Ellis, Fort Davis. until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. Leonadis E. Eubanks, Groesbeck. Sam H. Amsler, McGregor. The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 o'clock p. m.) the Senate, in legislative session, took a recess until tomorrow, E. Otho Driskell, Mansfield. Richard J. Bradford, Pettus. Thursday, March 7, 1935, at 12 o'clock meridian. Willis C. Giffin, Sabinal. CONFIRMATIONS UTAH John M. Bernhisel, Lewiston. Executive nominations confirmed b-y the Senate March 6 Andrew J. Judd, Manti.

CURBING WAR ~ROFITS Of those who advocate that the Government commandeer all so-called "war industries", I ask this pertinent question: "What Mr. DUFFEY of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ are war industries? " · sent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include In a modern major war, practically every product contributes its part to the winning of the war. The economic strength of a nation therein an address given by my colleague from Ohio, Hon. is just as important as is its military strength. Assuming that we FRANK L. KLoEB, over a Nation-wide hook-up on the subject could define "war industries" and that the Government would of curbing war profits. commandeer these industries, it then must have the money to pay The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the the men who operate the industries. Government receives its money through taxation. Taxes are levied upon property and gentleman from Ohio [Mr. DUFFEY]? earnings. Every industry that is commandeered is so much prop­ There was no objection. erty taken from under taxation. Eventually we arrive at complete Mr. DUFFEY of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend socialization of all industry. After the close of the war endless problems would confront the Government in returning these my remarks in the RECORD I include a radio address de­ properties to their rightful owners. livered by my colleague, Hon. FRANK L. KLoEB, of Ohio, on The first problem the Government would face in commandeer­ ' invitation by the National Broadcasting Co.t. over a Nation- ing would be a constitutional one. The fifth amendment pro­ wide hook-up, on March 5, 1935. vides for reasonable compensation for property taken. When this power is exercised, the Government is required by the courts to The radio address follows: pay reasonable compensation, which is the market price. If we My friends, the Senate munitions investigation and the uni­ permlt the stampede of prices at the beginning of a war and then versal draft week of the American Legion have again brought be­ attempt the commandeering process, the Government becomes a fore Congress and the people the question of curbing war profits purchaser of property at-or near-the peak of inflation. in event of another war. This question involves primarily the I am not going into the question of the ability of the Govern­ study of the most effective method of curbing war-time inflation ment to operate industrial plants. For the Government to attempt of prices, for from this evil naturally flow the resultant evils of to do so would so disrupt the economic structure of the Nation profiteering, exorbitant cost to the Government, loss of morale as to retard production seriously and thus interfere with winning to the men in the field and to the civilian population, and the the war. inevitable depression that follows post-war deflation. The third method proposed, which I consider the best solution Profiteering in time of war by those who would take adva.nta.ge of of the problem., is embodied in the Mcswain bill now before the their government and of their fellow citizens is as old as civiliza- House. Under this bill the Executive is authorized to freeze prices ~~ . as of a date prior to the declaration of war. By so doing, he would General Washington wrote of the Revolutionary War profiteers: fix prices as of a date when business was being transacted under "No punishment is too great for the man who can build his the normal law of supply and demand. A price ceiling would thus greatness upon his country's ruin." be established beyond which no prices could go, but under which Some of our large fortunes were built during the Civil War upon prices might fiuctuate. A price-fixing commission would then be the blood and the suffering of the manhood of America. established, with power to conduct hearings and raise or lower During the Spanish-American War we remember the scandal prices in order to correct inequities in the price structure. No over embalmed beef, and the terrible suffering and death that man would have cause to complain, because reasonable compensa­ followed its use. tion, considering the entire price level, would be received by After the declaration of these wars, the publlc and the soldiers everyone. in the field complained bitterly at the inflated prices of all neces­ The speculator, knowing of the provislons for the freezing of sary commodities and the inordinate profits of those who would prices, would refrain from speculation in advance of the declara­ take advantage of their fellow men. After the close of these wars, tion of war. There would ensue no undue inflation of prices and the prevention of a recurrence of these evils in the event of an­ no defiation of the currency. The cost of living would remain other war was seriously debated. Always time served to deaden fairly stable. All men would be working toward a common end­ the memory of these outrages, until the subject ceased to be dls- the same end toward which the men in the field were working­ victory for the Natio~ •cussed and another war was upon us. . No corruption of public ofHcials--which follows unreasonable During the World War the American soldier carried a gun for profits-would be experienced. The morale of the military and $1 per day. I was one of them. The mechanic who fashioned the civilian population would be enhanced. There would be no de­ gun received $15 per day; the man who owned the factory received mand for ad.justed compensation or bonus to the service men $15,000 per day. It was this inequity that affected the men 1n after the war. Should the low-cost producer of a comm,odity in the service. great demand receive inordinate profits, then an excess-profits t ax The American Legion, at its first convention in 1919, conceived could restore that profit to the Treasury. Operating under t hese the idea of the so-called "universal draft." It desired a law that conditions the tax would not pyramid prices because the price would compel industry and labor to serve equally and without ceillng would prevent that. There would be no reaction and con­ profit in time of war. sequent depression at the close of the war, which always accom­ In 1931 Congress created the War Policies Commission, "to in­ panies falling prices. The Nation would move from peace to war vestigate and report a feasible plan to promote peace and to and from war to peace without serious dlsjointment of the eco­ equalize the burdens of war." The McSwain bill, now before the nomic structure. Business men would feel more confident in House, is the result of the efforts of that Commission. The Ameri­ contracting for goods or services, knowing that prices would re­ can Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Disabled Ameri­ main relatively stable. Labor would not complain when the cc.;;t can Veterans have worked for what this measure substantially of living did not increase. provides. By the prevention of inflation the desired objectives would be In past major wars history tells us that immediately after the accomplished. Peace, we desire above all else. By equalizing the declaration of war, because of speculation and a vastly increased burde~ of war we enhance the probability of peace. demand, there comes a sudden stampede in prices. During the Civil War our efforts to control the stampede were feeble. After TWO YEARS OF DEMOCRATIC CONTROL we had entered the World Wru: our effort was to so control the Mr. TREADWAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent stampede as to bring the price leaders back on a level with their to extend my own remarks and to include an address I fellows. This we sought to accomplish through an excess-profits tax and a price-fixing commission. Some price leaders were delivered over the radio last night in conjunction with the checked by these means. gentleman from Ohio [Mr. KLoEB J. In studying this question of war-time inflation and its result­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the ant evils, we must first arrive at the basic conclusion either of gentleman from Massachuetts [Mr. TREADWAY]? seeking t o control the price stampede or of striking at the heart of the issue and preventing any stampede. There was no objection. Either the device of an excess-profits tax or the commandeering Mr. TREADWAY. Mr. Speaker, 2 years ago yesterday the by the Government of so-called "war industries" is advocated by present Democratic administration took over the reins of those who see a price stampede as inevitable upon declaration of government. It is therefore time that we take account of war. The excess-profits tax during the war did not prevent 1nfiat1on. stock, balance the books of accomplishment and failure, and It helped to pyramid inflation. For example, the iron-ore producer decide whether the administration has made good. had levied upon him an excess-profits tax. He, in turn, passed We all know that the election of 1932 came at a ti.me of this on t o the pig-iron producer as an element of cost. The pig­ iron producer paid an excess-profits tax out of his profits and world-wide depression, and that there was a definite, psy­ passed t his on to the steel producer. Eventually, at the peak prtce, chological tendency toward a change of party control. Em­ the Government, as the purchaser, paid the excessive cost, and ployment was scarce. It was easy to appeal to the husband thereby paid for the excess-profits taxes that it had previously out of a job and to the housewife lacking the needs of home. collected. In the final analysis, it was the ultimate consumer-the tax­ It was easy to. persuade them to condemn the existing ad­ payer az:d t he Government--who paid the excess-profits tax into ministration and to pin their faith to the assurances of pros­ the Treasury. This tax during the war penalized efficiency and perity to be gained by a change. Failure in this respect is rewarded inefficiency. It did not recover the excess profits; it did apparent from the statistical returns showing that there are not keep prices down; it did not stimulate production. It did the opposite. more than 10,000,000 unemployed and 19,000,000 on relief The e!:cess-profits tax alone would not solve the problem. rolls. 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3033 Business is unable to make any substantial recovery be­ However, upon examining the records of the past 2 years cause of Government interference. The basis of business we find that the present administration has increased ex­ prosperity is confidence. The uncertainty caused by daily penditures from $5,143,000,000 in 1933 to $7,105,000,000 in changing policies necessarily breeds lack of confidence. A 1934, with an estimated increase to $8,581,000 ,000 in 1935. recent editorial written by one of the best known newspaper This latter figure is 60 percent in excess of the 1933 cost. owners emphasized the fact that the Government should The Budget for 1936 indicates an expenditure of not less attend to its business and allow private business to manage than $8,520,000,000, so it is evident the upward trend will its own affairs. A very excellent suggestion, but one far be continued. from reality at this time. The preelection ledger hardly agrees with the postelection In his inaugural address President Roosevelt freely ad­ results. The figures I have cited, which are taken from offi­ mitted that the legislation which he would propose would be cial Government sources, give President Roosevelt's own an experiment. How long must business suffer from experi­ .administration, rather than the previous Republican one, ments? It is an interesting fact that the only new legisla­ the rather dubious distinction of being what he termed the tion tending toward permanent recovery was inherited from "greatest spending administration in peace times in all our the last administration in the form of the Reconstruction history." Finance Corporation law. This Finance Corporation, created Mr. Roosevelt, in one of his campaign speeches, said: during the previous administration over the opposition of It is my pledge that this dangerous kind of financing shall be the then Democratic leaders, has done more to save the stopped and that rigid governmental economy shall be forced by country from complete collapse than all the other alpha­ a stern and unrelenting administration policy of living within our betical establishments combined. income. · Let me quote a brief paragraph from the Democratic plat­ At another time Mr. Roosevelt said: form of 1932: Let us have the courage to stop· borrowing to meet continued We believe that a party platform 1s a covenant with the people deficits. • • • Stop the deficits. • • • to be faithfully kept by the party when entrusted with power, and Worse than the record of extravagance which I have cited that the people are entitled to know in plain words the terms of the contract to which they are asked to subscribe. is the fact that the billions spent have brought about no permanent recovery. The administration's attempt to Listen to. some of the contents of the covenant. It pro­ squander the Nation back to prosperity has utterly failed, vided, among other things, for a reduction in the cost of and the coilntry is left with nothing to show for the ex­ government, for a balanced budget, for the elimination of perience but a tremendous increase in the public debt, which extravagance, for the preservation of a sound currency at eventually must be paid by the taxpayers. all hazards, for strengthening the antitrust laws, for the The Democratic administration has burdened industry and removal of Government from all field of private endeavor. agriculture with all sorts of restrictions, and yet it wonders · This covenant was endorsed in his acceptance speech by why they do not recover. Its legislative enactments work at Candidate Roosevelt 100 percent. Promises are one thing cross purposes with one another. and accomplishments are another. Besides failing to keep Under the A. A. A. the administration sought to raise the these promises, the Democratic Party under the Roosevelt farmer's income, but under the N. R. A. it took the increase leadership has brought about fundamental changes in our away fr-0m him in the form of higher prices for what he methods of legislation which never were submitted to the had to buy. . people for their consideration. Under the N. R. A. the administration sought to raise the The Democratic administration has tremendously in­ wage level, but under the A. A. A. it took any increase away creased the cost of government by creating a monster Fed·­ in the form of higher prices for food and clothing by means eral bureaucracy and adding to the Government pay roll of the burdensome and excessive processing taxes. nearly a hundred thousand new employees who have been The N. R. A. has driven many a small businessman to appointed on a spoils basis rather than on a merit gystem. the wall, and the processing taxes imposed under the A. A. A. It has debased the dollar, nullified the antitrust laws, and have put many a producer out of business, like the small is gradually putting the Federal Government into nearly packing-house firm which I mentioned. every field of private enterprise. Under the A. A. A. the administration has curtailed the These are only a few of the Democratic Party's broken production of agricultural commodities, but under the recent pledges. The effort to control private enterprise is not act authorizing the President to make tariff bargaining ar­ limited by the size of the business involved. In fact, the rangements with foreign countries, it has paved the way for small business man seems to be the hardest hit and the increased importations of such commodities from abroad, system of code control aids the big fellow . . seriously damaging our own farmers. To illustrate, there was in my district a small concern in Under the N. R. A. the administration has increased pro­ a small community which cured hams and manufactured duction costs, but under the Reciprocal Tariff Act it is reduc­ pork products. It took the surplus hogs from the nearby ing tariffs and allowing greater competition from foreign farmers and it gave employment, particularly in the winter­ producers who pay starvation wages and who are not subject time, to about 30 or more people. The Government's control to control in hours of employment, working conditions, and over business has caused this firm to fail, and the homes so forth. represented by those employees must resort to welfare aid. Only recently a trade agreement was concluded with Cuba. However, this incident aceords with the testimony of Secre­ The negotiations were conducted in secret, and not until the tary of Agriculture Wallace, who said that the smaller and agreement was signed did its terms become public. Among what he termed " inefficient ,, industries must give way. other things, the President granted reductions in our duties There was no suggestion in the Democratic platform that on Cuban sugar, tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes, and other prod­ constitutional government in this country would be sus­ ucts. Under this agreement, 300,000 tons more sugar will pended and that the Nation would undergo a "peaceful be imported from Cuba to displace cane and beet sugar pro­ revolution " in which the governmental structure would be duced in this country, and the garden truck business of overhauled by a professorial " brain trust " not responsible Southern States will be injured by the other items. Negotia­ to the people. tions are now under way with some 14 other foreign coun­ The Democratic Party has failed to keep faith with the tries which produce commodities in competition with ours. American people in accordance with its platform and its The one just concluded with Belgium still further injures campaign promises of 1932. During the campaign Mr. our industrial recovery. Roosevelt several times stated that the cost of Government As a Republican, I believe that the interests of this country must be reduced. In one speech he accused the last Repub­ can best be promoted by maintaining the protective tariff, lican administration of being the" greatest spending admin­ rather than by destroying it. The un€mployed never can be istration in peace times in all our history." put back to work by increasing our purchases abroad, nor can ·3034 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 the condition of agriculture be improved by allowing a The SPEAKER. The gentleman from New York [Mr. .greater importation of farm products. After all, it should O'CONNOR] asks unanimous consent that when the House . be remembered that the United States is the greatest home adjourns today it ·adjourn to meet at 11 o'clock tomorrow . . market on the face of the earth. We normally consume .Is there objection? within our own borders 90 percent of what we produce, and There was no objection. export only 10 percent. Our prosperity is dependent upon ONE Mn.LION ALIENS ON OUR RELIEF ROLLS the 90 percent and not upon the 10 percent. Even in 1929, Mr. BLANTON. Mi'. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent the value of our exports was only $5,000,000,000 as compared to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include a with a national income of $90,000,000,000. The place for brief report appearing in the morning pre~ on a splendid .American dollars is at home. address on aliens being supported by our Government, de­ In conclusion, I want to point out that domestic recovery livered by my colleague from Texas [Mr. DIES] at a D. A. R . .depends upon a revival of business. That must be the foun­ dinner in Washington last night. dation upcn which reemployment and everything else de­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the pends. Business cannot and will not revive as long as · the gentleman from Texas [Mr. BLANTON]? Democratic administration is permitted to put stumbling Mr. COX. Reserving the right to object, of course I shall blocks in its way. The American people have it in their not object. power to say whether the present policies shall be continued. Mr. BLANTON. I thank my friend from Georgia. I am sure that the day is not far distant when the electorate There was no objection. will be clamoring for a return to power of the Republican The report of · the-dinner speech of Hon. MARTIN DIES, of ~~ - - Texas, reported in the Washington Herald for Wednesday, This brief resume of 2 years of Democratic control shows March 6, 1935, is as follows: .that in -taking inventory the liabilities greatly exceed the IMMIGRATION CURB DEMANDED BY D~Mn.LION Now ON RELIEF, a~ets. ' MEMBER OF CONGRESS TELLS D. A. R. DINNER HOME OWNERS' LOAN CORPORATION Immigration doors of this country must be closed, for the pro­ Mr. o·cor.rnoR, from the Committee on Rules, submitted tection of those who already have. been afforded asylum here, Rep­ resentative DIES, of Texas, said last night·in a speech on Immigra- the following privileged repcrt for printing in the RECORD: tion Conspiracy. . House Resolution 150 America is the only country in the world, he said, which takes · Resolved, That immed.tately upon the 'adoption of this resolution the taxpayer's money to pay relief to aliens, of whom there are .it shall. be in order. to move that the House resolve itself into the now 1,000,000 on relief rolls . Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for con­ SINISTER INFLUENCES sideration of H. R. 6021, a bill to provide add.ttional home-mortgage Representative DIES spoke at the dinner of the District confer­ relief, etc . . That after general debate, which shall be con.fined to ence of the Daugnters of the American Revolution and charged the bill and shall continue not to exceed 4 hours, to be equally " sinister influences ,. under different colors and different names, .d.tvided and controlled by the chairman and ranking minority are at work to undermine the State Depa.rtment and Consular Serv­ member of the Committee on Banking and Currency, the bill shall ice and to place in .the hands of the Labor Department discre-­ be read for amendment under the 5-minute rule. At the"conclusion tionary powers in regard to immigration. of the reading of the b1ll for amendment the Committee shall rise Radicals, sentimentalists, internationalists, and the aliens them­ and report the same to the House with such amendments as may selves, shed crocodile tears, heedless of the warnings America must .llave been adopted, and the previous question shall be considered stay on its own shores and protect its own people. The time as ordered on the bill and amendments thereto to final passage is coming, he averred, when America will have to adopt the without intervening motion except one motion to recommit, with motto of George Washington, for the purpose of self-preservation. or without instructions. His motto was "None but Americans· on guard." Mr. O'CONNOR. Mr. Speaker, the rule I J;iave just pre­ At the present time, Representative DIES said there are 3,500,000 aliens illegally in this country, Altogether there are 16,000,000 sented is for the consideration of the Home Owners' Loan · foreign born in America, 7,000,000 of them aliens, and of these Corporation bill. The plan is to call up the rule tomorrow. aliens 6,000,000 have jobs which should have gone to American The rule provides for 4 hours' general debate. That is in citizens. addition to the 1 hour on the rule. .It is desirous, if possible, 750,000 EXCLUDED In Germany, 1'-{exico, France, England, Switzerland, and most that all general debate be completed tomorrow; that to­ other countries, he pointed out, there are laws prohibiting jobs morrow be used entirely in general debate. With the 1 hour being given to aliens as long as citizens of the country in question under the rule and 4 hours of general debate, it makes a are available fop the job. But they, he .said, perhaps are not moti­ fairly long day unless we start at 11 o'clock. Therefore I vated by the '-'lofty ideals of the professors" of this country. He lauded the Government for its work i~ excluding 750,000 ask unanimous consent that when the House adjourns today aliens within the last few months, on the grounds they might be­ it adjourn to meet at 11 o'clock tomorrow. come public charges, and said that recently of 564,000 foreigners · The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the who have applied for visas from our consuls abroad, more than 400,000 have been rejected on the same grounds. gentleman from New York [Mr. O'CONNOR]? . Mr. SNELL. Reserving the right to object, to ask the SOLDIERS' -BONUS gentleman from New York a question. I would not have Mr. STACK. Mr. Speaker, I have a communication from any objection to meeting at 11 o'clock if it were necessary, my own district back home and I am convince.d that my idea . but for the last several days there has been practically no about Government is that I as a Congressman from the Sixth business before the House and we have been adjourning District of Pennsylvania should, when I can, express the sen­ early. As I understand the situation, there is not much busi­ timent of my distrjct. I have a short communication that I 'ness before the House today. Let me make this suggestion think is of interest to all districts of the country, which I to the Chairman of the Rules Committee. We would be will be glad to read, with your permission. willing to waive the provision whereby the rule must lay The SPEAKER. How much time does the gentleman over for 24 hours and grant consent to call that up this desire? afternoon, and finish part of the debate today and meet at Mr. STACK. About 1 minute. the regular time tomorrow. What does the gentleman say The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Pennsylvania asks about that? unanimous consent to proceed for 1 minute. Is there objec­ Mr. O'CONNOR. That haS not been suggested. I do not tion? know whether the committee members would be ready for There was no objection. that. I understan,d they are meeting now on some other Mr. STACK (reading) : matters, and I think that might take them unawares. The MY DEAR MR. STACK: As a citizen and taxpayer and a nonveteran, plan is, if possible, to finish the bill Friday night; that 2 I wish to let you know my views on the "soldiers' bonus" ques­ tion. days will be used on the bill, 1 day for general debate and 1 I am against the Belgrano bankers' bonus bill (Vinson bill}. day reading the bill for amendment. I think it would be The bankers and Wall Street gambl~ got their bonus in the too short notice to take it up today. If that suggestion had years 1917 and 1918. I am in favor of the Patman bill, H. R. 1. been made earlier, we would have tried to work it out. Please vote for it and vote against the Vinson bill. Mr. SNELL. I shall not object to meeting tomorrow at Respectfully, 11 o'clock. HERMAN A. DYXE. 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3035

PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that Mr. FORD of Mississippi. Mr; Speaker, I ask unanimous I may address the House for 5 minutes. - consent that immediately after the disposition of business The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the on the Speaker's table and the special orders for today I gentleman from Illinois? may address the House for 20 minutes. There was no objection. Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. ·Mr. Speaker, reserving the Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, on yesterday the minority right to object, if this request is granted, will the gentleman leader the gentleman from New York [Mr. SNELL], requested from Mississippi address the House before the Committee on unani~ous consent that he might address the House for 2 the Judiciary is reached ·on the call of the calendar? minutes to correct certain statements in one of the news- The SPEAKER. If the request is granted, it will precede papers of the city of Washington. the call of the calendar. The article that he referred to was one which gave the Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I suggest that the Democratic leaders credit for a victory; and in the 2 or 3 gentleman wait until we shall have· disposed of at least three minutes granted to the gentleman he pointed out that the of the bills of the Judiciary Committee. article was not correct, that he felt the Nation should know Mr. FORD . of Mississippi. Then, Mr. Speaker, I modify that it was not a victory for the Democratic leadership. my request. · · I want to say to the gentleman from New York that if the --Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that after the Com­ Demccrats on this side were to rise and ask unanimous con- mittee on the Judiciary has yielded the floor today I may sent to correct misstatements whenever they appear in the address the House for 20 minutes. newspapers they would be obliged to rise half a dozen or Mr. SNELL. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, perchance a dozen times every day to correct the misstate- will the Chair kindly inform the House what the program men ts that are printed by the press against the Democratic Will be this afternoon? Then we shall know better how to Party. I want to say to the gentleman further that al- consider these requests. though someone might have stated to him that the steering The SPEAKER. This is Calendar Wednesday. committee made a recommendation on the bill, the gentle- Mr. SNELL. Which committee has the call, and how far man was not correctly informed, for the steering committee down the calendar is it intended to go? made no such recommendation. The steering .committee ' The SPEAKER. The gentleman will find the list printed -tries to act only when it is for the best interest of the House m·the calendar. The Election Committees are at the head of and for the best interest of the Nation, and they do not take the list, then follow the Committee on Ways and Means, the ·part in any minor measures like the one that was before Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on· the _the Hou~e on .Monday. · Judiciary. . Mr. SNEIL. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield for a Mr. SNELL. Is it understood that none of the committees question? - ahead of the Committee on the Judiciary have bills ready? Mr. SABATH. Yes; I yield to the leader on the Republi- ~·- The SPEAKER. That is the understanding of the Chair. can 'side. Mr. SNELL. And there will be no other committees called Mr. SNELL. I thought I was sta.ting the position cor- after the Committee on the Judiciary? . rectly, because I understood from the Chairman of the - The SPEAKER.· -The chair' would not say that. It depends Accounts Committee that a subcommittee of the steering on · how much time is consumed by the Committee on the committee appeared before the Accounts Committee with the Judiciary; and that, of course, depends upon the action of the request that the bill be reported out. If I am in error about House. that, then I am mistaken about the statement made by the Mr. SNELL. I thank the Speaker. gentleman from North Carolinai [Mr. WARREN]. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Mississippi asks Mr. SABATH. The gentleman from New York, as well as unanimous consent that after the Committee on the Judiciary the gentleman from North Carolina, is misinformed. has completed its business ·on the calendar for today, that Mr. SNELL. I am very glad to get that information. he be permitted to address the House for 20 minutes. Is there Mr. SABATH. But.I say.this, as I understand the bill, objection? it was reported by votes of the Democrats as well as of the There was no objection. Republicains. I find that nearly every day members of com- . mittees reporting bills vote for them in the committees. WASHINGTON AND THE VERMONT HERITAGE We have unaninious votes iri the committees, and then when Mr. PLUMLEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to the bill comes on the floor of the House, under the whip and extend my own remarks and to include therein an address domineering influence of the Republican leader, Members delivered by Hon. John Spargo, president of the Vermont are obliged to change their position and vote against their Historical Association, on Washington and the Vermont own convictions and against the interest of the membership, Heritage. as it was Monday, and against the best interests of the - Mr. . RANKIN. Mr~ Speaker, reserving the right to object, country. who is the gentleman who made the_speech? I voted for that bill, but not as the chairman of the Mr. PLUMLEY. Hon. ·John Spargo, president of the Ver­ steering committee. I voted for it because I realized, not­ mont Historical Association, and the subject is Washington withstanding the statement of the gentleman from North and the Vermont Heritage, delivered on Washington's Birth­ Carolina, that the work has not increased; I voted for it day. beca·use I knew that the work of this House had doubled Mr. RANKIN. Has the gentleman from Vermont scrupu­ ·since the war days. I was a member of two important lously consulted the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. committees in 1917 and 1918. I know what the work was RrcHJ on this request? then and I knew that the work has increased at least 200 Mr. PLUMLEY. I have not. percent. The gentleman from New York knows this as well Mr. RANKIN. I suggest that he consult that guardian of as I. It is for that reason tMt I voted for the bill; and the RECORD, and if it is all right with him I have no objection. that is the reason others voted for it. [Applause.] Mr. RICH. I have a large number to look after, and if the [Here the gavel fell.1 gentleman will look after the Members on that side we will COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS take care of the insertions not Members' own remarks in the Mr. CULLEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that RECORD over here. · I may have until midnight tonight to file a report from the Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, in reply to the gentleman from Committee on Ways and Means. Pennsylvania [Mr. RICH], may I say that if he will look after The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the his minority we will take care of the majority. gentleman from New York? Mr. RICH. If we on this side put in the RECORD as much There was no objection. as the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. RANKIN], we would LXXIX--192 3036 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH~ have to increase the size of the RECORD and put on another Probably there are few who, if challenged to make such a choice, shift in the Printing Office. would select his presidency of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 as the supreme manifestation of his greatness as a leader. Mr. RANKIN. If the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. Yet such a choice would have great merit to commend it. It has RICH] would put in as much, according to the number of always seemed to me that the calm wisdom and the intellectual and words he uses, that might help considerably toward improv- moral integrity of Washington contributed greatly to the success of ing the quality of the RECORD. that body of able and illustrious men, who for 4 months struggled with the task of fashioning the structure of an enduring National Mr. GREEN. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, I Government. The importance of Franklin's wise counsel has been think the gentleman from Vermont and the people of Ver- fully recognized. The brilliant genius of Hamilton and the learn­ mont should have anything within reason that they desire. ing of Madison have been universally acclaimed. But it is exceed­ ! shall not obJ' ect. ingly doubtful whether the contributions of these giants, and of others like Edmund Randolph, Robert Morris, Roger Sherman, and The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Charles C. Pinckney were of greater importance than the infiuence gentleman from Vermont? of the almost silent Washington. There is reason to believe that . but for his matchless leadership-a leadership of undisputed moral There was no Obj ec tion. prestige--the Convention would have ended in a disastrous increase Mr. PLUMLEY. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to extend of dissention. my remarks in the RECORD I include the following address of When the fate of the Constitution hung in the balance, a visitor John Spargo, president of the Vermont Historical Society, at Mount Vernon wrote to Thomas Jefferson concerning Washing- •t d t · t· S · t• f ton: " I never saw him so keen for anything in my life as he is for at the annua! dinner of th e Um e Pa no IC ocie ies 0 the adoption of the new scheme of government." It is impossible Vermont, held at Burlington, February 22, 1935: for any candid mind to study the contemporary records of the The day we celebrate as the birthday of Washington has come conditions prevailing at the time without reaching the conclusion to hold a place in our national life as unique and as exalted as that Washington's influence and leadership made possible the that of the man himself. To a greater extent and in a pro- ad~ption of the great instrument which made us a nation, and founder sense than any other day in the year, it may be said to which for almost a century and a half has sustained the greatest have become our annual feast of patriotic dedication. In every system of popular government and personal freedom in all human part of the civilized world, wherever American citizens foregather, history. reflection upon the life and character of Washington evokes a At this time, when all thoughtful men and women are conscious sense of patriotism of rare spiritual quality. Influenced by the of the fact that the Constitution is being subjected to serious and majestic greatness of the man himself, his freedom from cant, unprecedented strains, and many of us are convinced that both from insincerity and vaingloriousness, on this day our expressions the Constitution and the whole body of rights it sustains are 1n of patriotic pride and consecration have a nobler quality than we danger of quick destruction, it is well to remind ourselves of the commonly attain. heroic past. It is well to remind ourselves that the Constitution Even as we gather here, representatives of various patriotic so- was the consummation of the Revolution and the War of Inde­ cieties and organizations of Vermont, so in every part of this pendence. Without it the Declaration of Independence would be great Nation similar gatherings of patriotic citizens have assembled no more than: a fanciful essay, and Saratoga and Yorktown mem­ throughout this day to pay homage to Washington's memory and orable only as theaters of stupendous folly. to rededicate themselves to those patriotic principles so gloriously Recently, at my suggestion, our good friend Col. Robert Mccuen and inseparably associated with his name. Year after year for a introduced in the Legislature of this State a joint resolution pro­ hundred and fifty years now, his countrymen have celebrated Viding for the appointment by the Governor of a commission to Washington's birthday and made of it a day of patriotic consecra- arrange for the commemoration of the bicentennial anniversary tion. In that period there have b~en sunshine and storm, pros- of the birth of Ethan Allen. I hope that when that commission is perity and adversity, triumph and disaster, and through all the appointed the members of the various patriotic organizations of spirit of Washington has been potent in guidance and inspiration. the State will throw themselves into the work with enthusiasm We need both the guidance and the inspiration today more than and zeal. Despite all that has been written about the most ever before. romantic personage in Vermont history, I am convinced that much It is not generally realized, I think, that the custom of holding remains to be revealed. Dramatic and bizarre episodes and eccen­ public celebrations of Washington's birthday began during his tricities have obscured qualities and services of greater importance lifetime. The newspapers of the time recorded great celebrations and worth. in New York and in Richmond, Va., in 1784. Although I have ob- Moreover, I hope that the commission will be empowered and served no earlier accounts of the formal public celebration of the far-visioned enough on its own account, to so broaden the ~cope day, it is worthy of note that the New York Gazetteer, in its ac- of its work as to provide for a commemoration at the same time count of the celebration In that city, refers to it as being according of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the formation of to an " annual custom." the Constitution. The sesquicentennial anniversary of an event Those early observances were held on the exact birth date--that of such transcending importance ought not to be passed by with­ is, on February 11-and that was the custom for many years. out notice under any conditions. The conditions now prevailing, Thus in 1790 in Baltimore there was much celebration of the and likely to prevail, make the sober and solemn commemoration anniversary. The account appeared in the Pennsylvania Packet of the anniversary a special obligation which you here assembled and Daily Advertiser, February 22, 1790. It is dated from Balti- cannot in decency and honor shirk. more February 16, and describes the observances as being held Within the present week a distinguished member of the Supreme "on Thursday last", which was the 11th. In his mother's Bible Court of the United States, speaking for four members of that Washington himself inscribed the date of his birth as February great tribunal, declared that "It does not seem too much to say 11. The adoption of the Gregerian calendar by the British Parlla- that the Constitution is gone" and that the fundamental rights ment by the act of 1750 brought a good deal of confusion into and guarantees of that instrument have been "swept away." local and family records. That act of Parliament decreed that in Admittedly only a serious jeopardy of the Constitution and of 1752 October 3 should be reckoned a.s October 14 throughout the the personal and property rights rooted in the Constitution could British possessions. Thus in all records October 2 would be Imme- have called forth such a serious declaration by 4 of the 9 members cliately followed by October 14. Moreover, the new law provided of the SUpreme Court. that New Year's Day, which had always been April 24, was hence- I submit that there is in that declaration a challenge to every forth to be January 1. citizen, and a special challenge to every member of each of the This revision of the calendar did not come into effect until great patriotic bodies here represented. If the Constitution has Washington had grown to manhood. When he was born, the old in fact been so violated that it has ceased to be effective, and is to style of reckoning by the Julian calendar was in use. Had the all practical purposes destroyed, It must be restored and reinsti­ new style then been in use, the da.te would have been February tuted. If, on the other hand, we hold that the dramatic declara- 22, 1732. That is why we commemorate this date and not tb.e tion of the four Justices contains large elements of emotional earlier one. The actual date is of no importance, of course. Any exaggeration, it is still clearly evident that the Constitution is in day set apart for the purpose of honoring Washington's memory grave peril and needs stout and determined defense. Whichever and recalling the greatness of his service to his country would of view of the matter we take, it seems to me, there Ues at the very. necessity become a holy day. Washington himself is a symbol. heart of it a challenge we must not evade. I wish that from this From the beginning he has been revered as the examplar of great gathering there might proceed a movement to make Vermont's virtues, rather than loved for personal traits and charms. None answer to that challenge. It would be well if between now and ever regarded him with the intimate, personal affection with which 1937, every man and woman in Vermont would wear, as a badge millions have regarded Jefferson and Jackson and Lincoln. Awed of loyalty and consecration, the outward and visible sign of an reverence, rather than personal affection and familiar under- . inward grace and purpose, a simple button with the motto "Pre­ standing, marks our thoughts and our speech about Washington. ' serve the Constitution " inscribed upon 1t. With that prepara- When we consider the life of the EnglLc;h gentleman of Virginia tion, we could make 1937 forever memorable as the year in which whose destiny it was to become the First American and to be the Constitution was restored and the Republic preserved. placed among the great immortals, what deed or event shall we I shall not here discuss the issues raised in the con:tlicting select as best exemplifying his greatness? Some will turn to the opinions of the members of the Supreme Court in the cases just majesty of his agony at Valley Forge. Others will turn to the decided arising out of the legislation of Congress affecting the moment when he left the Second Continental Congress in shy 1 so-called "gold clauses" in contracts, save only to make a single confusion, as John Adams eulogized him and proclaimed his I observation. The majority opinion, equally with that of the mi­ unique fitness to command the Continental Army. Still others nortty, holds that the Congress violat.ed the Constitution when it will choose as the greatest expression of his genius the stern abrogated the gold clause in Government bonds. Stripped of non~ imperiousness of his rebuke to those who would make him king. essential terminology, that is what the entire Supreme Court de- • 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3037 cided. That finding is in full consonance with the principle long tremendous increase in the functions and powers of the Federal ago laid down by Alexander Hamilton. and uniformly followed Government; the invasion of the rights and sovereignties of the throughout our history. As Hamilton forcibly pointed out, the States; the abdication of its legislative functions by the Congress idea that Congress can itself enter into an obligation and then at and the assumption of those functions by the President and by will make a law changing the obligation is repugnant both to agents appointed by him; the steady march of the Nation toward reason and morality. But the majority of the Court, having em­ a lock-step regimentation of its citizens; the levying of billions in phasized thi.S sound principle, proceeded to reduce it to a mere truces to be expended at will by the President, without direction or pious admonition, of no practical value to the citizen, by holding limitation or accounting-i>urely these things would stagger the that the citizen holding a Government bond whose value is im­ immortal Washington, who is still " first in the hearts of his paired by the unconstitutional action of Congress has no redress countrymen!" at law, because a. citizen cannot sue the Government without the There is no evidence that Washington ever set foot in Vermont. Government's consent. When preparations were being made for the celebration of the The principle that the sovereign may not be sued by the citizen bicentennial anniversary of his birth, I made an exhaustive search without the sovereign's consent is sound law, essential probably to find out if possible whether there was any evidence that he in a democratic republic, to the existence of sovereignty itself. had been in Vermont at any time. Other investigations were But for all that, its application in such a set of circumstances as made under the direction of Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, the great a.re comprised in this case, is brutally oppressive, repugnant to historian. No such evidence was found. Of course, there are morals, and inimical to stable government. It is quite plain that legends. There is the silly story of his supposed visit to Ben­ the present Congress will not enact legislation enabling the vic­ nington, to confer with Governor Tichenor, when he is alleged tims of its own unconstitutional and invalid action to seek redress. to have come " disguised as a groom." There are other legends It is no less certain that had the majority opinion of the Supreme hardly less silly, but there is not a single shred of credible evidence Court left open and undetermined the question of the right of that he ever came to Vermont at any time. citizens to sue the Government for the enforcement of contractual We know that he was deeply and profoundly interested in get­ obligations illegally abrogated. Congress would have been called ting Vermont into the Union. We know, too, that in the darkest upon to pass legislation specifically denying that right. hours of the Revolution he wa.S cheered by the heroism of the . In short, we have the most flagrant and shameful repudiation Green Mountain boys and the victory of Stark's army at Ben­ by the Government of its obligations to its own citizens, repudia­ nington. It was fitting that Vermont should come into the tion which the Supreme Court declares to have been improperly Union during his Presidency, the first State to be added to the and unlawfully accomplished, but with no redress for the citi­ original thirteen. Because of these things, we of Vermant feel zen. Regardless of our opinions upon any of the grave questions that we have special reason to cherish Washington's fame and which are intermingled with the great problems of currency and memory. We feel that our kinship with him is second only to credit, I believe that there is no thoughtful man or woman of that of Virginia, whose son he was. And today the principles good faith and good will in all this land who does not feel humili­ and ideals which were his are still cherished here to such an extent ated and shamed by the cynical unrighteousness of this phase of that from coast to coast the very word "Vermonter" is held our Government's policy. Governor Pownall once described cer­ synonymous with the title, "Defender of American Liberty." tain principles and plans proposed for the regulation of relations Paraphrasing a noble declaration by Calvin Coolidge that will between Great Britain and the Colonies as "mere useless oppro­ live as long as our language itself, I venture to say here: If the brious theory." So those who are responsible ·for the conduct of faith and the ideals of Washington should vanish in every other our Government seem to regard the universally accepted principles part of the Union, and loyalty to the institutions of liberty he of honorable and honest dealing. helped to make should elsewhere perish, all could be replenished This is no occasion for partisan criticism or attack, and I shall and restored from the generous store held by the people of Ver­ not commit the offense of attempting to discuss those issues which mont. are being contested by the political parties in our land. It ls un­ IMPRESSIONS OF A NEW CONGRESSMAN fortunately true that in both the great political parties there are many who approve the shameful policy of repudiation. And it is Mr. MARCANTONIO. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ fortunately true that the policy is as sternly repudiated in the sent to extend my remarks in the RECORD by inserting a radio party of the administration as in the party of the opposition. [Mr. What I am concerned to point out is the serious, and perhaps, ir­ address made by the gentleman from Nebraska STEFAN] reparable, damage that the repudiation has done to the Nation, over the Columbia Broadcasting System on February 28. and to other nations, damage which will be felt long after those The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the now living shall have passed away. gentleman from New York? As a student of economics and political science, I cannot close my eyes to the fact that this policy of repudiation has taken the There was no objection. stabilizer out of the economic mechanism of the Nation. In times Mr. MARCANTONIO. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to past prudent and cautious men, relying upon the soundness of extend my remarks in the RECORD, · I include the fallowing government obligations, have always preferred government securi­ address by Representative KARL STEFAN, Republican, of Ne­ ties with comparatively low returns over other types of securities with larger returns in sufficient number. and investment volume braska, over the Columbia Broadcasting System Thursday, to act as a stabilizer, a counter balance to the constant pressure February 28, at 11: 30 p. m. Representative STEFAN dis­ of speculation. . The great fiduciary investments, based to a large cussed his impression of Congress from a new Congress­ extent upon the confidence that our Government obligations were in beyond failure whether by accident or design, have been an im­ man's viewpoint. He is the only radio announcer Con­ portant part of that stabilizing mechanism. Repudiation of the gress. He spoke from the studios of W JSV, Columbia's obligations of the Government can have no other result than to station for the Nation's Capital. destroy that confidence, remove all Government obligations from The address is as follows: the position. they have heretofore held unchallenged, and make those securities as speculative as those of private issue. I have been given this opportunity by the Columbia Broad­ It is a favorite device of orators speaking upon occasions like casting System to talk to you from the standpoint of a new Mem­ this in commemoration of Washington, Lincoln, Cleveland, or ber of the Seventy-fourth Congress and, also, as the only practical other great leaders of the past, to ask what that leader would do radio man in the House of Representatives. if he were alive today, challenged by today's problems. The Feeling that I know what a radio listener wants to hear and answer is always the same, namely, that he would do just what realizing how you feel about long-winded speeches, I beseech you the orator himself believes should be done. I shall not resort to to be tolerant with my efforts to tell you some of my impressions that device. I do not presume to say that Washington, if he of Congress from the viewpoint of a "rookie" Member. were reincarnated and returned to us in this year 1935, would One of the inevitable first impressions of the House of Rep­ do this or that thing. Whether he would support our entry into resantati ves that comes to a new Member and to the visitor in the World Court or the League of Nations, whether he would the ~ery is that there is usually a great deal of confusion in the favor returning to the gold standard, or experimenting with in­ Chamber and that it is very difficult for Members and visitors to flation, who shall say? hear what is going on. The truth is that bttd acoustic condltions What I do assert, however, is that if he crune with the same in the Chamber milltate against good order. However, better austere rectitude of mind and consc~ence, the same selfiess pur­ sound conditions in the House Chamber would contribute to the pose, the same high regard for the constitutional principles he improved decorum of the House as well as to the ease with which did so much to bring to reality in 1787, he would be foremost business is transacted, and because of the obvious need for the among those who now are fighting to preserve those principles improvement one of my first acts here was to discuss the existing and the institutions founded upon them. Certainly, Washington situation on the floor of the House and to introduce a resolution would find himself in a bewilderingly changed world. He would for the purpose of having modern scientific appliances installed see mighty mllls with throbbing motors where he had known small in the Chamber for the perfection of sound transmission. workshops. Instead of travel by stage or horseback he would I want to repeat what I said over this great radio chain on the see swift transportation through the skies. Instead of waiting opening day of this session of Congress-that the people are not months to get a simple exchange of communications with France interested in politics or politicians right now. As a new Con­ or England, he would be able to make the exchange in a few min­ gressman, I have listened eagerly for constructive legislation from utes, more easily than it was in 1787 to communicate with his men who have been in Congress for many years. Because I be­ next-door neighbor. lieve I have some constructive ideas, I have endeavored to take Yet these marvelous changes, and others not less striking, would my part early in the session by putting some of these ideas into perplex him less, I think, than the changes in our Government motion, and have introduced a few bills which I feel are con­ which have t aken place during the past few years. I have an structive, such as my bill to take the Postal Service and the Post idea that he would find it much easier to accommodate himself otnce Department out of politics; my bill to authorize and direct to the mechanical changes than to the political changes. The a special commission. to make a. study of the " farm dollar " and • 3038 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-' HOUSE MARCH 6 to devise ways and means to restore and maintain an equitable ideas seems to help us new Members. We are getting considerable and stable purchasing power of the farm dollar; also, my bill to help from older Members, but they have their own troubles. After authorize farmers to repay crop-production loans in commodities interviewing scores of Members of the House of Representatives, in kind, after harvest, bushel for bushel, rather tha.n in money, Democrats and Republicans alike, I believe that every Member notwithstanding the intervening fluctuations of farm-commodity has the interest of his district at heart and everyone is, first, an prices, etc. American and is here fighting for your welfare, and while some I have never been a public-ofilce holder before; never before things are done which may look to the contrary, I believe that have I been a candidate for public omce. Although elected on the United States Congress is still a representative body of men the Republican ticket-the only Republican from my State-I am and women. I believe that everyone in the House today wants not interested in partisan politics and look at Congress from an to save this Nation and to keep intact our constitutional Govern­ ordinary layman's viewpoint. I realize that the United States is ment. not contained entirely in the District of Columbia. I realize that We are at the half-way mark of the present national admin­ we must represent 48 States and our Territories and island posses­ istration. The last 2 years have witnessed many changes, some sions. I realized early after com.iilg to Washington that a de­ of them fundamental. Not a few of these changes occurred with pression brings something of a boom to Washington; that it may the admission, express or implied, that they were temporary in be easy for a human being to forget that there is a depression nature and were induced only by the emergency. The next 2 when thousands of ofilceholders in this city display wealth and years will do much to initiate the rem.oval of temporary expedi­ prosperity. I talk daily with great statesmen who are learned in ents or to cultivate them into :flxed forms incapable of displace­ ' legislative tactics and parliamentary law. Knowing the misery ment. Of this situation the American people should be fully which exists outside of the city of Washington, I am amazed how aware, and the American people should tell its Congress now quickly some of these men take advantage of partisan politics. whether or not it wants these far-reaching changes perpetuated. I have read a great deal a.bout minority and majority parties. I want to thank Ted Church and staff and the Columbia Broad­ Today, I am a member of that smaller group. I listen carefully to casting System for the use of its great radio fac111ties. partisan politicians and I wonder why these leaders forget so It has been my privilege to walk along with radio from almost quickly who they really represent; who really made the present its infancy, and I am amazed a.t the strides of this great science. majority in Congress and why. As one radio fan to another, I wonder if we take all of this won­ You who are listening to me know who the forces are that made derful service for granted? Those of us who know the tremendous this majority, do you not? You know what forces ma.de Franklin expense and the tremendous amount of scientific research which D. Roosevelt our leader. To refresh your memory, that force is behind this service appreciate lt all. includes 3,500,000 people who a.re unemployed. Some say that And to those of you who have been so patient I want to thank force is closer to 10,000,000. It also includes the millions on relief; you for listening to me tonight. Might as well be happy, folks, the million young men and women out of our educational institu­ because everything is going to be all right. tions walking the streets looking for jobs; the thousands of young people who become of age each month. That, in my opinion, 1s JUSTICE OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES the force which made this majority and leadership, and that is Mr. PETI'ENGILL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ the force which gave commands, and· that is the force which ca.n take away that majority and that same leadership unless relief sent to address the House for 10 minutes to pay a brief tribute based upon common sense and permanency is forthcoming. to Justice Holmes. Knowing this to be true, I feel that the biggest answer to Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right that force came from the House when lt voted to turn over I I to the President about 5 billions of dollars to bring permanent to object, give notice that will object to the granting of recovery. Of course, that bill is now in the Senate for remodeling, any further special privileges today. and that it is being remodeled, you well know. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the I can't imagine how much $5,000,000,000 is. Can you? But I gentleman from Indiana? can imagine the plea for help from mlllions of human beings and I pray that this money which belongs to you will be spent There was no objection. in such a way that it will do the most good for the most Mr. PETTENGILL. Mr. Speaker, Justice Oliver Wendell number of people, and that it wlll be spent from a nonpartisan Holmes is dead. The great dissenter is gone. He dissented point of view and kept free from the palms of the spoilsma.n. The Seventy-fourth Congress has been in session 2 months. from old thought patterns in favor of new ones. It is my be­ What have we, a legislative body, accomplished to the end that lief that if his dissents of 10, 20, 30 years ago had been ac­ the economic and social ms of the country may be cured? I cepted as the true guide ·posts to our development, much of am impressed by the fact that about all we have done so far is to the trouble of today would have been spared us. "Holmes appropriate money. Insofar as the House is concerned, we have passed five of the regular annual supply b1lls-thirty-nine mil­ and Brandeis dissent." Historic words! lions for the District of Columbia; seven hundred and seventy­ From my days in law school he has been a sort of spiritual seven millions for the independent ofilces; ninety-eight millions godfather of mine. This is not the time to appraise his for the State, Justice, Commerce, and Labor Departments; nine hundred and three millions for the Treasury and Post Ofilce De­ achievement, but it is certain, as he once said," We will leave partments; three hundred and seventy-eight millions for the War our spirit in those who follow, and they will not turn back. Department; and about $1,000,000 of " urgent " appropriations All is ready; bugler, blow the charge." · near the beginning of the session. We have yet to pass the ap­ On the day that his death is announced to the world I propriation bills for the Interior Department, the Navy De­ partment, the Department of Agriculture, and the legislative es­ would like to point out just one, perhaps the major part of his tablishment. These, of course, will aggregate additional hundreds creed-his belief in experiment. of millions of dollars. Notwithstanding .that we have yet to pass Justice Holmes knew that growth is the law of life; that four of the major appropriation bills of the year, the House has only change is changeless; that "time makes ancient good already appropriated $7,076,000,000, in round numbers, since Jan­ uary 3, 1935. This, of course, includes the $4,880,000,000 car­ uncouth"; that men must be free to pioneer new pathways ried in the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. I can­ to new El Dorados. not avoid the conclusion that two questions a.re now very Justice Holmes always believed in a new deal. He would, pertinent. First how long can we continue that prodigal rate of expenditure of public money; and, second, are we not going without doubt, have upheld the major purposes of the new to have to do much more and d11ferent than appropriate money deal of today. For 94 years he remained" invincibly young", to lift ourselves out of our present trouble? The challenge 1s as Justice Hughes once said. He brought to the Nation's otit to this Congress to produce some sound legislation as well altar the winnowed wisdom of years, but his heart was a boy's as mammoth appropriation bills. _ From observation and participation in the proceedings of this heart to the end. He never put life in a pigeon hole, nor the historic Congress, I re'allze that public sentiment has much to do Constitution in a straight-jacket. with legislation; that the voice of the people, if that voice is loud This is easily proved by his own words and I here set down enough, usually sways action in Congress. Therefore, I feel that "little fragments of my fleece that I have left UPon the the force which made this majority party and this leadership will not stand for spoilsmanship in this our hour of distress; that hedges of life". spoilsmen will not take advantage of this the greatest money­ In the first chapter of his first book, The Common Law, he spending program in the history of our Nation or any other nation said: "The life of the law has not been logic; it has been ex­ on the face of the globe. Most of the representatives have various ideas. They come from perience", and of course experience comes from experiment. every State in the Union with the problems of people from their Again- various districts. Naturally, their ambitions to serve their people The provisions of the Constitution a.re not mathematical formu­ are based upon the present demands of the people in their par­ las having their essence in their form; they are organic living in­ ticular districts. These ideas are contained in the various bills stitutions transplanted from English soil. Their significance is and through committees, conferences, etc., there is that exchange vital, not formal. of views for the purpose of bringing to all of the people that • • • • • mixture of legislation which in the minds of their representatives The fourteenth amendment (and he would have said the same is essential to their welfare. thing of any other part) is not a pedagogical requirement of the I am working for legislation toward the betterment of my dis­ trict. Every Congressman has his program for legislation which impracticable. he believes will help his district. That's why the exchange ot . . ~ ~ ~ . . 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3039 The fact is that legislation in this country, as well as elsewhere, In the death of Mr. Justice Holmes the State of Massa­ is empirical. • • • • • chusetts has lost one of its most illustrious citizens and the There is nothing I more deprecate than the use of the fourteenth Nation its most preeminent jurist. Although he is gone from amendment beyond the absolute compulsion of its words to pre­ our midst, his spirit will never die. He has left his " foot­ vent the making of social experiments that an important part of prints in the sands of time." the community desires, in the insulated chambers afforded by the Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., was born in the city of Boston several States, even though the experiments may seem futile or even noxious to me and to those whose judgment I most respect. on March 8, 1841. On the ninety-fourth anniversary of his • • • • birth he will be laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery If there is any principle of the Constitution that more impera­ beside the remains of his beloved wife, who preceded him tively calls for attachment than any other, it is the principle of in death by some 6 years. free thought-not free thought for those who agree with us, but freedom for the thought that we hate. Nothing can be more fitting than that every possible • • • • respect should be shown to his memory. I am unable to . We see nothing in the Constitution that compels the Govern­ say whether Congress has ever paused in its deliberations ment to sit by while a food supply is cut off and the protectors of to officially pay tribute to a person no longer holding any· our forests and our crops are destroyed. public position, but, Mr. Speaker, in the present. instance • • • • there is a very unusual situation. There probably never has As any line of adjustment between conflicting rights must be drawn on practical grounds, there is no doubt that it may vary been a parallel case, so we do not need to look for any prece­ under different circumstances. For instance, in England, in view dent. Therefore, I propose to present a concurrent resolu• of the national importance of their great manufacturers, juries are tion to extend an invitation to Mr. Chief Justice Hughes instructed that, in counties where great works are carried on, to address a joint meeting of the two bodies of Congress parties must not stand on extreme rights. • • • • • in commemoration of the life and services of the late When 20 years ago a vague terror went over the earth and the Justice. word " socialism " began to be heard, I thought, and still think, As a boy Oliver Wendell Holmes lived under the influence that fear was translated into doctrines that had no proper place cf his poet father-another famous son of Massachusetts-­ in the Constitution or the common law. Judges are apt to be whose full name he bore. In 1861, at the age of 20, he was naive, simple-minded men, and they need something of Mephis­ topheles. We, too, need education in the obvious--to learn to trans­ graduated from Harvard University with the degree of bache­ cend our own convictions and to leave room for much that we lor of arts. hold dear to be done away with, short of revolution, by orderly Shortly thereafter young Holmes volunteered with the change of the law. Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment for service in the Civil • • • • War. He was commissioned a lieutenant, and served his We know too much to sacrifice good sense to a • • • syllogism. country with distinction, being thrice wounded. He was • • • mustered out of service in 1864 with the brevet of colonel, a The law is the witness and external deposit of our moral life. title which in his later years he revered above all others. At Its history is the history of the moral development of the race. that time he was but 23 years of age. He believed in the "oughtness" of the law. There is an interesting story in connection with· his Civil Many more like these few excerpts from his wisdom might War service that illustrates the close relationship of young be given, but these are here set down " in order that we may Holmes with his father. During the Battle of 4ntietam he remember all that buffoons forget." He did not believe in was wounded in the neck. wild swings of the pendulum because he once said, " Historic Upon learning of his son's injury, the elder Holmes set out continuity with the past is not a duty, it is only a necessity." at once to find his boy, traveling some· 500 miles, only to be But he did pelieve that the past is not the present, nor the directed from one place to another in Maryland and nearby present the future. Virginia. Finally he found young Holmes, who was then a He once wrote to a Hoosier friend of mine, Oswald Ryan, captain, in a railway train at Harrisburg, Pa. of the Federal Power Commission: After the war young Holmes returned to Harvard and his 1866. Life is a romantic business. It is patnting a picture, not doing entered upon the study of law, receiving degree in a sum; but you have to make the romance. And it will come to Following a lellt:,othy vacation in Europe, he formed a law the question, How much fire have you in your belly? partnership with his brother, Edward, and later became a As he once said of an associate who had passed on, so we member of the firm of Shattuck, Holmes & Munroe. may say of him: In 1870, 4 years after obtaining his law degree, he went back to Harvard as an instructor in constitutional law. Sub­ Sooner or later the race of men will die, but we demand an external record. We have it. What we have done is woven forever sequently he delivered a series of lectures before the Lowell in the great vibrating web of the world. The eye that can read Institute on the common law, which were later printed as a the import of its motion can decipher the story of all our deeds, textbook. This book at once established Mr. Holmes as a of all our thoughts. To that eye I am content to leave the recog­ master of legal jurisprudence and after 54 years is still in nition and memory of this great head and heart. wide use. Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous In 1882, shortly after he had been appointed to a new consent to proceed for one-half minute. professorship at Harvard, he was named by Governor Long The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the of Massachusetts to be an associate justice of the State su­ gentleman from Texas? preme court. Seven years later he was made chief justice. There was no objection. He served upon the supreme bench of his beloved State Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I should like to add for a period of 20 years, during which time he wrote many one s~ntence to what has just been said. Mr. Justice scholarly opinions, running through 45 volumes of legal re­ Holmes was a great jurist, who believed in a democracy in ports, which marked him as a jurist far above the average. government based upon a democracy in opportunity and in His reputation became so great that in 1902 he was named responsibility. We of the South recognize him as a valiant by President Theodore Roosevelt to be an Associate Justice soldier during the tragic war between the States and as a of the United States Supreme Court. At that time he was generous friend when the war was over. 61 years of age, and although some question was raised as Mr. TREADWAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to the advisability of appointing a man of such advanced to proceed for one-half minute. years, the wisdom of President Roosevelt's choice has been Tha SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the more than vindicated. Although most men :have passed the gentleman from Massachusetts? zenith of their careers at that age, Mr. Justice Holmes was There was no objection. but entering upon what was to become 29 years of further Mr. TREADWAY. Mr. Speaker, as one of the Massachu­ distinguished service. When he retired frbm active duty in setts delegation, I think I should add a brief word .of sym­ 1932 on the occasion of his ninety-first birthday, he had pathy, respect, and admiration in memory of Mr. Justice firmly established himself as one of the most brilliant jurists Holmes. of all time. 3040 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.·- HOUSE MARCH 6 Mr. Speaker, the Psalmist wrote: by the gentleman from Texas [Mr. SUMNERS} and the gentle­ The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by man from Massachusetts [l\.J.lr. TREADWAY]. [Applause.] reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength I begin with a very fine example of tolerance and freedom labor and sorrow; for it ii? soon cut off, and we fly away. myself [laughter}. That is because I agree with the ideas Oliver Wendell Holmes not only reached fourscore years, of one of the gentlemen and disagree with the ideas of the but was within striking distance of :fivescore when his busy. other, and the Members may guess with which I agree and useful, and brilliant earthly existence was terminated. He disagree. But I yield to both! I am going to speak on an died as he lived, calmly and peacefully, and retained his attitude that has been assumed by some American peop.Je. strong mental faculties and his hopeful philosophy until the We have what is called another "red" scare. Some of us end. His last years were not years of "labor and sorrow." are worried to death by Communists, taking over this Gov­ Age did not wither him, but on the contrary lent l~ter to ernment. Some of us have the jitters~ We are afraid that his brilliant mind. the Communists are going to con·upt our soldiers and sailors, Oliver Wendell Holmes is a name that will ever be con­ and that the Communists are going to take over the Army, nected with the best in American life-the best in literature, the Navy, Marine Corps, and, as stated the other day, the in poetry, in philosophy, in law, and in jurisprudence, and Coast Guard, the Reserve Corps, and Rese1·ve Officers' Train­ yet above all, the best in human sympathy to his fell ow man. ing Carps. It is all bunk. The American people have too In nearly a half century upon the bench Justice Holmes much sense, and moreover, cannot be driven like cattle. sought to dispense equal justice without fear or favor; and Mr. Speaker, I am not worried about that situation, I am if in some of his decisions he leaned toward so-called " liber­ not afraid of it, and I am tired of hearing about Communists alism ", it was not as a dissenter but as one who preferred to all day long. It reminds me of a story that is said to have err, if be erred at all, on the side of those whose rights he happened at one time in Tammany Hall when Pat was mak­ felt it his bounden duty to safeguard. ing a speech. He was pouring it on the Republicans, and Justice Holmes was the oldest justice ever to actively sit somebody said: " Pat, you may say anything you please about upon the Supreme Court bench, and only eight justices them, because there are not any of them here." in the entire history of the Court exceeded his record of Now, we may talk here about Communists, and be as brave 29 years of service. These were Justice Bushrod Washing­ as we please, all we want, because there is not a single Con­ ton, of Virginia, 31 years; Chief Justice John Marshall, of gressman who is a Communist nor a sympathizer of Com­ Virginia, 34 years; Justice William Johnson, of South Caro­ munists; and, as a matter of fact, there . are very few of lina, 30 years; Justice Joseph Story, of Massachusetts, 34 either in the whole of the United States. years; Justice John McLean, of Ohio, 32 years; Justice James The gentleman who preceded me here, the able gentleman M. Wayne, of Georgia, 32 years; Justice Stephen J. Field, of from Indiana [Mr. PETTENGILL J, made a very brilliant speech California, 34 years; and.Justice M. Harlan, of Kentucky, 34 on the life of Justice Holmes. He was a grand old man and years. loved liberty. I hope his soul goes marching on with us. I Mr. Speaker, the people of the Commonwealth of Massa­ had several things in my mind ta say about his beliefs, but chU.Setts loved and admil'ed Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. PETT~GILLJ did it better and were justly proud of him as one of their illustrious than I can. However, I want to repeat one of his quotations native sons. In fact, he was loved and revered by his fel­ from the opinions of Justice Holmes: low men everywhere, not alone for his works which live after him, not alone for his great learning, not alone for If there is any principle of the Constitution that more impera­ tively calls for attention than any other, it is the principle of free his deeds with sword and pen, and not alone for his cul­ thought-not free thought for those who agree with us-but free­ ture and versatility, but because he was a man of exalted dom for thoughts that we hate. and noble character. · I am not going to lecture this Congress, because I am not Permit me to quote an appraisal of Mr. Justice Holmes by a wise man, and there are wise men in this body. However, his one of former associates, Mr. Justice Stone, who often I am going to read the first amendment to the Constitution joined him in dissenting opinions. Justice Stone said: of the United States, which states: It may fairly be said that no judge in the entire history of Anglo-American law has written opinions exhibiting as profound Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of rell• an insight, with such crystalline clarity of thought and such gion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof- literary grace. as Justice Holmes, and few have exercised a more It did not set out any particular sect. Then it says: profound influence on the law an<;i on legal thi~ing. ~n th~, his dissenting opinions have been qwte as influential as his opinions or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. for the Court. Many of the latter have already become the law of the land, and many more will ultimately become so. It did not designate the character of speech, and does not say Mr~ Speaker, on the occasion of his ninety-first birthday, Republican papers or Communist papers or any other fallowing his resignation from the Court. Mr. Justice Holmes kind of papers. It says " freedom of speech and press ", was showered with the praises and tributes of the bar of the and that is what it means, and for a very good reason. If Nation, led by Chief Justice Hughes. His response to that you suppress one philosophy or idea, you can suppress oth· ovation was characteristic and gave an insight into his true ers; therefore, the only guaranty we have of free govern­ feelings regarding life and death. I quote his words in con­ ment is free speech. clusion of my remarks. Mr. Justice Holmes then said: In the last few weeks there have been various examples of I In this symposium my part is only to sit in silence. To express violations of the right of freedom of speech, and am going one's feelings as the end draws near is too intimate a task. to give some of them, taken from the press. But I may mention one thought that comes to me a.s a listener-in. Out in California the other day a newspapermaµ went The riders in a race do not stop short when they reach the goal. a of There ls a little finishing canter before coming to a standstill. into that State to write story the lettuce pickers, and There is time to hear the kind voice of friends and to say to oneself: was summarily thrown out and illegally deported. They "The work is done." But just as one says that, the answer comes, said he had "Communist literature on him." He did have "The race is over, but the work is never done while the power to Communist literature in his possession, because he had col­ work remains." The canter that brings you to a stand.still need not be only coming to rest. It cannot be, while you still live. For lected all kinds of literature for his story in order to give the to live is to function. That is all there is in living. · whole story. He even had chamber of commerce literature And so I end with a line from a Latin piet, who uttered the in his possession. According to their rule out there in Cali­ message more than 1,500 years ago: fornia, if we pass any of this gag legislation, if a Congress­ 'Death plucks my ear and says: "Live-I am coming."• man were to go to New York, as I did the other night, and The SPEAKER. Under the special order of the House buy a daily paper called "The Daily Worker'', they could the gentleman from Texas [Mr. MAVERICK] is recognized for arrest such Congressman and put him in jail and say he 15 minutes. was a Communist because he had a copy of the Daily Mr. MAVERICK. Mr. Speaker, my subject today is" Free­ Worker. As a matter of fact, I bought the paper, and it dom of Speech "; and as an example I cite the talks made was a very dull paper. It was not worth reading, and I 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3041 threw it away, but, accidentally, someone might have come The story is contained in the New York Post and in the up to me and arrested me if we had such gag laws. other New York papers. In line with this I am going to I am going to read here part of an editorial from the New mention something that was said the other day by a member York Post concerning this arrest out in California. It of our Cabinet. Mr. Harold L. Ickes stated: stated: I think it disgraceful that recently Norman Thomas, the Socialist, Feudal tyranny walks through the great agricultural valleys of was prohibited from speaking in Illinois by a tear-gas barrage California. thrown by police; and of all places, in Abraham Lincoln's home State. The arrest and illegal deportation of James Rorty, nationally In freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and free assemblage known poet and writ er, from the Imperial Valley lights up the lies the safeguard of liberty. rapidity with which American liberties are being destroyed there. Instead of spending excessively for the upkeep of large police It should have added, "and in many other states." forces and bigger and better courts, funds should be spent on the Then it says: uplift of the people from the slums-- In the process the destruction of civil liberties has reached th~ He declared. stage where a writer cannot enter a town to gather material for a I have many clippings on this which show public opinion; book without being jailed on a trumped-up charge of communism, and I think intelligent public opinion and the big majority and then driven out of the State. of the press are exactly right about it. They oppose such Then it says further: gag laws. Let us try to be leaders for calm thought and Unless Congress and the Federal courts intervene soon, a rullng- intelligent action; let us step this " red " scare. class dictatorship will be firmly established in rural Callfornia on There will, perhaps, come before this House "Various and European models, and t he success of strong-arm methods there in crushing labor is likely to bring the same methods into use sundry proposed statutes-which are gag laws-and I think elsewhere. this is in line with the same old " red " scare we had in 1920. Then the editorial mentions hired ·giumen and sheriffs, Let me mention some of them. One of these bills goes on and I want to call particular attention to this fact-the use to define a Communist as a person believing in common own­

of so-called " peace officers " committing illegal acts. When 1 ership. Common ownership, for instance, would take in the a sheriff or other peace officer illegally knocks a man in the Tennessee Valley Authority, and, of course, in some of these head and deports him out of a State or county, little is said bills you could drive trucks through them and use them for about it and nothing is done about it; but if some poor, any purpose you want, and if a man were in favor of the weak-minded Communist says something to which no atten- Tennessee Valley Authority he would be a Communist, and tion is paid we all begin to shout and holler all over the then, I am afraid, they would get the Honorable J oHN country abo~t it. RANKIN, of Mississippi, and he could not talk about Tupelo, When this alleged peace officer illegally arrested this news Miss., or public ownership, any more, and they would even reporter, who was an American citizen legally traveling in get the President of the United States and put him in prison. his own country, he, the sheriff, "violently overthrew the . '?1en the~e is a military bill, and this miµtary bill makes go11ernment" at least temporarily. Suppose some so-called it illegal to mfluence a soldier in almost any way, and I have "radical" h~d deported the sheriff? The Governor would an opinion on this subject. It is another bill through which have ordered out troops, and, if that had not been enough, ~ou can W:ive a 10-ton truck and do anything you want with a section of the Army would have been sent there. That it. The bill sounds very patriotic, but it is bound to lead to is the reason that I say we should require our peace officers grave a?uses. Our Army and NavY have gotten along 150 to obey the law just as any other citizen, and there is no years without such laws, and we do not need them now. law on earth that gives a sheriff the right to deport an Some of ~~e~e gag laws introduced seem to make it a American citizen out of a given State because the sheriff felony to cr1t1c1ze the Government or any foreign govern- does not happen to like the thoughts of the visitor. ment; at least it might be so construed, and this would alsC> Mr. COLLINS. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? bring on the gravest of abuses. Mr. MAVERICK. I yield. If a man should come to this country, say from Germany,. Mr. COLLINS. The gentleman is aware that the so-called and complain of the way Hitler had treated him, it would "abduction" he is speaking about was at the request of this be prison or deportation for him. If some Jew should come Communist. He asked to be escorted out of the State by here and express an opinion against Hitler, he could be put the sheriff. in jail. If a rebel, a priest, a nun, or any political or Mr. MAVERICK. The gentleman is not talking about religious refugee came from Mexico complaining ·of that Rorty? country, it appears from the reading of the statute, that Mr. COLLINS. I am talking about Sheriff ware's taking such person could be jailed and fined here for expressing this man down to Yuma. hatred for, and a desire to overthrow, the Mexican Govern- Mr. MAVERICK. If he was given a request of that kind, ment. he was given an illegal request. No sheriff should pay any Those are the things which appear to be suggested in these attention to an illegal request; and if he is asked to do some- bills. thing that is illegal, he should refuse to do it. If the King of England should come here and advocate a Mr. COLLINS. This man asked for protection so he monarchy, we would have to put him out, or in jail-or de- might be escorted out of this area. port him. If Darwin were alive, and came here and at- Mr. MAVERICK. No; I would not say the gentleman is tempted to taik about evolution-he would not have to go tC> not telling the truth, but the facts do not show that. Tennessee, but in New York he could be fixed up right there. Mr. COLLINS. That is what the sheriff states, at any If Charles Dickens, the great English author, should be alive rate. and visit, and talk as he did on his visit here, it would be Mr. MAVERICK. That is not what any of the facts show jail or deportation. in the case. This article tells the whole story of this Call- I have got the laws here, but I am not going to read them fornia episode. I have no desire to embarrass any of my for it is too tiresome. I refer to a reading of these laws-­ colleagues from California, and I do not think California is we have plenty of laws. the worst State in the Union. I served there during the war. Now, if we have able officers, able generals, able admirals, I think there has been violation of civil liberties in practically who have courage and intelligence enough, they can control every State of the Union, and I am talking more about the the Army of the United States and the NavY of the United psychological attitude than I am about particular facts any- States. It has been done up until this time. They are not how. The facts in the Rorty case, however, are that he was supposed to be a bunch of sissies coming to Congress and illegally and against his will deported out of the State of begging for the enactment of laws to tell them how to run California. I did not understand at first; I thought you the Army or execute its discipline. If they do not trust their. meant someone else asked for Rorty's deportation. Of men, and are afraid of them, it is an indication of lack of course, Rorty did not ask it. ability to command troops. 3042 CONGRESSIONAL RECORI}-HOUSE MARCH~. We have the postal laws making it a felony to send out is concerned; .but I believe that we should not pa.ss these information which will lead a person to violate the law and repressive and gag statutes which, however nicely they are the postmaster can stop almost anything he wants. couched in language, prohibit the freedom of speech in If the Army and Navy are worrying about Communist general. Likewise, let us remember that this is not a mili­ literature being sent through- the mail, they can stop it tary nation and that the Army is not supreme; we have given through the Postmaster General and send people to the the Army and Navy protection enough and money enough penitentiary and fine them a few thousand dollars. Per­ to run their organizations efficiently and let us tell these sonally, even if it is true that soldiers and sailors are re­ officers of the Army and Navy to attend to their own business ceiving Communist literature, it will have no effect on them. and to go back and maintain discipline. If we pass any But, in any event, the military and naval forces have every statutes at all on that subject, let us pass statutes to protect protection on earth, and if we enact more legislation than labor and the people of this country in organizing for their is necessary and put into effect repressive measures, we pass own rights. Let us stop police brutality, deportations, and control of the Government from a civil over to a military illegal actions by officers. [Applause.] authority. This was obnoxious to the minds of om fore- The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Texas . fathers and is obnoxious to Americans today. Some of the has expired. military bills give all kinds of rights of search and seizure. Mr. :MARTIN of Colorado. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous I think these so-called " rights " are unconstitutional, and consent that the time of the gentleman may be extended for 2 it is better not to enact them. If the law goes into effect, minutes. in any event, it would put a dangerous power in the hands The SPEAKER. Is there objection? of the military, which they might use indirectly to persecute There was no objection. whom they pleased among the civilians. According to the Mr. MARTIN of Colorado. In order that I may relate a. war-time interpretation of various military statutes, it was brief incident that will be a contribution, I think, to his not necessary to show any effect on the persons affected­ speech. in this case, soldiers. It was not even necessary to show Mr. MA VERIGK. I yield to the gentleman. that a publisher actually sent the so-called "improper Mr. MARTIN of Colorado. The best thing I ever heard in mail", and such statements that soldiers were being mis­ my life, and the most helpful thing with relation to com­ treated, not fed, nor getting proper medical attention were munism and the freedom of speech, was related to me by a held to be in violation of the law. friend in Colorado, who is a very able civil engineer and a In other words, when we enact laws of this kind it leads to very conservative man. He said that at one time when in all kinds of excesses and abuses and, inasmuch as we have Seattle he went down to the water front, where there is a enough laws now, it is better not to enact any more. We section of 2 or 3 blocks-and I have been in that section have had the same old treason laws for 150 years, and trea­ myself-given up to "soap boxers." While strolling along son is still punishable by death. he stopped in front of one of these men on a box who was All these statutes are written in such a way as to put the tearing down the Government and destroying the Constitu­ person opposing them in an embarrassing position, because tion. A big Irish cop was standing by. Of course, if there the bills are couched in most bizarre language, mentioning was a cop standing by, he was an Irishman and he was big. assassination and murder, overthrow of government by In the excitement of listening to what this fell ow had to force, and so on. But excesses will be committed under them. say, uninterrupted by the officer, my friend ran up and Such laws have been enacted before, the first being the grabbed the officer by the arm and said, "Officer, are you alien and sedition acts, in the early days of our Republic. standing here listening to such disloyal, anarchistic stuff as The excesses were so great they had to be repealed; but that?" He said the big cop looked down at him with a there are enough laws on the statute books now to save this forbearing smile, tapped him on the shoulder, and said, country. "Get a box, me boy, get a box." [Laughter.] Mr. DUNN of Pennsylvania. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. MAVERICK. My friend the gentleman from Penn.. Mr. MAVERICK. Yes. sylvania [Mr. RrcH] just gave me a clipping to read, and Mr. DUNN of Pennsylvania. Is it not a fact that we hear it shows that the gentleman from Pennsylvania and I agree broadcast over the radio that those who believe in an old­ on this subject of the freedom of speech, at least. This is age pension and unemployment insurance, as well a.s those a quotation from Woodrow Wilson which I read: who believe that the Government should purchase the public Woodrow Wilson: "If there is one thing we love more than utilities, are advocating a brand of communism? another in the United states, it is that every man should have the Mr. MAVERICK. Of course. They are branded as Com- privilege, unmolested and uncriticized, to utter the real convic­ munist.s, but when a man is a Communist one day, he may be tions of his mind. I believe that the weakness o! the American character is that there -are no growlers and kickers among us. something different later on. Governments change; t hat we have forgotten the very principle of our origin if we have for- is what liberty is for. It is not what a man is called. gotten how to object, how to resist, how to agitate, how to pull Patriots are often branded by opprobrious names. down and build up, even to the extent o! revolutionary practices, Mr. DUNN of Pennsylvania. Mr. Speaker, will the gentle- if it be necessary to readjust matters." man yield? [Applause.] Mr. MAVERICK. I shall yield only on the subject of the Mr. Speaker, there is little more than can be said on freedom of speech. If it involves freed.om of speech I yield this subject. Although I have not gone into all the statu­ to the gentleman. tory details, I have presented the main idea and some of the In fact, Mr. Speaker, I decline to be interrupted further recent facts concerning the violation of civil liberties. What on the freedom of my time. I am glad for all persons to I desire, I repeat, is to impress upon this House that our have freedom of speech, but not on my time. [Laughter.] duty is to discuss freely and to enact fundamental legisla- The subject r have talked about today is in my opinion the tion. It is very necessary that we do fundamental things most serious thing that we have before us. How much for the restoration of world ti·ade, for agriculture, for the serious, fundamental legislation have we passed during this rejuvenation of business and, ~ general, puttin~ 11,00~,000 session of Congress? It is easy enough to talk about these men back to work. If we begm to enact hystencal legIBla- 24 500 Communists which constitute two in every 10,000 1 tion, hunting "reds'', and talking about war, we give too po°pulation. but what about the 3,000 people out of every much f~e adv~tising. to the "reds ", a~d talk . too much 10,000 that constitute the families of the unemployed, and 3:bout things which might ~ndanger our mternat1.ona~ rela­ what about all the various sections of our· J;lOpulation? I t1ons. So let me urge agam that we always mamtam the do not mind differing on how this question is to be handled. freedom _of speech and press, and the liberty of conscience i do not care what gentlemen on this side-the Democratic- and religion. [Applause.] say; and I do not care what they say on the other-the Mr. Speaker. I desire to offer for printing in the RECORD Republican---side-insofar as the subject of freedom of speech a few editorials: 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3043 (From the Washington Post, Monday, Mar. 4, 1935] They had reason to believe that the confidence that is _suppo .sed to surround telegraphic communications by Western Union and COMMUNISM AND JITTERS Postal Telegraph was violated. · From Moscow comes word that the Communist Party is defi­ During their brief stay in the valley they lived surrounded by nitely ascending in the United States. In the opinion of the New an atmosphere of fear and of espionage. Few persons would talk; York correspondent of the ofBcial Soviet newspaper, Pravda, the those who did insisted that the~ be not quoted. Those who wrote revolutionary party during the past year has succeeded in making rarely signed their communications. Mrs. Glassford told me that substantial advances into the ranks of American workers, particu­ only after they had left the valley did she feel able to draw a free lar gains being noted in Negro neighborhoods. The dispatch fur­ breath-this from the assistant of a special investigator, acting ther indicates that the party has taken the leadership along a with the full authority of the Federal Government. broad front in a fight for social insurance and that its ideas are now considered sober and its method practical by the broad masses. The popular fear of the "red" has disappeared, the article con­ [Editorial from the Baltimore Sun, Mar. 4, 1935] cludes. A MAVERICK, FO' SHO'I Except for the conclusions, ·this round-about news jibes in some That an effort is being made to dragoon the Army and Navy into measure with the mounting outcry, particularly legislative, heard the current "red" hunt is proved by the fact that high ofBcials daily in this country. The correspondent erred, however, in re­ have urged the House Military Subcommittee to take prompt steps porting that the popular fear of the "red" is subsiding. As a to save American doughboys and gobs from communism. Secretary matter of fact, the reaction toward communism tends more toward Swanson declared that "existing law is inadequate to control it." the hysterical. But evidence that at least one member of the full House Military In these circumstances, it is refreshing to hear the calm words Committee is not taking orders from the "red" hunt generals is of Representative MAVERICK, of Texas. Speaking in Congres.s the shown by the prompt statement of Representative MAURY MAVERICK, other day, he declared that no extraordinary legislation is re­ Texas Democrat, who "ridiculed suggestions that corrective legis­ quired, as certain of his collea.,aues are demanding. The American lation was neces.sary because, he said, the American people are get­ people have a case of Jitters, he said. pointing out that there are ting jittery over nothing." After listening to "red" scare state- ' only 24,500 Communists in the country and they are all crackpots. ments endorsed by Brig. Gen. Harry E. Knight and others, Repre­ Specific assertions that Communist influences a.re penetrating sentative MAVERICK remarked that there are only 24,500 Com­ the Army and Navy may not be too blandly dismissed, however. munists in the country, and " they are all crackpots ", adding: Revolt and sedition in defense lines is a serious business under "If the colonels and generals had tact, courage, loyalty, and any circumstances. But certainly hysterical legislation would only brains enough they would keep the soldiers from disloyalty." add to the danger, if any. A little less drill and a little more Obviously this Texas MAVERICK'S background is worth looking attention to teaching buck privates citizenship and history might into. Is he just out of Russia? Is he a cringing pacifist? Well, as be the best insurance. Failing this, the guardhouse or kitchen it happens, the biographical notes of the latest Congressional Direc­ police cannot yet be defunct items of military organization. tory reveal that he was born in San Antonio, was educated in Texas·­ and Virginia, served in France as a company commander, Twenty­ In the New York Herald Tribune on March 2, 1935, there eighth Infantry, First Regular Division, was badly wounded Octa- · appears an editorial entitled" Through Red Spectacles." It ber 4, 1918, cited for" gallantry in action and extremely meritorious service." Silver Star, Purple Heart,.etc., etc., etc. explains that the Moscow correspondent is given· a report of One is hardly surprised, then, to discover that he is the grandson the advance of communism, especially among the Negroes. of old-Samuel Maverick, Texas patriot, signer of the Texas Declara­ Then the editorial says, "This is very interesting for sev­ tion of Independence, a cattleman whose rambunctious yearlings wore no man's brand, and hence gave rise to the term "maverick" eral reasons, but it is impossible to find it very disturbing." (see any good dictionary), meaning, in latter-day parlance, a "sho' . In the New Y.:ork Times on the same day it mentions a con­ nutt' independent." . - gressional committee discovering propaganda by American The SPEAKER. Under a special order the gentleman from Ccmmunists being distributed in tracts in the Army and North Carolina [Mr. DOUGHTON] is recognized for 30 minutes. Navy. The editorial goes on to say the Russians think that Mr. DOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I .ask unanimous consent the United States is just about to fall before . the " red" that I be permitted to extend my remarks in the RECORD. revolution. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? The editorial comments: There was no objection. · This is what comes of overdoing it in the news ·at home and Mr. DOUGHTON. Also, I ask that I be not interrupted immensely exaggerating it in foreign reports. To the authorities-­ until I have completed my main statement, after which, if I Federal, State, and municipal-familiar with the actual status of the agitation and the numbers engaged in it the p.eril seems almost have time, I shall be very glad to yield to any questions. nonexistent. It is true that a good deal of seditious literature is Several days ago I said I would reply to some of the wild printed and scattered about where it is thought it will do the most statements that have been made in the last 2 ·or 3 weeks harm. It is also true that some hotheads and scatterbrains are by my colleague and friend, the· gentleman from Massachu­ talking glibly, though guardedly, about an impending revolution in this .country. But no outburst that the police alone a.re not able setts [Mr. TREADWAY] regarding the trade agreements of the to cope with is in the slightest degr.ee likely to occur anywhere. present administration under the 1934 Tariff Act. The gen­ It also says: tleman from Massachusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] on day before yesterday, I believe, referred to the 1934 Tariff Act, author­ Ih our case also sedition, whether red ·or any other color, should be punished according to the terms of the law. But it is a thing to i:ting the President of the United States, under certain con­ go about coolly. We should not give the agitators and incendiaries ditions, to negotiate trade agreements with foreign countries the satisfaction of knowing that their goings on can even momen­ as in iniquity. I believe as it appeared in the RECORD it ap­ tarily frighten us out of our seven senses. peared as "in equity", but I think the gentleman meant to The following is a portion of a telegraphic article wired say and did ~ay "iniquity." I would say in that respect that the New York Post of Tuesday, March 5, 1935, by James if the Tariff Act of 1934 is an iniquity, the Smoot-Hawley­ Rorty from San Antonio, Tex., entitled "Imperial Valley Grundy Tariff Act is an abomination that has produced Labor Reduced to Peonage; Glassford Declares": more desolation and more ruination and more economic General Glassford went into the Imperial Valley in April 1934 as damnation than any act that has ever been placed on the special conciliator, representing the United States Department of statute books of the United States. Labor, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the Na­ tional Labor Board. At the conclusion of his investigation, in a The penetrating mind and prophetic vision of my good report signed at Brawley, Calif., 14 miles north of El Centro, on friend as to what may occur in the future is far superior to June 13, 1934, he wrote: his memory as to what has occurred in the past under the "After more than 2 months of observation and investigation in Smoot-Hawley tariff law. Imperial Valley, it is my conviction that a group . of growers have exploited a Communist hysteria for the advancement of their own The gentleman from Ohio [Mr. HARLAN] has, in my esti­ interests; that they have welcomed labor agitation, which they mation, ably answered the gentleman from Massachusetts could brand as " red ", as a means of sustaining supremacy by mob [Mr. TREADWAY] relative to this matter. I have such a rule, thereby preserving what is so essential to their profits-cheap labor; that they have succeeded in drawing into their conspiracy strong feeling, however, in relation to the reciprocal tariff certain county officials who have become the principal tools of measure that I desire to express a few observations on this their machine." subject and to further answer the gentleman from Massa­ Coming from a former Army ofBcer of high rank and a repre­ chusetts. Anything I may say in favor of the program, of sentative of the Federal Government, this is strong language. Back of it lies the personal experience of General Glassford and course, will be in answer to the gentleman from Massachu­ bis secretary, now Mrs. Glassford, during their 2 months' stay in setts, because he apparently opposes every phase of this the valley. Their telephone line was tapped. program, even though his own State is in a position to benefit 3044 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 in exports to Cuba, Brazil, and Belgium as a result of the This card shows that some 20 or 25 materials which go trade agreements with those countries. into Massachusetts shoes come from 25 or 30 foreign coun­ I wish to begin my observations upon the tariff-bargaining tries; it further shows that Massachusetts shoes go. to at program by repeating some statements I made nearly a year least 11 countries throughout the world. Isolation indeed! ago when the bill was before tlie House. The events since It is true that a large percentage of the total production of the passage of the act convince me that my summary of the shoes do not go abroad. Under the infamous tariff act program was substantially correct. I wish now to first re­ sponsored by the gentleman's party and ably, but disas­ peat those observations with some minor changes. trously championed by him, that percentage has further OBJECTIVES OF THE TARIFF-BARGAINING PROGRAM dwindled and had it not been for a reversal in spirit toward First. To round out the recovery program. This act foreign trade brought about by the Democratic ad.ministra­ merely gives the President the authority in foreign trade tion, that trade would have all but vanished by now. which the Congress had already vested in him in domestic Let us look ~bit more in detail at the importance of ex­ commerce and trade. The recovery program cannot be fully port trade to Massachusetts, the State probably more de­ effective without the execution of the authority granted to pendent than any other in the Union on foreign commerce, the President in the Trade Agreements Act. both imports and exports. Second. To reopen the markets of the world to the prod­ Before the depression during 1929, the value of exports ucts of American farms and factories, or otherwise face the from Masschusetts was $111,531,000. In 1932 the latest prospect of adopting as permanent the policy of curtailing year for which export statistics by States are available, ex­ acreage and of reducing manufacturing capacity in many of ports decreased to $32,256,000, or a loss of 71 percent. How our most efficient industries. many jobs would a gain of $75,000,000 or $80,000,000 fur­ Third. To exchange the surpluses which we have built up nish to wage earners in that State? How many workers for surpluses which other countries have accumulated of would this export trade, were it redeemed, take off the streets commodities which we do not produce in sufficient quantity and off relief rolls? How much liji.ppiness would this trade to keep our industries going. Until channels of trade are bring to many families of Massachusetts? Let those from developed so that these surpluses can move, normal recovery that State now opposed to tariff bargaining and some other -in America cannot take place. administrative measures make those calculations. They are Fourth. To plan our commerce and industry so as to di­ responsible for those conditions to some extent. rect our labor and resources into the most profitable chan­ In reply to the above questions, it may be suggested that nels conducive to American standards of living and efficient in tariff· bargaining, some industries of Massachusetts would and effective production. ' be injured by imports as a result of concessions made to Fifth. To provide for the intelligent and enlightened ap­ other countries; that has been the argument of the opposi­ plication of the protective principle whereby the maximum tion all along the line. If perchance the revenue duty on opportunity of employment and production may be assured coal, petroleum, or some other raw materials needed in to our industries, large and small alike, as well as to agri­ Massachusetts were reduced for the benefit of enlarging ex­ culture. port trade, how, it may be asked, does Massachusetts stand Sixth. To provide for mitigation of those irritating re­ to lose? It would seem that such reductions in duty for strictions contained in the Hawley-Smoot-Grundy Tariff Act which other countries are willing to make concessions would which have antagonized the rest of the world to our serious be a great aid to Massachusetts as well as other New Eng­ injury. land States. Why does the gentleman from Massachusetts Seventh. To support the President in the only effective assume that industries of his State are to lose in tariff bar­ method for meeting the current international trade situa­ gaining? Does he admit that the rates are too high? tion. Almost all important commercial powers are fallowing Let us look at some of the largest items of export trade such a program. . from Massachusetts. Take leather, a product of the gen­ . Almost all of the nations of the earth have granted their tleman's district. In 1929, some $14,000,000 worth went out executives authority similar to that granted the Executive from that State. This was reduced to $5,000,000 in 1932. of the United States. It so happens that leather is one of the items of export Only through reciprocity agreements can America par­ which has been increased to Cuba as a result of lower duties ticipate in the commercial negotiations for the benefit of made by that country in the reciprocal trade agreement. American agriculture and industry. Exports of machinery, rubber manufactures, safety-razor Eighth. To rejuvenate world trade which will increase the blades, paper and manufactures, and even lard have been purchasing power of foreign countries as well as our own increased since the signing of the Cuban agreement. These people and thereby provide greater opportunity for the sale are all products exported from Massachusetts. of American agricultural and industrial products. The gentleman may say there is no surplus of lard TRADE OF MASSACHUSETTS produced in Massachusetts; but, anyway, it goes through Since the gentleman from Massachusetts is an extreme Massachusetts and is exported from the ports of Massa­ isolationist, I should like to call his attention to the depend­ chusetts, and thereby gives employment at least to some ence of his own State on foreign trade. I hold in my hand labor. a card entitled " Who Says Isolation? ": Submitted with my remarks is· a table showing the value [From poster by Massachusetts branch Women's International of the first 15 items of export, in order of importance, from League for Peace and Freedom} Massachusetts. It will be noted that each of these 15 items Materials, imported from: Canada, calfskins; Mexico, cochineal; amounted to more than a million dollars in 1929; only 5 of Central America, cochineal, divi-div1; West Indies, mangrove; Argentina, heavy hides; South America, goat and sheep skins, them exceeded a million dollars in 1932. divi-divi, mangrove; Newfoundland, cod oil; England, Glauber, From the table it is seen that the decrease in exports of Epsom salts; Scotland, linen thread; France, horsehide, calfskin; individual items, from .1929 to 1932, ranged from 57 percent Belgium. fiax; Netherlands, calfskin; Germany, Glauber, Epsom salts; Italy, sumac; Baltic shores, amber; South Africa, wattle to nearly 90 percent. bark; West Mediterranean, myrobalans; Africa, sandarak; eastern The falling off in exports under the Smoot-Hawley tariff Europe, valonia; Persia, tragacanth; India., heavy hides; China, law of goods produced by factories in the gentleman's own heavy hides, albumen; Dutch East Indies, buffalo hides; East Indies, gambler, mangrove; Australia, sheepskins, kangaroo; New State amounted to 57 to 97 percent. This to me would cause Zealand, sheepskins. any man in his position to think seriously of such a policy. Are sold to Canada, Mexico, Panama, Jamaica, Cuba, West These figures indicate that many producers in Massa­ Indies, Colombia, United Kingdom, Netherlands, China, Phllip­ pines. (National Council for Prevention of Wa.r, 532 seventeenth chusetts will gain in a tariff-bargaining program which in­ Street, Washington, D. C.) creases export trade. 1 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:..::.HOUSE 3045 Exports from Massachusetts to the Committee for Reciprocity Information, which has been set up for that purpose. A final date is set for the Percent of de­ filing of briefs and another for a public hearing, which is crease ilsually a week later than the limit for filing briefs. Classification 1929 1932 (or in­ crease) Meanwhile, a subcommittee, called a country committee, is 19~2 formed to make a thorough and expert study of the trade between the United States and the country concerned. On Total exports______$111, 531, 000 $32, 256, 000 7L 1 this subcommittee, as on the parent committee, are represen­ tatives of the different departments. This committee uses Leather.------14.188,000 5,000, 000 64. 8 Machinery ___ ------11, 303,000 3,017, 000 73.3 all available material and examines with the utmost care all Safety-razor blades ______5, 978, 000 875,000 85.4 the briefs and testimony submitted to the Committee for Rubber and manufactures ______5, 512, 000 1,691,000 69.3 Paper and manufactures ______4, 279,000 1, 538, ()()() 64. l Reciprocity Information. When the study, which requires Other machinery, vehicles, and parts ______4, 233, 000 781,000 81.5 weeks, ha..s been completed, a report is made to the full com­ Cotton cloth, duck, and tire fabric.------3,606, 000 1, 253, 000 65.3 Leather footwear ______:_ 3,504, 000 360, 000 89. 7 mittee. In the formulation of this country's case, the De­ Other electrical machinery and apparatus ___ _ 3, 334, 000 820, 000 75.4 partment of Commerce suggests what concessions should be Cotton mill waste._------2, 985, ()()() 798, 000 73.3 Other iron and steel manufactures ______2, 787, 000 665, 000 76.1 asked of the other country, and the Tariff Commission sug­ Abrasives ______-----____ ------2, 381 , ()()() 696,000 70.8 gests what concessions can be made by us without injury to Lard ______------1, n2,000 573, 000 67. 7 Optical goods ______l, 392,000 574, 000 58.8 domestic industries. Thus, not only is the fullest opportu­ Books, maps, pictures, etc ______1,287,000 554,000 57.0 nity given to everyone to be heard, but every aspect of the question is given most careful consideration by every depart­ . Official data. ment of the Government concerned. · A few typical newspaper· excerpts from Massachusetts in­ While the United States is preparing its case, the other dicate that the people of that enlightened State do not share country is doing the same for itself according to its own the opinion of some of its representatives in Congress, par­ methods. When both are ready, actual negotiations begin, ticulariy those who continue to oppose the tariff bargaining and through these the final ·agreement is reached. program, in spite of its favorable reception and admitted Nothing could be less captious and summary than the proc­ benefits to the country. ess of making these agreements. Notice this-instead of be­ . The Courier Citizen, Lowell, Mass., after reciting the bene­ ing framed hastily in the dark, they are the result of pains­ fits that have already resulted from the treaty, says: taking labors by experts with open minds who represent all · The advantage to our export trade is likely to exceed by far any parts of the Government. · loss that special industries may suffer. Benefits to our shipping In his discussion of the Cuban agreement. (RECORD, p. 592, are expected to be equally great. Jan. 17), the gentleman from Massachusetts spoke of pota­ · The Boston Daily Globe, of Boston, Mass., states: toes as being on the losing end of the Cuban agreement. Nevertheless, it ts heartening to learn that within the month The gentleman from Maine [Mr. BREWSTER] whose State ex­ elapsed since the new reciprocal treaty between the two countries ported the greatest quantity of potatoes in recent history as went into operation its benefits have proved greater than the fondest champions of a new trade relationship expected. The a result of the CUban agreement, also has waxed warmly and figures tell the story with emphasis. wrathfully against trade agreements, seemingly against in­ HOW TARIFF AGREEMENTS ARE MADE creasing exports of potatoes from his own State. A great deal of misinformation regarding the manner of The following excerpt from the Habana Post (Wednesday, negotiating the reciprocal tariff agreements is being dis­ Oct. 17, 1934) indicates how at least some Maine farmers seminated. Some of it is willfully propagated with ulterior felt about the agreement with Cuba: motives, and some of it is disseminated solely because of MAINE FARMERS GET CUBAN TRADE-ISLAND BUYING MORE POTATOES lack of complete knowledge of the situation. _ FROM UNITED STATES, LESS FROM CANADA HOULTON, MAINE, October 16.-An unprecedented demand from There has been a great deal said about tariff agreements Cuba for Maine potatoes brought encouragement today to the being made in star-chamber proceedings and in the dark. distressed planters in Aroostook County, Maine's vast potato I will give you the history of how they are made, in order empire. With their product bringing only 50 cents a barrel, less than to correct such erroneous statements. the cost of raising, and 15 percent of the crop snowed under by An example of apparently deliberate misstatement is that last Friday's storm, the outlook heretofore this season has been these agreements are concocted by the Department of State, gloomy indeed. in secret, with foreign countries, and then, when completed, But the central potato inspection office announced today that a Cuban tariff on Canadian potatoes and a prospective duty on perfunctorily shown to the Committee on Foreign Trade American exports to become effective November 1 has resulted in Agreements. The gentleman from Massachusetts has re­ a sudden demand for 80,000 sacks of Maine "spuds." peated this notion from time to time. Sixty-two carloads are now being loaded on board a vessel at Searsport, and buyers now in the county have orders for 100 car­ Nothing could be further from the fact. That is a pretty loads more. bold statement. In the first place, the Committee on For­ The rush of export business prompted Commissioner of Agri­ eign Trade Agreements is composed of representatives not culture Frank P. Washburn to increase the size of the inspection staff here. Washburn said the demand was the outstanding ex­ only of the Department of State but also of the Treasury, port business for Aroostook County in the past few years, and ex­ Agriculture, and Commerce Departments, the Tariff Com­ pressed the hope that it might be retained under the new tariff mission, and of the office of the Special Adviser to the Pres­ arrangements. The Last year Cuba bought most of its potatoes in Canada. While ident on Foreign Trade. representatives of a number the temporary advantage which American producers now enjoy as of these departments or agencies on the committee are not a result of the tarHI on Canadian exports will be reduced after fully in accord with the tariff program of the administration, November 1, the duty on shipments from the United States is ex­ and thus we can rest assured that all points of view are pected to be less than that on exports from the Dominion. considered on each and every item involved in a trade agree­ The gentleman from Maine will probably say that the ment. What could be faU:er than this? reduced seasonal rates of duty on Cuban potatoes more than In this committee, all questions relating to the agreements offEet any pene:fit to be derived from Cuba's reductions. are fully discussed. When it is learned, through the usual Tariff hogs, of course, are never satisfied. diplomatic -channels, that a foreign country wishes to enter Recent official dispatches state that there is little possi­ into a reciprocal tariff agreement with the United States, bility of potatoes being exported from Cuba in any substan­ formal notice of intention to negotiate such an agreement tial quantities during 1935. The imports from Cuba in 1934 is given by the Department of State, to which the world can were not enough to supply the city of Washington with po­ have access, so that everyone can have knowledge. At the tatoes for one day-a mere pittance of 157,400 pounds. same time, dates are set for the presentation of views by Those opposed to any liberality in trade are forever filling those interested in the commerce between the two countries the roads full of ghosts which in reality are not seen. 3046 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 HEARINGS ON TARIFF MAKING Maine, Mr. Beedy, a member of the gentleman's party, had The gentleman from Massachusetts states that interested to say during the consideration of this bill. Mr. Beedy parties appearing before the Committee for Reciprocity stated: Information are havmg to " shoot in the dark " in present­ The relation between the Ways and Means Committee and the ing their views. They do not have to "shoot in the dark" Members of the House which exists now is something akin to any more than they do when they appear before the Ways that of the king and his subjects. and Means Committee before a tariff bill is introduced in Of course, he had reference only to the Republican me~ the House. bers of that committee. Just before he made this statement I respectfully submit that everyone appearing before the the same gentleman, who frequently manifested the spilit Ways and Means Committee in 1928-29, before the Hawl~y­ of a free man, said: Smoot bill had been introduced into the House, had to I want to suggest there are a good many farmers tn New England "shoot in the dark", just as they do before the Committee who are apparently forgotten by the Ways and Means Committee. for Reciprocity Information. In the hearings in 1928-29 The gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] they were preparing for Mr. Hoover's limited tariff revision. speaks of our allowing foreigners to dictate what rates of Limited to what, I ask the gentleman from Massachusetts? duty we shall levy on imports into this country, and speaks Limited to "everybody's feet in the trough!" That is the of the star-chamber methods of tariff making now -being method the Republican Party applies in its frequent revision practiced, as he alleges, in the making of trade agreements. of tariffs, the grand old logrolling scheme where the largest The gentleman from Massachusetts would have us return to contributors to the party campaign fund collect tariff graft the old logrolling method of enacting taliffs and to the in proportion, as was expressed by Mr. Grundy. This star-chamber methods he and his party have employed in method is. not now evident in making reciprocal tariff agree­ taliff legislation. Would the gentleman have us return to ments. The opposition is bewailing the fact that such the practice of having the secretary of the Connecticut methods of tariff making are past, and we hope past for­ Manufacturers Association in attendance at the executive ever, from the American legislative scene. sessions of the committee, dictating the rates that should be When questioned by the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. levied? Does the gentleman want us to return to the CocHRANl on February 5 on the floor of the House, the gen­ method of tariff making whereby those seeking special privi .. tleman from Massachusetts evaded the issue as to recent lege wrote in their own rates, with no regard whatever to methods of fixing tariffs by legislation. He knows full well what effect it would have on the consuming public? that the committee works behind closed doors after the Speaking of star-chamber methods, let us review the star.. hearings until the bill' reaches the floor. That does not pre­ chamber methods employed by the gentleman from Massa .. vent interested. lobbyists from getting the ear of certain chusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] and his colleagues on the Ways people. Their tactics are not working at present. and Means Committee at the time the nefari-0us Hawley .. If some of the special interests have not received what Smoot-Grundy Act was being written. Under the steam .. they asked for or have been promised. the Halls of Congress roller tactics resorted to by the gentleman from Massachu .. swarm with lobbyists. They set about to see that they ob­ setts and the other Republican members of the Ways and tain tariff grafts in proportion to their campaign funds or Means Committee, the minority members were driven from ability to manufacture propaganda. This is really the mat­ the committee room while the bill was being framed, and ter that is hurting the gentleman from Massachusetts and then by a gag-rule process were not permitted even to offer those schooled in his tariff philosophy. They do not like an amendment during the consideration of the bill in the to see the old tariff graft system pass away. It was too rich House. · in political favoritism. ·The G. 0. P. can no longer project Under the rule adopted, and under which the House con .. itself into power through tariff lobbying under the present sidered the Hawley-Smoot-Grundy tariff bill framed in star­ scheme. Thus we may expect to hear the continued lamen­ chamber sessions above referred to, it was provided- tations and swan song of the gentleman from Massachusetts. That the bill shall be considered for amendment under the 5- He cannot become adjusted to the new order, and therefore minute rule, but committee amendments to any part of the bill spreads his discontent. He continues his campaign of fear shall be in order at any time; that consideration of the bill for from week to week. He d-0es not seem to be interested in amendment shall continue until Tuesday, May 28. 1929, at a o'clock p. m., at which time the bill, with all amendments that letting business settle down; he does not want business con­ shall have been adopted by the Committee of the Whole, shall be fidence as long as his party is not in power. reported to the House, whereupon the previous question shall be [Here the gavel fell.J considered as ordered on the bill and all amendments to final pas­ Mr. OLIVER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that sage without intervening motion except one motion to recommit. the time of the gentleman from North Carolina be ex­ FALLACY OF SELF-CONTAINMENT tended 15 minutes. There has been so much said recently as to the importance The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the of the home market and how we are independent of foreign gentleman from Alabama? countries, ·I wish to go into the fallacy of self-containment There was no objection. in some detail. Mr. DOUGHTON. The gentleman from Massachusetts The gentleman from Massachusetts keeps harping on the [Mr. TREADWAY], who now seems so concerned about the home market as taking 90 percent of the production. A rights of the representatives of the people to enact tariff school child in the South realizes the fallacy of such a state­ levies, utterly disregarded the rights of the Members of the ment when applied to cotton. This is the doctl'ine of the House during the consideration of the Hawley-Smoot­ self-contained school. · Grundy bill. Let us review the record in this respect and It is a common impression that the United States produces see what opportunity was afforded the representatives of the nearly everything that it requires and is thus very largely people to have a voice in the enactment of that bill. In all self-sufficient. Those opposed to the reciprocal tariff act l9 hours and 6 minutes were given for the consideration of are making much of this point. They are going to con­ this bill, which contained 434 pages. The fact of record is siderable pains to stress the self-containment doctrine-a that only 82 lines out of 10,681 contained in the bill were defensive alibi for legislation the Republicans sponsored read under the 5-minute rule; of the 183 sections contained which has almost destroyed American foreign trade. They in the bill only a fraction of one of them was read and take the position that we have largely lost our export trade considered. and that it was never important-not worth the attempt to The tactics employed by the gentleman from Massachu­ regain through any method of tariff bargaining. setts [Mr. TREADWAY] and his Republican colleagues on the Furthermore, it has been suggested that we need to im­ Ways and Means Committee absolutely denied representa­ port few products; that we are so self-contained and that tion to the other Members of the House in the framing of about the only product we really need to import during peace the Hawley-Smoot-Grundy bill. In this conn-ection let me times is rubber. We are told that synthetic rubber is being quote what a distinguished ex-Member of the House from made, of course, at a much higher price than the natural 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3047 imported product, but that we shall soon be self-sufficient upon these differences in natural resources. Within our own in this. country we know that cotton will not grow in the Spring The fallacy of this doctrine is obvious to anyone who is Wheat Belt, semitropical fruit will not thrive in New Eng­ capable of analyzing it. Those who take this position of land, nor will the fine fur-bearing animals of Alaska flourish self-sufficiency do not understand the fundamentals of in the Southern States. This basis of commerce is fre­ trade between different regions, areas, sections, States, or quently referred to as North-South trade. The difference nations. These bases of trade are the factors underlying in temperature, however, is only one phase of the differences the law of comparative costs-an economic law which the in natural resources. Differences in rainfall, in the topog­ reciprocal tariff act takes into consideration, a law which raphy, fertility of the soil, nearness to bodies of water, and the Republicans either cannot or will not understand. so on, play an important part in bringing about trade be­ It may be well to once more briefly review these funda­ tween areas, regions, sections, States, or nations. mental bases of trade, in the hope that our friends on the Former President Hoover apparently had this kind of trade other side may have a better und,erstanding as to what we in mind when he said in his Boston speech of October 15, are attempting to do in carrying out this important measure. 1928-and I hope those on the other side of the House. These elemental reasons for trade may be roughly divided who still see some hope in Mr. Hoover, may note well these into three categories. words: 1. DIFFERENCES IN RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS Without continued interchange of tropical products with those o! E'very race of people produces articles of its particular the Temperate Zone, whole sections of the world, including our own country, must stagnate and degenerate in civllization. We could civilization. Massachusetts produces a number of excellent not run an automobile, we could not operate a dynamo, or usa a products desired by other countries; for example, boots and telephone were we without imported raw materials from the shoes, machinery, and electrical apparatus, and trade is Tropics. In fact, the whole structure of our advancing civilization thereby originated. Certain artistic goods of Italy, the brass would crumble and the great mass of mankind would travel back­ articles of Chinese handicraft, and the carvings from India ward if the foreign trade of the world were to cease. .illustrate this point. The American Indians were producing Under our present depressed conditions, with the falling articles characteristic of their civilization when they were oft' of foreign trade, we admit that Mr. Hoover was somewhat discovered in the new world. Im.mediately, these articles of a prophet. We have been traveling backward. He ap­ served as a basis cf trade between the white man and the parently forgot .his own prophecy, however, when later as redskin. It is not necessary to further stress this point. President he signed the infamous Hawley-Smoot tariff bill, Examples will occur to anyone-even to Republicans-who which we are attempting to correct in a perf~ctly logical and reflect upon this basis of trade. The administration's tariff reasonable manner. program aims to make such trade possible. It is foolish for Let us once more examine some of the more necessary the opposition to whine that trade of this nature will unbal­ articles of import trade of the United States. During the ance any domestic industry. World War the War Department found that it was necessary 2. DIFFE.."tENCES IN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT to import 30 commodities in substantial quantities in order to Since the first half of the nineteenth century, the differ­ carry on war. That Departqient classified them as strategic ences in industrial development have been important factors products. Some were not produced in the United States at in the development of foreign trade between nations, or be­ all; others were not produced in sufficient quantities even for tween different sections of the same country. This basµ peace-time purposes. of trade may be illustrated in the difference in the occupa­ Some may ask why, if the Smoot-Hawley-Grundy Tariff tions of, say, a New England mechanic and a western herds­ Act is so nefarious and has produced such adverse effects, it man. This difference is largely a matter of the density pf is not repealed. Of course, everyone knows that foreign population or difference in industrial development. The countries, copying our example, are beating us at our own sparsely populated area calls upon nature or the extractive game, and have erected trade barriers, embargo restrictions, industries for a living, while the densely populated country and countervailing duties until now their rates in many in­ must depend on the skill of its workers to add value to raw stances are even higher than ours; and unless we can get materials. The difference in industrial development is not them reduced by international agreements, we cannot lower always as clearly distinguished as between the New England our own exorbitant high tariff rates. worker and western rancher, or between the agricultural and The :ro commodities classified by the War Department were the industrialized sections of a country. antimony, camphor, chromium, coffee, cork, flaxseed, graph­ Even between highly developed industrial countries there ite, hemp, hides, iodide, jute, manganese, manila fiber, mica, is a sort of international division of labor. For example, nickel, nux vomica, opium, platinum, potassium salts, quick­ the United States imports considerable quantities of cotton silver, quinine, rubber, shellac, silk, sodium nitrate, migar, cloth and also exports substantial amounts. These cotton tin, tungsten, vanadium, and wool. cloths are largely of a di.ff erent class or grade, the imparts All of these articles are necessary. They are articles or being of the finest countable cloths, the exports of the impart, without which we could not possibly have carried coarser grades. The United States also exports certain on our part in the great World War. chemicals to Germany in spite of the fact that that country Some of these articles are now produced in the United has a reputation of being one of the world's most efficient States in larger quantities than during the war, substitutes chemical producers. Many other examples of a similar na­ are manufactured for some of them, but substantial quanti­ ture could be cited. Much profitable trade has its origin in ties of imports of most of these are still needed in our indus­ the differences and unequal industrial development of various trial and commercial life. Chromium, for example, is indis­ countries. Those opposed to the present tariff program pensable to the steel industry and to industries making fire­ would further wreck this fast-vanishing trade. arms, airplanes, motor cars, cutlery, and others. Manganese 3, DIFFERENCES IN NATURAL RESOURCES is absolutely essential for the production of open-hearth The differences in natural resources are the most funda­ steel. Nickel has many uses, hundreds of alloys being made mental basis of trade. It is true that the other two bases, from it. Tungsten is also required for steel, particularly just mentioned, tend to equalize or even up over a period tool steel. The steel industry, it has frequently been pointed of time. Those who maintain that the United States is out, imports in varying quantities no less than 40 commodi­ and should be self-contained must hold that this equalizing ties from some 57 different countries. process has already taken place. They go further and claim Raymond B. Fosdick, a well-known statesman, summed up that the differences in na.tural resources are not impartant. the fallacy of the self-containment doctrine in the following They would even rob us of our morning cup of coffee, ot at succinct manner: least make us drink it without sugar, two important products A country that could not make a locomotive, an automobile, or whose trade originates from differences in natural resources. an airplane without material from abroad can scarcely be called self-contained. A country that could not even carry on war with­ It is probably true that the trade of the world, owing to out the aid of 30 essential commodities from other countries can­ certain equalizing tendencies, must more and more depend not boast of its national independence. By the sa.m.e token, " 3048 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH Q country .whose exc~ wheat and cotton are rotting in fields and In other words, were we to lose our export trade in cotton, storehouses because its foreign market has gone to pieces is not in position to talk in terms of Washington's FareweII Address. I doubt if it would sell for 6 cents a pound, and 6-cent cot­ ton means devastation and ruination of the South, which What would have become of the South if our exports of would in turn be reflected in every part of the American cotton and tobacco were cut off? What would have become Union. of the industries of New England and the industries of other It is a fundamental principle that the price of export sections of the country if the ptirchasing power of the surplus in some of the above lines may determine the price South, made possible by the production and sale of cotton, of the entire home product. Whether it is 10 percent or had been cut off-as would be the case if we followed the 50 percent of the production, the existence of the outlet may nationalistic system and concluded we were self-contained­ be the balance wheel or " margin of safety " for a nation's and our foreign markets forever lost? It is not only the life­ industries. blood of the South but essential to New England industries Those who point to our much-vaunted self-sufficiency base and to the industries in every section of this great country. their ideas upon a fundamental misconception of the work­ Mr.- TREADWAY. Will the gentleman yield for a ques­ ings of industry. The large and thriving domestic markets tion? generally depend upon foreign markets for a measure of Mr. DOUGHTON. I yield to the gentleman from Massa­ their prosperity. To repeat, it is misleading to argue that chusetts. since our export trade as a whole constitutes only 10 per­ Mr. TREADWAY. The gentleman has asked me several cent of the total trade, it is relatively unimportant. The questions in the -eourse of his address, which I greatly enjoy effect of the change upon the fundamental conditions in listening to. each industry is the important point. A 10-percent loss of Mr. DOUGHTON. I am glad of that. business does not indicate that the remaining 90 percent of Mr. TREADWAY. I would ask the gentleman when it is the total trade is left in first-class condition; it usually agreeable to him to have me reply to the numerous questions means the opposite. The last 10 percent of production, in whieh he has asked me. I shall be glad to take those ques­ many lines, means the difference between a profit and a loss tions up at his convenience at a later date. in the whole business. Mr. DOUGHTON. May I say in reply the gentleman did not consult me as to my convienience when he made his The conclusion that the export trade of the United States, five or six speeches· on the floor of the House. He knows because it is no more than 10 percent of the total, is not that the courtesy of the Members of the House will grant him justifiable. The Honorable Cordell Hull, while he was in the permission at any time to answer the speech made by myself Senate, had the following to say regarding this fallacious or anyone else. · notion. [Here the gavel fell.] . Whether or not you agree with Cordell Hull, Secretary of Mr. TREADWAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent State, a former Member of this body and of the United that the time of the gentleman be continued until he com­ States Senate, you all recognize his outstanding ability and his high and patriotic determination to better our present pletes his speech. economic conditions. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Massachusetts? No economic falsehOOd ever deceived as many credulous people as the stock phrase that America only exports about 10 percent There was no objection. of her production and that home consumption of the 90 percent Mr. DOUGHTON. I thank i:µy friend for his courtesy. completely controls our economic situation. In the first place, instead of all American industries exporting 10 percent each ot NECESSITY FOR FOJl.EIGN MARKETS their production, a few dozen of our greatest industries, on the Those advocating a self-contained United States argue prosperity of which the prosperity of the entire Nation absolutely that not more than 10 percent of our production is shipped depends, are obliged to export not 10 percent but a large propor­ abroad and that, therefore, we are 90 percent self-contained. tion of their production. implying. that it will be only a matter of time until we shall If this fallacy of self-sufiiciency had not received such be 100 percent. The gentleman from Massachusetts keeps wide-spread attention, sometimes falsely disseminated by reverting to this statement. propagandists, it would not be necessary to further labor the The use of this 10-percent general average for this pur­ point, to show how essential it is for opening markets for our pose is fallacious. The vital organs of the body weigh less commodities produced in abundance; to make arrangements than 10 percent of the whole; could we gradually remove the for receiving those products essential to our domestic econ­ heart, lungs, and so forth, and go on functioning as if noth­ omy-numerous products which would have little effect in ing had happened? Ali a matter of fact, foreign markets unbalancing any domestic industry, a number used in the .are of vital importance to many basic American industries. industries of Massachusetts . A much greater percentage of the production is shipped The export figures do not tell the whole story about the abroad in many instances. interrelation of industries. For example, the conditions Cut .off all our foreign trade and take that business from of the automobile industry are reflected in a number of the manufacturers and producers in the United States, and other industries whose materials it purchases in large quan­ you will find those people out of employment and they will tities. This industry consumes in its production, to men­ be placed on the relief rolls. This would result if we lost tion only a few, 19 percent of the steel of the United States. our foreign markets. Imagine the misery, sorrow, and the and has largely accounted for the recent activity of that destitution which would follow. industry. The automobile industry uses about 68 percent In 1929, for example, nearly 55 percent of our cotton, more of the alloy steel and varying percentages of other steel than 40 percent of our tobacco, 33 percent of our lard, and products, . 55 percent of the malleable iron, 23.5 percent of about 18 percent of our wheat were exported. These rela­ the aluminum, 15 percent of the copper, 33 percent of the tively large percentages are not limited to agricultural prod­ lead, 7 percent of the zinc, 11 percent of the tin, 24 percent 'llcts. More than 40 percent of the typewriters, 29 percent of the nickel, about 7 percent of the cotton, 54 percent of the oi the printing machinery, 28 percent of the sewing ma­ upholstery leather, 14 percent of the hardwood lumber, 40 chines, 23 percent of the agricultural machinery, 21 percent percent of the plate glass, 73 percent of the rubber, and 85 of the locomotives, and 14 percent of the passenger automo­ percent of the gasoline produced in the United States. biles were sent abroad.in the sa:rp.e year. If the conditions of the automobile industry, which fur­ In such lines of production as those noted above, and nishes employment directly or indil·ectly for some 4,000,000 others, the loss of export trade is a matter of great concern. people, could regain a substantial portion of the foreign The administration has set about to correct this situation. market which took more than $500,000,000 worth in 1929, The decline in the foreign demand for cotton, it has been the effect on American industry in general is self-evident. reliably estimated, might readily make the difference between In all the above industries, as well as in others, additional 16- and 6-cent cotton. employment would result. It may be added that the auto- 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE . 3049 mobile indust-ry utilizes products from every State in the of control of these carping critics who are doing everything Union. Whatever retards this important industry affects possible to defeat"the new-deal policies of the present admin­ numerous other industries. By the same logic any improve- istration. ment in the conditions of such an industry has far-reaching They will not lose sight of the distress, sufiering, and effects in the industries noted above. Thus the fallacious misery caused by the Smoot-Hawley-Grundy tarifI law, notion that 10 percent of such an industry may be lopped and other policies adopted during the reign of special privi- off without evil effects becomes obvious. leges. We on this side of the House are just as anxious for our In retrospect, let us visualize, lest we forget, the situation country to be self-sufficient as those on the other side if it that existed in America on March 4, 1933, the day that Pres­ can be done at a reasonable cost. During the past 10 or 12 ident Roosevelt assumed the duties of the Presidency. At years we have had to realize that our economy is inex- that time the economic barometer of the country registered tricably interwoven with that of other countries. As has the lowest mark in all our history. It was the zero hour in been said on other occasions, we are faced with a reality and the life of the Nation. The financial system had collapsed, not a theory, a reality which the Republicans have ignored credit had been destroyed, industry had become paralyzed, during the past 10 or 12 years. agriculture had reached the brink of bankruptcy, and the There is one other point brought up by the gentleman farmers were in the depths of despair and were being forced from Massachusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] on the floor on Feb- to dispose of the fruits of their toil at ruinous prices. Mil­ ruary 20 which I desire to comment upon. The gentleman lions of farmers had lost their homes, through no fault of belabors himself to show that there is no relation.ship be- their own, as a result of tax sales and mortgage foreclosures. tween branch factories going abroad and the last Repub- Fifteen million working people were out of employment and lican tariff. He has very obligingly placed in the RECORD unable to procure support for themselves and their depend­ (p. 234) of that date the number 9f branch factories mov- ents, making an army of around 45,000,000 needy and sufier­ ing into Canada for many years past. Of course, he could ing people, with all the evils attending such conditions. Ac­ not see any connection between the fact that, in 1928, only tual starvation stared many in the face and terror had seized 14 branch plants went into Canada and the greatly in- the public mind. creased number which have been going into Canada since Conditions were so serious that many of the States had al­ that time. For example, in 1929, 38 American branch plants ready closed all State banks by official mandate and those located in Canada. It will be recalled that by the middle that were not closed, had lost, or were rapidly losing, the of 1929 the nature and extent of the tariff increases in the confidence of the public. Old financial institutions that had Hawley-Smoot Act were fairly well determined. Canada and weathered all previous storms were headed for ruin at ave­ other countries promised retaliation if the act should be locity that bewildered the mind and staggered the imagina­ passed in its 1929 form. This threat of retaliation drove tion. All lines of business were at the lowest ebb in the his­ American plants across the border. The number of plants tory of the Republic. The old order had failed utterly. The going into Canada since 1929 has been more than twice as attempt to restore prosperity by dumping millions of dollars great as before the Tariff Act of 1930 was being considered into failing banks, in which people had no confidence, de'." and went into effect. funct corporations, and big business generally had completely Of course, no one will expect the gentleman from Mas.5a- failed. chusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] to· draw such a conclusion. Every- The last 2 years of the Hoover administration will go one else who has given any serious study to the problem down in history as the darkest and most devastating period realizes that a continued high-tarifI system for the world, of American life. with the self-sufficiency doctrine, will drive American indus- It appears to me that those who were responsible, or who tries abroad. The gentleman's party must assume consider- were in control, when these perilous times were brought upon able responsibility in the world nationalistic drive. Instead the country could well afford to refrain from EO much criti­ of producing at home, using materials and employing domes- cism, at least until the policies being tried, or that will be tic labor in the vicinity in which the plants are located, and ( tried, to restore or rescue the country from the awful plight exporting surpluses, large and ably financed United States in which they left it, can be tried out. industries will start a branch plant in other countries behind Former President Hoover has more adequately defined the tarifI walls. I do not here maintain that the tarifI is the only conditions which the present administration inherited from reason that these industries have located in foreign coun- its predecessor than any other person. In his Cleveland, tries. There are various other reasons, but the intense na- Ohio, speech in 1930, he referred to these conditions as an tionalism advocated by the gentleman from Massachusetts "economic pestilence", and in his speech of acceptance in and his colleagues has been an important factor· 1932, as an " unparalleled calamity in the history of our THE BELGIAN AGREEMENT Nation." On March 4 the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. The gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] stated TREADWAY] dwelt in some detail on one side of the Belgian in his speech this week, referring to the debate he had with trade agreement. That is to be expected, since Republicans the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. HARLAN] that he would en­ can only see one side of foreign trade. The value of the deavor to have the last word on the subject. I do not blame experts on which we obtained concessions from Belgium the gentleman from Massachusetts for this, as his Epeeches amounted to more than $16,000,000 in 1933, or about one- are so barren of facts and so pregnant with errors and mis­ third of our exports to that country. We granted them con- statements that he must continue to explain and defend the cessions on imparts amounting to less than $6,000,000, or best he can in support of a weak case. one-fourth of the imports from that source for the same year. Truth once stated, stands of its own strength, but decep- Of course, the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. TREAD- tion and error must continuously be buttressed. WAY] can see no good in any trade agreement whatever, even I shall not leave the work of my committee and my other if the United States gains two or three times as much as the important duties to take the time of the House every 2 or 3 other country involved. days, or each week, in defense of the reciprocal tariff act of The gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] went 1934, or the policies of the present administration. However, into a rage about the comparatively small reduction made in I felt that inasmuch as I introduced this bill in the House the duty on cement. The reduction in the Belgian agreement I should give some attention to the attacks made upon it. was from 6 to 4.5 cents per 100 pounds. Even in time of free As to what may be the effect of the 1934 act is a matter trade in cement-that is, before the Tariff Act of 1930, im- of opinion and guesswork, but the disastrous results follow­ ports were insignificant. Imports of cement do not ordi- ing the 1930 Smoot-Hawley-Grundy Tariff Act is a matter narily go beyond trucking distance from the port of impor- of knowledge that will not fade out of the minds of the tation under any conditions. American people for many generations. The people of this country will long remember the pre- In spite of the almost daily outpourings of the gentleman dicament in which they found themselves after 12 years from Massachusetts [Mr. TREADWAY] and other vocal oppo- 3050 ~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 sition, the administration has taken a step forward in carry­ 1. A man is placed in my s"!ioe store. I do not need him to wait on trade, consequently, I keep him busy by dusting boxes, clean­ ing out the basic objectives of a new foreign trade policy, as ing up, and doing odd jobs. expressed in the Reciprocal Tariff Act. Now, the existing condition that has come about putting every­ I desire to end my remarks by quoting part of the message one back to work ha.s increased my business. At the end of 6 of the President in submitting the tariff legislation to the months, the Government, according to this plan, ceases paying this man. But, my business, having increased necessitates keeping Congress. He sai~ in part: this man to wait on trade. He is already an experienced shoe You and I know that the world does not stand still; that trade salesman from past employment. There is no alternative; I put movements and relations once interrupted can, with the utmost this man to work. difilculty, be restored; that even in tranquil and prosperous times 2. Now let us take the case of a manufacturer: In each locality there is a constant shifting of trade channels. • • • each manufacturer will receive an allotted number of men ac­ If the American Government is not in a position to ma.ke fair cording to the unemployment condition of the locality and deter<' otrers for fair opportunities, its trade will be superseded. If it is mined by the commission set aside to classify those on relief. not in a. position at a. given moment rapidly to alter the terms on It being absolute folly for a manufacturer to create an over­ which it is willing to deal with other countries, it cannot ade­ supply, he puts h1s Government-paid men to work doing the quately protect its trade against discriminations and against numerous odd jobs that can. be done in any plant. bargains injurious to its interest. Furthermore a promise to With the elapse of a. short period of time an increased de­ which prompt effect cannot be given is not an inducement which mand is created for his products, due to an inevitable increase can pass current at par in commercial negotiations. • • • in business conditions. With a flood of orders for his com­ The exercise of the authority which I propose must be caretully modities, he uses his Government-paid men for the increased weighed in the light of the latest information so as to give assur­ production that has been brought about by a marked gain in the ance that no sound and important American interest wm be business trend. injuriously disturbed. The adjustment of our foreign trade rela­ At the end of the allotted period the manufacturer will have tions must rest on the premise of undertaking to benefit and not to a regular place on the pay roll for every man placed in his em­ injure such interests. In a. time of difficulty and unemployment ploy by the Government. such as th.is, the highest consideration of the position of the dltrer­ With the adoption of this plan every newspaper and periodical ent branches of American production is required. • • • in the United States would be eager to carry the screaming [Applause.] headlines: America Goes Back to Work. Mr. GREEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE proceed for 1 minute. Mr. KNUTSON. Mr~ Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I hope the gentle­ that on Monday next~ following the reading of the Journal man from Florida will not insist upan his request. This is and the disposition of business on the Speaker's table, I may Calendar Wednesday, and we hope to get on call, and we be permitted to address the House for 30 minutes. have now taken up 2 hoW's. Mr. CULLEN. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, Mr. GREEN. I shall be pleased to ask for the 1 minute Monday is going to be a busy day, I imagine. What does the later on. gentleman want to talk about? Mr. CULLEN. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object. Mr. KNLJTSON. I wish to speak on the state of the the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee is anxious to get Union. the floor with some bills, and I think probably it would be Mr. CULLEN. That is a broad subject. well to allow the bills to come up as soon as possible. Mr. KNUTSON. Well, this is a broad country. Mr. GREEN. I shall withdraw the request and submit it Mr. CULLEN. If it is on the tariff, I have no objection. later. Mr. KNUTSON. It will be on the tariff. Mr. HOOK. :M:r. Speaker, I· ask unanimous consent to Mr. CULLEN. I have no objection. address the House for 15 minutes following the remarks of the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. FORD l this afternc'On. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. The gentleman means after gentleman from Minnesota? the Committee on the Judiciary is through? There was no objection. Mr. HOOK. Yes. THE IRVING SCRAM PLAN FOR REEMPLOYMENT Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. I have no concern about that. Mr. ALLEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Mr. McREYNOLDS. Mr. Speaker, I shall have to object. extend my remarks in the RECORD and to include therein a There are other committees on call. short statement of a constituent of mine on a proposed The SPEAKER. Objection is heard. plan of recovery. It just consists of a half page. Mr. CULLEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask for the regular order. Mr. CULLEN. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, The SPEAKER. The regular order is recognition of the Commissioner from the Philippines [Mr. DELGADO] to ad­ of course, I am one of those who do not believe in clogging dress the House for 15 minutes. up the RECORD with a lot of immaterial stuff :which does not Mr. Mr. today give information to the Members of the House. If this has DELGADO. Speaker, I rise to pay a well­ reference to a speech which the gentleman himself made, I deserved tribute to a typical American, a man who, in the have no objection. comparatively short space of 40 years, has risen from a cabin to the Governor General's palace in Manila, and to The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the testify to his contribution to the greatest task, the grandest gentleman from Illinois? task that a great and mighty Nation has ever undertaken for There was no objection. the benefit of a young and small but hopeful country. · Mr. ALLEN. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to extend my I have no set speech prepared, although I have jotted remarks in the RECORD, I include the following short state­ down a few notes, because I should like to let the sentiments ment of a constituent of mine on a proposed plan of of my heart flow freely this afternoon. Therefore, I plead recovery: for your indulgence if there should be lack of coherence or The problem of putting America back to work nears a solution lack of elegance in my expressions. with the adoption of the following plan submitted herewith. be As there are approximately 5,000,000 men out of work at the 1il. Speaker, I know I would not representing the true present time who are solely dependent upon relief, I propose: feelings of the 14,000,000 souls whom I have the honor to 1. That every person receiving money through relief be classi­ represent here, were I not to preface my first effort in this, fied according to profession, trade, or vocation. the greatest of all popular assemblies in the world, with a 2. That these unemployed perso:r;is be placed for 6 months (or a longer period, if necessary) at a job to which they are fitted; reiteration of the loyalty and gratefulness of the Filipino their salary to be determined by the N. &. A. wage existing in each people to America and to you, gentlemen. [Applause.] respective territory and paid by the Government. I can say with absolute certainty that this loyalty and a. Only N. R. A. approved concerns are to receive extra help. b. Regular employees must not be discharged unless a tangible devotion is inspired neither by fear nor by mercenary mo .. , reason exists. . tives, but by that lofty feeling-one of God's greatest gifts to 3. That the present relief commission be placed in charge of the human heart-the purest sense of gratitude for favors ct\asstfying, and placing the unemployed in N. R. A. approved shops, past and present. [Applause.] bu...~ess houses, etc. Let\µs take a spec11lc case of both a manufacturing concern and Also, I Wish to be permitted to digress for a few moments a buslUess house: from my subject and indulge in some personal reminiscences 1935 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3051 so that I may the better illustrate why I feel that my first ernor, that the foundations of that government were laid, for words now should be devoted to what .America has done it was he who first carried out the instructions of President for the Philippines and for me. McKinley and later put into actual operation the plan em­ Mr. Speaker, it has been my 'privilege to be one of the bodied in the first Philippine bill enacted by the Fifty­ first 100 students sent by the Philippine government to the seventh Congress in 1902. The era of real participation by United States, in 1903, upon the initiative of that illustrious the Filipino people in the operation of their government was American, Gov. William Howard Taft. I have gone through ushered in by Governor General Harrison. He was the first some of the finest schools. and colleges here. I have to carry into execution the provisions of the Jones law worked as a common laborer in one of your tin-can factories, (Public Act 240) enacted by the Sixty-fourth Congress in and I have sold scopes and pictures out in northern Ohio 1916. But it remained for Mr. Murphy, the present Amer­ and southern Michigan, in that iich farming country, and ican Governor General in the Philippines, to combine the I have a living witness in this very Congress of some of my achievements of his predecessors and add greatly to the activities of that time. I refer to the distinguished gentle­ solidity of the edifice wherein the new Commonwealth man from Ohio [Mr. KNIFFIN], who still remembers how I government provided for in the Tydings-McDuffie Act, worked on his kindly grandfather in the summer of 1907, passed by the last Congress, shall be safely lodged. to persuade him to buy a scope and a few pictures from me, To Governor General Murphy belongs~ therefore, the so that I might further pursue my studies in this country. credit of bringing to a happy culmination a great task greatly I am not ashamed of these humble incidents of my student performed. days in this country; on the contrary, I am proud to say That Governor Murphy perfarmed this most difficult func­ that the greatest of all lessons I have learned here from a tion in the manner in which I know each and every one of stay of over 5 years as a student, was the experience I you would wish and expect him to perform is abundantly gained as a common laborer in a tin-can factory and as a shown by the unanimous praise made of his administration peddler of scopes and stereopticon views. They are among by all the different elements in the Philippines. the most cherished memories I have held down to this The leaders of all political parties have supported his ad­ day. ministration and have lauded his accomplishments. I am So I feel that I have come to learn your likes and dislikes, sure I can do no better, to give an idea of this general ap­ have acquired from my association with you many good proval, than to request, as I do, Mr. Speaker, unanimous habits and some not so very good; but I am equally proud of consent to incorporate and make a part of my remarks the each and every one of them. [Laughter and applause.] speech delivered by the President of the Philippine Senate, Therefore it is most fitting, Mr. Speaker, that my first Hon. Manuel L. Quezon, the outstanding leader of the Fili­ effort in this body should be one of thanksgiving and appre­ pino people, at the farewell banquet tendered Governor ciation of what you have done for my country, for my people, Murphy before his departure from Manila. I quote: and for me personally, because I yield to no one of my Two days ago, at a banquet given in my honor by the Philippine countrymen in attachment and devotion to this country, Columbian Association, the president of the association, in the which I have regarded, now regard, and shall always regard course of his remarks, gave me the impression that the banquet was given in his honor and not in mine. I hope that you did not as my second home, because of the many favors I have get the impression, after listening to my friend Mr. Luz here, that received here. [Applause.] this banquet is the result of a conspiracy between him and me to How can I more appropriately express that thankfulness launch publicly my candidacy for the presidency of the Common­ for and appreciation of your benefactions than by telling you wealth. Gentlemen, this is a great occasion and a happy one; a great of the magnificent and able stewardship of your highest rep­ occasion because it is a banquet given by a great people to a resentative in the Philippines? First of all, he has trans­ great man. And a happy one for yon, Mr. Governor, and for us. lated into action your enactments, your desires, your orders, your friends, for this is a. very sincere demonstration of affection even your idealism in regard to the Philippines. In other and admiration for you, both as a man and as a Governor. Governor General Murphy was appointed Governor General of words, he brought to our beautiful oriental isles the spifit of the Philippine Islands at a most critical period in Philippine his­ true Americanism as first enunciated in the policy laid down tory. The Congress of the United States had just enacted a law by McKinley and subsequently followed by all the Presidents determining the future relations between the United States and of the United States and by all the Congresses, and which I the Philippines. And this act was to be submitted to the Filipino people for their acceptance or rejection, and it was a question for know will be followed by this Congress and all future Con­ the Governor Gen«al to decide what part, if any, he was to take. gresses. [Applause.] It was important that the decision of the Filipino people should Governor Murphy has signally succeeded in bringing into be right, but from the standpoint of the United states, the ques­ tion was not whether the decision of the Filipino people was to be the hearts of the Filipinos the conviction that nothing but right, but whether that decision was to be the result of an abso­ altruism has moved this country and its great people in lutely free determination on the part of our 12eople; and Governor undertaking the task that is about to come to a glorious Murphy at once saw where his duty lay. There was an act completion. approved by Congress. In the passage of that act, leaders of his own party had taken a very important p_art. The temptation must There have been 11 Governors General in the Philip­ have been great for him to so act, at least indirectly, as to facili­ pines since the American occupation, and it is a privilege, tate the acceptance by the Filipino people of that act of Congress, gentlemen, for me to be able to state that each and every his own Congress, an act in which his friends and political associ­ ates had been interested. one of them represented the very best type of American man­ But Governor Murphy saw his duty, saw that his duty was to hood and statesmanship. [Applause.] keep neutral in the controversy that was going on amongst the Every one of the 10 illustrious predecessors of Governor Filipino leaders. He saw that it was in the interest of the Filipino Murphy-Taft, Wright, Ide, Smith, Forbes, Harrison, Wood, people as well as the United States that the determination as to whether the act should be accepted or not should be freely made Stimson, Davis, and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.-had contrib­ by the people of the Philippine Islands themselves. So Governor uted, during his administration, to the progress and well­ Murphy, from the minute that he arrived on these shores, has being of the country over which he ruled, and the sum total allowed no one to have any misgivings as to where he would stand in this controversy. He told our people, publicly, and told every of their contributions stands as a living monument there of one of us, those of us who were taking a very active part in the America's unparalleled altruistic colonial policy. I regret controversy, that he had made up his mind to be neutral, and that that time does not permit, nor does the occasion warrant, he was going to allow no one to use his office, directly or indirectly, an enume1·ation of the great accomplishments of each of to influence the decision of the Philippine Legislature in accepting or rejecting that law. these able administrators. I want to say to you gentlemen that from that time on, I have However, the mention of the creditable part taken by some admired Governor Murphy. He kept his word. He was n eutral of and he remained neutral until the legislature had spoken. And of them in the formation and development the Philippine after the legislature had spoken, he still remained neutral until government is inevitable, for there are three epochal periods the question was again decided by the Congress of the United in the development of democratic government in the Philip­ states and passed upon by the Philippine Legislature. Then, pines which stand in bold relief as the turning points in each when the legislature had taken action he was ready tc cooperate with it so that the necessary steps might be t aken to carry out step taken toward the establishment of a truly popular gov­ the provisions of the law as accepted by our legislature. No ernment there. It was under Mr. Taft, the first civil Gov- Governor General has, in my opinion, interpreted both the letter LXXIX-193 3052 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 and the spirit of the Jones law better than the present Governor man more than I admire you. Gentlemen, I want to offer a toast General has. He remained neutral in the last elections. He for the health of the Governor, his happy trip and quick return allowed no public official to use the prerogatives of his office in to the Philippine Islands. influencing the results of the elections. But when the results were known, he at once accepted them as final and consulted in The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Commissioner from the the affairs of this Government with the leader of the party that Philippines asks unanimous consent to revise and extend his had won the election. remarks so as to include a speech delivered upon the occa­ When Governor General Murphy arrived in the Philippines it was not only the question of the acceptance or rejection of the sion of the farewell banquet tendered Governor Murphy in law by the people of these islands that confronted him. There Manila and newspaper and other comments. Is there were, in addition, the everyday problems that any government objection? has to meet. And at that particular time, as it is still now, the most important problem before the Philippine government is the There was no objection. balancing of its budget. Before the Governor General arrived the Mr. DELGADO. Business men in the Philippines-Ameri­ Philippine Legislature already had in its previous session balanced can, foreign, and Filipino-all praise the administration of our budget, so that he did not find here a bankrupt government. Governor Murphy. On the contrary, he found a government on a sound financial condition, unlike the state of many of t he governments on earth The press, which, in the Philippines as here, is ever vigi­ today. Governor Murphy not only continued this policy of keeping lant of the conduct of public men, have also unanimously our budget balanced-the insular budget-but he went forward praised Governor Murphy's administration. And their ap­ and encou..raged every provinc1al government to also keep their ex­ his penditures within their income. praisal of accomplishments have been so just and fair, Moreover, during the short period that he has been at the head that Senator HAYDEN has seen fit to have printed in the of this government the surplus of the government has increased. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD (Feb. 21, 1935) an editorial of the I believe sincerely that if Governor Murphy had done nothing else Tribune of Manila, which is an organ of the opposition party in the Philippines this alone would give him credit for being one of the best executives in the world today. in the Philippines. The Herald of Manila, in its issue of· But he has done more than that. Within the resources of our January 23, 1935, said the following: government he has interested himself in giving our people new The peace and contentment of the people in general-that is services. His heart is with the helpless, with the poor, with the Governor General Murphy's definition of governmental stability. needy. And so he has given a large part of his time to the con­ It ls, in fact, the only test of good government. We have been sideration of our social problems, and he has started and worked peaceful, and we have been contented. Why? Because we have along these lines which, I hope if continued by the government lived within our income, have remained united in spite of our which is to succeed the present government, will make this political antagonisms, have advanced educationally, have improved country very soon one of the most progressive governments upon in health, and have enjoyed the full measure of our democratic the face of the earth. rights. I have had occasion to know Governor Murphy intimately. It has been one of the happiest moments of my life to have met our Of Governor Murphy, personally, the same paper said: Governor at this particular time. My conferences with him on Here indeed is a noble man, gifted with the culture of truth public questions have not only been pleasant on all occasions, and possessing a character that refuses to step out of itself in the but have been very instructive and inspiring. I am sure that I interest of expediency. All those who have known him here know am paying him inadequate tribute when I say that he has but that he has worn no mask, that he ls what he is rather than what one purpose, and that is to serve the best interests of the people lie might be represented to be. There is, in other words, not the of the Philippine Islands in everything he does and at every least trace of sham and pretense in his personality and his m1nd. moment. I am not now endorsing everything that has been done by the The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time of the Commis­ Governor. As a matter of fact, we have had sorne disagreements sioner from the Philippines has expired. and I have. been vain enough to think that when he had not Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that agreed with me, he was wrong and I was right. But what I want to make public now is, that whether the Governor has the gentleman's time be extended for 5 minutes. agreed with me or not, I know that whenever he has made a deci­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection? sion, he has done it because he thought it was right, because he There was no objection. thought it was just, because he thought it was honest, because he thought it was for the best for the government and people Mr. DELGADO. Mr. Speaker, I regret exceedingly that of the Philippine Islands. time-will not permit an adequate enumeration of the accom­ The Governor is going to America. He himself has said that plishments of Governor Murphy in the Philippines; but I he is going to America because the President of the United may say, in the briefest way possible, that Governor Murphy States desires to confer with him. I shall refrain from surmising about the subject or subjects of that conference. But I feel per­ has brought financial stability to the Philippine government fectly safe in saying that the Governor General, in that conference to the extent that we have not only lived within our income with the President, will give him the best information as to the during the 2 years of his administration but he has laid the conditions prevailing in the Philippine Islands; will tell, the Presi­ foundations for. the government's financial security in the dent what he honestly believes to be the wishes of our people, and will do what he can to promote our best interests. future. In this connection I wish to take advantage of this opportunity A long speech can be delivered on each of Governor ·to say one thing to the people of these islands, and that is, that Murphy's splendid achievements in the Philippines. If I everybody should settle down to work upon the assumption that had enough time, 11 could describe to you at length his sys­ nothing will happen that will stop the program as agreed upon between the Congress of the United States on the one hand, and tematic plan to solve many social problems in our country. the Filipino people on the other, when the act approved by Con­ In an admirable spirit of helpfulness he eradicated, in the gress was accepted by the Philippine Legislature. We will gain short span of less than 2 years, the unhealthy slum districts nothlng by aeiuamg ourseives into believing that something may happen or will happen that will change the course of events in the city of Manila and he raised to an unprecedented that will necessarily follow the acceptance on the part of the degree of efficiency our hospital standards and health service. legislature of the law enacted by Congress. The Philippine government under him has always been Let no one think that the government of the Commonwealth ready to extend relief to needy families. Not even the unfor­ will not be established. The government of the Commonwealth tunates behind the prison bars were overlooked. The inde­ will be established just as soon as the constitutional processes as determined in the McDuffie-Tydings law have taken place. terminate sentence and parole systems were instituted that The only thing left undone is to improve the provisions of that hope for social rehabilitation may still be theirs. law, if they can be improved, in the interest both of the United He brought with him that sympathy, that understanding States and of the Philippines. I do not know whether the trip of Filipino aspiration and ideals that have caused the people of the Governor has any connection whatever with the pi.:ovisions of this law. Nor do I know whether at the next session of Con­ out there fully to realize the truth of that famous Jeffer­ gress there ls any plan or idea of reconsidering some or any of sonian principle-" that no government can be just unless its the provisions of that law. But this, as I said, I an;i prepared to pow~rs are derived from the consent of the governed "; and, state: If and when the opportunity should present itself for improving those provisions as they affect the Philippine Islands last but not least, because of his faith in the Filipinos, because and the Filipino people, I have no doubt that the Governor Gen­ of his sympathy with our ideals and aspirations, he has eral will do his best to help us. And knowing this, I feel Mr. revived good will and has made each and every one of our Governor, that we are not doing enough for you. I feel that people feel, as never before, that America can always be every evidence of affection and confidence in you that the people of the Philippine Islands may give you before your departure, is depended upon for its justice, for its equity, for its fairness. not sufficiently expressive of the feelings they have in their hearts. These were his reassuring words: Personally, I want to say t.hat I have no better friend in this This count ry is not going to ruin. This civilization is not going world than you. And I waut to add that I have not admired any to crumble . . There is not any necessity for this nation to slip 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3053 back. This ls n-ot a political task; it 115 a task of .service, through lldGehee Meeks Robinson, Utah Shannon and. thrnugh, and we must have courage to meet it. • • • .McLaughlin Montet Ragers,N. H. Thom I llkewlse predict that there wm be nothing to fear tn the future McLean Melson 'Romju-e Thomason ftey; betterment, we believe that we shall forever rem.a.in the out­ <>thers 'We!"e fined heavilY; cl.hers were imprisoned. . :post of Christianity and of westem civilization in the Far It is inte:test:i:ng to observe how tenderly m of the favor­ East, and the supporters of everything you .stand for and ite monopolistic oorparations a.n.d their omcers were treated the principles that you taught us .and you so well love. by the master dictator. Take the cigarette manufactur.exs [Applause.] as an example. 'Time and again during the past year, CALENDAR WEDNESDAY the new.spapermen at the White House oonferenee hav-e in- The SPEAKER. Today is calendar Wednesday and the quired what progress was being made with the prop0sec! Clerk will call the committees. cigarette code, only to be told that it had nGt appeared in Mr. .BLANTON. Mr. Speak.er.. before the -calendar is-called the wire basket. Now, after a period of 20 months since I make the point .of order that there is no .qu<>rum present. the enactment of the N. R. A., the cigarette , -percent an their 1"920 inves't­ not to pass. And if we can get the Member.s here -so they ment. will understand it, they will not pass it. . Testimony given before a subcommittee ef tbe Ways and Mr. SUMNERS .of Texas. lt is .a gQod bill and ~ ought Means Committee in 1934 reveals an '3"Stounding situation .as to pass it and we a.re going t.o pass it. . to the profits of the .so-called '".Big .Four." "What does the Mr. CULLEN. I hope the gentleman will not press his · testimanv .disclose? It shows that ·during the year 1931, the point of order. year of the depression, the aggregate net pro1its were $11:0,- Mr. BLANTON. I feel compelled to make the point of 000,DOQ, which was .3'> percent grea.ter than -the aggregate order from a sense of duty. 'Ille Membership ought to know ?et profi~ for 1929. The testimony further shows that dllr­ when a bill of that kind is coming up, and <0ught to be here .mg a penod whe.n the toba.ooo growem were unable to realize during the debate, and I insist upon my point 1>f order. · the cost of producl~ .the manufacturers' profits were The SPEAKER. The Chair will .count. (After rounting.) .$147,000.))DO" or 69 per.cent while lhe growers received .only One· hundred and eight members pr~ent, not a .quorum. $66,000,000, or 31 percent. Mr. CULLEN. Mr. Speaker.. I move a ean of the House. Does~ fair-~ed persc.u doubtf.or one minute that the The motion was agreed to. k.ey position which Mr. Clay Williams has held until ms The doors were closed. resignation today has been to the :financial advantage .of The Clerk called the roll.. and the following Members the Big .Four monopoly and to the distinct .dis.advantage -Of failed to answer to their names: the small tobacco mam1factur.ers? (Roll No. ~l "The wage earners of. the in~Y . ~eceived in 1931 only 1.9 Claiborne F.lsh ,percent of w.hat the compames .rece1v.ed f.or their products. Andresen ..Johnson, W. V&. ~··th let .Bacharach ~Idaho .FJan,nagan xawi .l."UJ. er.mare, me call attention to the tact that to raise Eankhea.d g~::r ~!!::r the wag.es Bf their cigarette wcrkers 10 percent would cost Beam ::-rill Bell Cooley Gasque Kleberg the owner.s -only a little over 1 per.cent of the more than Biermann Cooper. Ohio G~christ Kramer .$100..,.000"000 they make in profits each year. Boehne ~~s g~~ough ~=son Now as to the cigarette code. Mr. Clay Williams, vice Boileau Brooks Disney Goodwm Larrabee chairman of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co .. one of the so:.. Buckley, N.Y. Duffy, N. Y. Greenway Lea, Call!. .called .. , .Big Four"' which completely controls the tobacco Bulwinkle Dunn, Miss. Hamlin Lee Q.kl'S. b - f tb f--.. ed · carden Eckert · Hancock N. c. :r..eWts. Md. usmess o · e .oounw...r. oppos any codlfica.tion under Casey Fernandez Bart ' Llo1'1 N. R. A. wbich might involve the slighte.st raise in wages. Mr... 3054 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 Williams is chairman of the National Recovery Board and as behavior. They do not have to quit except when death such he has had tremendous influence in forming codes makes them separate themselves from the bench. That is affecting his business. Even though 90 percent of American another proposition. If anybody says I am not stating the business had been placed under codes, yet the Reynolds To­ facts correctly, I will yield to be corrected. bacco Co., until within a few days ago, has escaped codifica­ This is the third proposition: In the experience of this tion. I may add that while Mr. Clay Williams opposed the country it is found valuable to give to other justices who labor policies of the N. R. A., he did not oppose its price­ reach retirement age the privilege of retiring without having raising tendencies. to resign. It may be that we in this Congress have a supe­ Furthermore, to offset a $10,000,000 increase in costs due rior sort of character to that of the Justices sitting over to the operation of the A. A. A. processing tax and the Presi­ there, but it has been found from human experience that dent's reemployment agreement, the cigarette industry raised when a man begins to slow up a little bit he would like not to its wholesale price by $60,000,000. All that it did to meet quit entirely. He would not like to check out entirely. these new burdens was to multiply the added cost by 6 and Recognizing that with regard to the circuit court justices pass them on to the consumer. This clever piece of manipu­ and district court judges, we provided many years ago that lation added a clear $50,000,000 to its profits in the first year when they begin to slow up, if they want to, instead of re­ under the new deal. signing they may retire. When they retire they are subject The administration now asks Congress to extend the life to incidental service by assignment. of the N. R. A. The favored few, those who enjoy monopo­ With regard to the Justices of the Supreme Court, it has listic privileges under the N. R. A., those who control and been deemed advisable, for reasons that are perfectly ap­ direct its policies now join the ad.ministration in urging Con­ parent, that when they get where they feel they cannot do gress to extend the life of the National Industrial Recovery a full da,.y's work, instead of hanging on they may retire. Act. Two years more of political favor will enable the large That is the reason for this bill. The position they occupy industries to drive their few surviving competitors into in­ requires full vigor, mentally and physically. I know there solvency. This will give them a free hand to further exploit will be a great deal said about men in· high places cashing the public. out when they reach the point where they cannot do a full ATTENDANCE ON COMMITTEE day's work. Maybe we all ought to ha,.ve been made so that if we were getting $18,000 or $20,000 a year, we would just Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, the mem­ check out and quit when we reached the slowing up point, bers of the Committee on Agriculture are in session on busi­ but the thing which should determine our judgment as to ness authorized by the House and could not answer to their what human beings will do is common sense, experience, and names on the quorum call. observation. We know that human beings do not act tha.t Mr. O'CONNOR. The majority members of the Commit­ way. I would not risk many of the Members in this House tee on Agriculture received permission to sit this afternoon who criticize Supreme Court ·Justices for not quitting. I and may have been absent during this roll call. would not risk them to get out of here and surrender their The SPEAKER. The Clerk will call the first committee sa,.laries because they are sick or getting a bit old. on the calendar. So this bill gives this arrangement, that when the Justices The Clerk proceeded to call the committees. of the Supreme Court have served 10 years and have reached RETIREMENT OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICES the age of 70, instead of resigning they may retire. They are then subject to assignment in the circuits by the Chief Mr. SUMNERS of Texas to amend section 260 of the Judicial Code

General pairs~ S. 1056. An act authorizing adjustment of the claim o! Mr. Bankhead With Mr. Cooper of Ohio. Schutee & Koerting Co.; to the Committee on Claims. Mr. Mead with Mr. McLean. S. 1180. An act to amend section 4865 of the Revised Mr. Drewry With Mr. Gilchrist. Mr. Romjue With Mr. Robsion of Kentucky. Statute8y as amended; to the Committee on Education. Mr. Doxey with l4r. Taber. S. 1266. An act for the relief of Robert E. Masters; to the Mr. Mcswain With Mr. Andresen. Committee on Military Affairs. Mr. Woodrum With Mr. Hartley. Mr. Taylor of Colorado With Mrs. Kahn. S.1360. An act for the relief of Teresa de Prevost; to the Mr. Lea of California With Mr. Marshall. Committee on Claims. Mr. Arnold with Mr. Lambertson. S. 1392. An act conferring upon the United States District Mr. Buchanan with Mr. Schneider. Mr. Mansfield With Mr. Thom. Court for the Northern District of california, southern divi­ Mr. DeRouen With Mrs. Greenway. sion, jurisdiction of the claim of Minnia C. de Back against Mr. Burch With Mr. Shannon. Mr. Beam with Mr. Werner. the Alaska Railroad; to the Committee on Claims. Mr. Montet With Mr. Houston. S. 1472. An act for the relief of the First Camden National Mr. Sabath with Mr. Cooley. Bank & Trust Co., of Camden, N. J.; to the Committee on Mr. Smith of Virginia with Mr. Snyder. Mr. Johnson of West Virginia with Mr. O'Brien. Claims. Mr. Fulmer With Mr. Brooks. S. J. Res. 21. Joint resolution authorizing the President to Mr. Gasque With Mr. Lloyd. Mr. Haines With Mr. Ashbrook. proclaim October 11 of each year General Pulaski's Memorial Mr. Jones With Mr. Coffee. Day, for the observance and commemoration of the death of Mr. Beiter with Mr. Clark of Idaho. Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski; to the Committee on the Judi· Mr. Maloney With Mr. Pierce. Mr .Gambrill with Mr. Dunn of Mississippi. ciary. Mrs. Jenckes of Indiana lVith Mr. Gillette. COMPACTS BETWEEN STATES Mr. Schaefer With Mr. Pfeifer. Mr. Fernandez with Mr. Schuetz. · Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I call up House Mr. Larrabee with Mr. Colmer. Joint Resolution No. 146, to authorize the several States to Mr. Kramer With Mr. O'Malley. Mr. Claiborne with Mr. Lee of Oklahoma. negotiate compacts or agreements to promote greater uni­ Mr. Carden With Mr. Buckley of New York. formity in the laws of such States affecting labor and Mr. Robinson o! Utah with Mr. McGroarty. Mr. Cummings with Mr. Ryan. industries. The Clerk read the resolution as follows: was as above The result of the vote announced recorded. Resolved, etc., That the consent of Congress ls hereby given to On motion by Mr. BLANTON, a motion to reconsider the the several States to negotiate and enter into compacts or agree­ vote by which the bill was rejected was laid on the table. ments among them or any of them providing for greater uni­ formity in the laws of the several States affecting the relation of SENATE Bll..LS REFERRED employers and employees. Bills of the Senate of the following titles were taken from SEC. 2. Upon the request of the states negotiating under this the Speaker's table and, under the rule, referred as follows: act the President may designate a representative to attend upon such negotiations. S. 147. An act to alter the amount apportioned to certain SEC. 3. No such compact or agreement shall be binding or oblig­ states for public employment offices affiliated with the United atory upon any State a party thereto unless and until it has been States Employment Service; to the Committee on Labor. approved by the legislatures of each of the States whose assent S. 209. An act for the relief of Carmine Sforza; to the Com­ is contemplated by the terms of the compact or agreement and mittee on Claims. by the Congress. S. 236. An act for the relief of the heirs of Burton Stearns Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, it was suggested Adams, deceased; to the Committee on Claims.. f;o me a moment ago that probably the Judiciary Committee S. 243. An act for the relief of CUrtis Jett; to the Commit­ ought not to call up other bills at this time; however, I go tee on Military Aft' airs. on the theory that this House cannot be wrong all the time, S. 279. An act to extend the time for the refunding of cer­ so we ealled up another one. tain taxes erroneously collected from certain building and I want to make only a very brief statement with regard loan associations; to the Committee on Claims. to the character of this resolution. We have a provision in S. 428. An act authorizing adjustment of the claim of the Constitution which prohibits States from entering into Korber Realty, Inc.; to the Committee on Claims. contracts without the consent of Congress. This resolution S. 535. An act for the relief of William Cornwell and is permissive only. When the Constitution was framed, there others; to the Committee on Claims. was concern evidently that the States might enter into com· s. 537. An act for the relief of C. O. Meyer; to the Com­ pacts with each other and break up the Union. Therefore mittee on Claims. this provision was incorporated in the Constitution that no S. 713. An act granting jurisdiction to the Court of Claims compact among the States would be- effective unless approved to hear the case of David A. Wright; to the Committee on by the Congress. War Claims. Under the provisions of this bill. whatever is agreed to by S. 741. An act for the relief of the Union Shipping & Trad­ the difi'erent States must be brought back to Congress for ing Co., Ltd.; to the Committee on War Claims. approval. The gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. HEALEY] S. 857. An act to authorire the Department of Labor to made the report for our committee; therefore, I yield the continue to make special statistical studies upon payment of gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. HEALEY] such time as the cost thereof, and for other purposes; to the Committee on he may require. Labor. · Mr. HEALEY. Mr. Speaker, at the outset may I say that S. 872. An act for the allowance of certain claims for extra this measure was before the Seventy-third Congress and labor above the legal day of 8 hours at the several navy yards passed? It was too late in the session of the Congress, how­ and shore stations certified by the Court of Claims; to the ever, for the Senate to consider it. Committee on Claims. The object of this resolution is to permit the several S. 937. An aet for the relief of the J. M. Dooley Fireproof States or any of them to enter into compacts with reference Warehouse Corporation, of Brooklyn, N. Y.; to the Committee to labor laws or regulatory industrial laws governing the on Claims. relationship of employer and employee. The Constitution s. 998. An act to carry out the findings of the Court of provides that any compact entered into between States must Claims in the case of George Lawley & Son Corporation, of have the consent of Congress. This particular resolution Boston, Mass.; to the Committee on Claims. provides that the Congress give consent to the various States S. 1037. An aet authorizing adjustment of the claims of to enter into compacts or agreements providing for greater Sanford A. McAlister and Eliza L. McAlister; to the Commit­ uniformity in the laws of the several States affecting the tee on Claims. relation of eniployer and employee. There is not anything S. 1038. An act authorizing adjustment of the claim of Elda obligatory or compulsory about this resolution. It is merely Geer; to the Committee on Claims. a permissive proposition. 3062 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 Any compact drawn up between one or more States would Mr. BOILEAU. And that compact must be approved by probably be drawn up for a term of years and would un­ the legislatures? doubtedly provide a reservation permitting any one of the Mr. HEALEY. Yes. parties to the compact to withdraw under certain condi­ Mr. BOILEAU. And does not the gentleman also antici­ iions; any compact entered into between the States would, pate it would have to be approved by the Governors? after ratification by the legislatures of the States involved, Mr. HEALEY. I asswne that would follow, depending on require final approval of Congress thereafter. the constitutions of the States involved. Mr. Speaker, I understand this movement had its origin Mr. CULKIN. I have assumed that is the language, al­ back sometime in 1931, when the now President of the though I have not had an opportunity to go into that phase United States was Governor of the State of New York, and of the matter. several of the States, through their representatives or com­ Mr. HEALEY. The arrangement provides for approval by missioners, held a conference in the State of New York. the legislatures- of the various States affected. After discussion on this matter, a movement was started to Mr. BOILEAU. Assuming that the legislature approved bring about a greater uniformity of laws governing the re­ it and the Governor did not sign it-- lationship of employer and employee. Later in 1933 a simi­ Mr. HEALEY. The State constitution would control that lar conference was held in Massachusetts. This resolution situation. is the result of a conference held by seven States, five New Mr. MO'IT. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? England States and New York and Pennsylvania. Mr. HEALEY. Yes. . Of course, in the highly industrialized States the labor Mr. MOTT. Is it propased under this bill'for certain per­ laws and the industrial regulations are more severe than in sons to be delegated by the Governor to actually make a the States which have only recently become industrialized. compact or a contract which, upon ratification by the legis­ During the depression this situation has been accentuated. latures, will be binding? We have had a migration of factories from State to State, Mr. HEALEY. No. It would not be binding until after seeking the States that had the most lenient labor condi­ ratification by the legislatures of the States affected and tions. Obviously that puts the State with the more severe after the consent of Congress. regulatory laws at a disadvantage. It will have a tendency Mr. MO'IT. Let me carry that a little further. Suppose to lower the standards in that State in its desire or necessity the commission delegated by the Governors of two States to try to compete with States that have lenient labor regu­ actually made a compact on ai certain subject and it was lations. The result will be that the State having the lenient approved by the legislatures, would that in itself have the regulations will further lower its standards, and our whole effect of law? economic situation will be affected thereby. · Mr. HEALEY. Not until final action by Congress. This legislation merely provides the opportunity for the Mr. MO'IT. I mean, under .this bill. States to get together to make agreements concerning labor Mr. HEALEY. Under this bill, it will be necessary for the laws, and then the resolution provides, if the States so desire, ratification by the various legislatures affected of the agree­ they may ask the President of the United States to assign ment and then it would necessitate the consent of Congress. a representative to meet with them while these agreements Mr. MO'IT. Under this bill? are being negotiated. Mr. HEALEY. Under this bill. Mr. CULKIN. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. MO'IT. This bill, I understood, gives permission in Mr. HEALEY. I yield to the gentleman from New York. advance. Mr. CULKIN. Do these compacts or agreements between Mr. HEALEY. It gives permission to enter into nego­ the representatives of the different States have to go back tiations and when the negotiations are completed and a to the legislatures of those States? compact is agreed upon, it will require the final consent Mr. HEALEY. Yes. They will have to be ratified by the of Congress. · 1egislatures of the various Stat~s affected. Mr. MO'IT. Is there any laiw or series of laws on a par­ Mr. CULKIN. In other words, ultimately the agreement ticular subject that the legislatures of two States can enact between the representatives of those States will be written without authority of this bill or without violating the pro­ into the statute laws of the States affected? visions of the Constitution? In other words, would it not Mr. HEALEY. That, in my opinion, will be the ultimate be possible to do the same thing at present without this law? result, after the respective State legislatures ratify any such Mr. HEALEY. No compact or agreement can be entered compact and Congress subsequently approves. into between the various States without the approval of Mr. CULKIN. And this is simply a preliminary step look­ Congress, under the Constitution. ing to that end. , Mr. MO'IT. I understand that, but why is a compact or Mr. HEALEY. Of course, this is a preliminary step. If contract necessari? they enter into a compact, the legislatures of the various Mr. HEALEY. In order to be a binding agreement. States will have to enact legislation which will take care of Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? the situation, and then the whole matter is brought back to Mr. HEALEY. Yes. Congress for its approval. Mr. MICHENER. Fundamentally, under the Constitution, Mr. BOILEAU. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? no State can enter into an agreement with one or more Mr. HEALEY. I yield. States without the consent of Congress. Mr. BOILEAU. I notice in reading the resolution it Mr. MO'IT. I understand that. I may say to the gentle­ states that the agreement must be approved by the State man that we are doing that in the States of Oregon and legislatures. Washington in regard to legislation on fisheries without any Mr. HEALEY. Yes; that is true. violation of the Constitution and without any trouble what­ Mr. BOILEAU. It does not say anything about approval ever. by the Governors. Is it the gentleman's understanding that Mr. HEALEY. You have an understanding in that case. the language "approved by the legislatures" practically as­ Mr. MOTT. After the legislatures meet, they simply send sumes the enactment of the law and approval by the Gover­ conferees from one State or the other and they decide upon nors of the States? what fisheries legislation ought to be put into effect on the Mr. HEALEY. That would be determined by the provi­ rivers separating the States. sions of the constitutions of the States involved. I think the Mr. MICHENER. That is a gentleman's agreement. Governors of the States affected would be authorized to Mr. HEALEY. You have an understanding, but not a delegate representatives to draw up these compacts, to sit in binding agreement. at these deliberations, and such representatives would bring Mr. MOTT. It is not a binding agreement, a.Ild we do not back the compact, if they had agreed upon it, and the legis­ need it. We just go ahead and pass the legislation we want lature would then act. to, and the other State does the same thing. 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3063 Mr. MICHENER. In -this case -there will . be something Mr·. PERKINS. Is it ·not true that thts resolution does binding. not really confer any power upon the States that they have Mr. WOOD. Mr. Speaker, will the gentl~man yield? not at the present time? Mr. HEALEY. I yield to the gentleman from Missouri. Mr. HEALEY. That is true. Mr. WOOD. This is a very unique legislative ' proposal. Mr. PERKINS. And is it not also true that the purpose I should like to ask the gentleman, in case a group of States of this is really expressed in section 2, that the President had entered into a compact and then the Congress had to may designate a representative of the Federal Government approve the compact, say, on child-labor legislation or re­ to cooperate in the making of their compact? stricting the hours of labor of women, and the Congress Mr. HEALEY. That is true. would approve the compact entered into by and between a Mr. PERKINS. In answer to the gentleman from Wis~ number of States, then in accordance with this proposed consin [Mr. Bon.EAU], if two States now enter into a treaty, legislation, if passed, would any State have the right, after unless it is provided in the ti·eaty that they can withdraw Congress had approved this compact, or would any of the therefrom, they are bound., so this confers no other power. States that are parties to the compact, have the authority The States have now the power to enter into treaties with in succeeding sessions of the legislature to enact legislation each other, and those treaties are not binding until approved that was not in conformity with the compact? by the Congress. · Suppose it was the 8-hour day for women in 7 or 8 Mr. HEALEY. That is true. States, then would any State which had a part in that com­ Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? pact have the right at the next session of the legislature to Mr. HEALEY. Yes. enact legislation that would either increase· or decrease the Mr. DINGELL. Why is the bill limited specifically to restriction? labor compacts? Mr. HEALEY. If States entered into a compact that Mr. HEALEY. Of course other matters may be later would be binding on them, then, in my opinion, no future dealt with by proper legislation. There have been many legislature could enact laws which would in effect destroy the cases where States have entered into compacts concerning compact. . boundary lines and other matters. This, I believe, is the Mr. WOOD. I am not an attorney, but I seriously question first time that legislation has been introduced affecting labor the constitutionality of it, because it interferes With State questions. rights. I think it is a very dangerous piece of legislation. Mr. LEHLBACH. Mr. Speaker, I rise to a point of order. Mr. McCORMACK. Will the gentleman yield? I am the The SPEAKER. The gentleman will state it. author of this bill, and I want to say that there seems to be a Mr. LEHLBACH. It is evident that this is a matter that complete misunderstanding. The gentleman is no more a is not very well understood by the Members present. · I friend of labor than I am, and I do not want him to go off make the point of order that there is no quorum present. half-cocked. I think the Members of the House ought to be present. Mr. WOOD. I am not going off half-cocked. I simply Mr. O'CONNOR. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do wanted. to know who is the sponsor of the bill, and I want now adjourn. to know what the effect of the bill would be. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman from Mr. DONDERO. Will the gentleman yield? New Jersey withhold his point of order? Mr. HEALEY. I yield to the gentleman. Mr. LEHLBACH. The gentleman from New York moves Mr. DONDERO. Is there anything in the bill that would that the House do now adjourn. permit a State to withdraw from the compact? Mr. McCORMACK. There is some question I think can Mr. HEALEY. That would be according to the agreement be explained very easily. I hope the gentleman will not entered into. If the agreement provided for a length of press his point of order. I certainly would not do it with time for the compact to be enforced, it probably would pro­ reference to him. vide a method of withdrawal. Mr. LEHLBACH. In view of my consideration and esteem Mr. MICHENER. Will the gentleman yield? for the gentleman from Massachusetts, :Mr. Speaker, I with­ Mr. HEALEY. I yield. draw the point of order. Mr. MICHENER. There is nothing in this except that if Mr. HEALEY. I am going to yield to the author of the these States want to enter into an agreement they submit bill now. the request to Congress that they may be permitted to get Mr. DINGELL. Has the committee taken into considera,­ together and work out the agreement, and after they work it tion the possibility of authorizing compacts pertaining to out they bring it back to Congress and Congress determines certain features of social legislation where it might be of whether or not it wants to give its consent to the compact. advantage between States to enter into a compact? Mr. HEALEY. That is true. l\1r. HEALEY. The committee considered only the mat­ Mr. LEHLBACH. Will the gentleman yield? ters that are contained in this bill. Mr. HEALEY. I yield. Mr. DINGELL. Does the gentleman realize that we are Mr. LEHLBACH. The gentleman has stated that if the going to have all of these pensions and unemployment legislation passed by the States is in derogation of the com­ insurance? pact that it would be invalid. Mr. DUFFEY of Ohio. The several States of the Union Mr. HEALEY. I did not intend such a flat statement, but now have the right to enter into compacts, which must be it is my opinion that subsequent legislation would not have submitted to the Congress, under our Federal Constitution. the effect of vitiating the agreement. Mr. DINGELL. Why in this instance provide for this Mr. LEHLBACH. If the legislature of a State that was special thing? a party to the compact passes legislation contravening the Mr. HEALEY. This is a simple proposition. We are terms of the compact, how could the terms be enforced? encouraging negotiations of compacts by the valious States Mr. HEALEY. That will be a question for the courts to to the end that the standard of living may be generally determine. advanced. Mr. BOILEAU. It seems to me that if the agreement Mr. DINGELL. I have no objection to it, but I wondered becomes binding we will be setting up an organic law about the underlying cause or reason for it. which is more organic than the Constitution as method of The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Massa­ amendment. chusetts has expi!'ed. Mr. HEALEY. I think the gentleman should understand Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes that these agreements may provide methods of amendment to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoRMACKJ. and also for withdrawal. I am satisfied that the agreements Mr. McCORMACK. M."r. Speaker, I want to address my­ will not be entered into unless they provide some measure self to my friend from Missouri [Mr. Woon]. It is to con­ to take care of the matter the gentleman from Wisconsin vey to the gentleman what the resolution contains. Sev­ [Mr. BOILEAU] has in mind. eral States now have the right to enter into negotiations 3064 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 6 and compacts. This is nothing new. This bill does not and approved by the legislatures of each of the States whose assent is contemplated by the terms of the compact or agreement and by cannot change existing constitutional law. The procedure the Congress. is for the legislatures of two or more States to pass special acts authorizing commissioners to be appointed to enter The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Massa­ into negotiations with each other on a particular question. chusetts [Mr. McCORMACK] has expired. In the past the usual subject has been a matter of bc(mdary Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I yield the gen­ line or such as the Port Authority of New York City,' where tleman from Massachusetts 2 additional minutes. New Jersey and New York have entered into a compact Mr. WOOD. I should like to ask the gentleman a ques- respecting New York Harbor. New York Harbor is in two tion. States, and they had to do that, in order that the use of Mr. MARCANTONIO. Will the gentleman yield? the harbor might be consistent with the best interests of the Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. two States, and the cities bordering thereon. In the past Mr. MARCANTONIO. Is section 3 part of the law now? these compacts have been confined to such limited ques­ Mr. McCORMACK. It is a part of the constitutional tions. Back a few years ago five of the six New England law, yes. If several States, through their legislatures, States, New York, and Pennsylvania entered into negotiations authorize commissioners on a particular subject, when they respecting a pact relating to some of the problems pertaining meet they can simply say to the Department of Labor, " We to employer and employee, to try to bring about uniform laws should like to have you send a representative here." in those States with reference to the subject considered and Now, my friend spoke about social legislation. This is with reference to which there was community of interest. related to employer and employee. Several industrial States That right exists now under the Constitution. However, might have many things in common with one another. It is when negotiations are concluded this compact must go back a great legislative field whereby in the future State rights to the legislatures of the several States, to have it ratified, can be preserved against encroachment by the Federal Gov­ and having been ratified, then the States have to come to ernment. They may negotiate a compact to an-ive at uni­ Congress and Congress has to in turn ratify· the compact. form agreement as to what the law of each State shall be This resolution does not change the law at all. The only with relation to a particular subject with proper reserva­ thing it does is to enable such States on matters relating to tions. employer and employee to ask the Federal Government to Mr. WOODRUFF. Will the gentleman yield? send a representative to sit in on the negotiations. That is Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. what this resolution means. It means nothing moTe. It Mr. WOODRUFF; Does this bill provide that a Federal means nothing less. · representative will not be sent to the States unless asked for Mr. WOOD. Will the gentleman yield? by the States? Mr. McCORMACK. Exactly. Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. Mr. WOODRUFF. Then, the bill ought to become a law. Mr. WOOD. The gentleman says this does not change Mr. McCORMACK. Exactly. That is the only thing in the present law whatsoever. this bill. The only purpose is to permit it. It does not Mr. McCORMACK. The present constitutional law. change the existing law one iota. This does not stop the Mr. WOOD. Then why the introduction of this bill? I several States from having negotiations and entering into a will have to disagree with the gentleman. It has just been compact on a social matter. It does not stop agricultural explained if a gi·oup of States should enter into a compact States from considering agricultural problems. As far as it would have to be ratified by Congress, and that after Con­ this bill is concerned, it permits, upon request, a Federal gress had 'ratified this compact, no State would have au­ representative to attend. thority, in a subsequent session of the general assembly, to The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Massa­ propose legislation that was not in accord with this pact. chusetts [Mr. McCORMACK] has again expired. Mr. McCORMACK. This is what happens: Each State, Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I move the previous of course, in its compact reserves to itself certain rights. It question on the passage of the joint resolution. makes reservations. This is nothing new. The question was taken; and on a division (demanded by Mr. WOOD. Is not the gentleman willing to trust this to Mr. Woon) there were-ayes 36, noes 53. the States? Is it necessary to have Congre~s ratify these Mr. LEHLBACH. Mr. Speaker, in view of the fact that pacts and tie the hands of the States so that they cam1ot, it is obvious from the vote on the previous question that after entering into the pact, suggests legislation not in con­ Members desire further discussion, I make the point of order formity with the pact? of no quorum. Mr. McCORMACK. We do not change the existing law ADJOURNMENT now. The present Constitution requires that. There is no Mr. O'CONNOR. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do change in this resolution. now adjourn. Mr. WOOD. Then why the introduction of this bill? The motion was agreed to; accordingly

By Mr. HOBBS: A bill (H. R. 6452) makjng it unlawful to Also (by request), a bill CH. R. 6471) to amend an act of use the mails to solicit or effect ~urance or collect and Congress entitled "An act to establish a Code of Law for the transmit insurance premiums in any State without comply­ District of Columbia'', approved March 3, 1901, as amended, ing with the insurance laws thereof; to the Committee on the by adding three new sections to be numbered 802 (a), Post Office and Post Roads. 802 (b)., and 802 (c), respectively; to the Committee on the By Mr. WEST: A bill a month~ to the Committee on Ways Committee on Ways and Means. and Means. 2927. Also, petition of Ben Fredici and numer()US other 2942. Also., petition of J:.. E. Francis and numerous other citizens of Clarence and Dry Prong, La., favoring Hol:l.Se bill citizens of Tennille, Ga.• favoring House bill 2856'. by Con- 2856, by Con.:.aressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direet gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to Ure Cam.- age pensi~ns of $'30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on mittee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2928. Also, petition of A. C. Smith and numerous other 2943. Also, petiti-on of W. P. Hentierson and numerous citizens of Robeline, La., favoring House bill 2856, by; Con- other citizens of Ga.mesville, Ga,, favoring House bill 2856, gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old~ by Congressman Wru.. ROGERS, the Pope plan for direet Fed­ age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on era! old-age pensions e>f $lfrto $5.0 a.month., to-the C-Ommittee- Ways and Means. on Ways and Means. 2929. Also, petition of Walter Delphin and numerous other mA. Also, petition of John Burks and numerous other citizens of Natchez and Natchitoches, La., favormg House citizens of HHlsbor& &lild Harperville, Miss., f av0ring House bill 2856, by Congressman Wn.L ROGERS, the Pe>pe plan for 'bill 28-56, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Po-pe plan for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $56 a month; to the direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $5-0 a month; to the- Committee on Ways and Means. Committee on Ways and Means. 2930. ·Also, petition of Noah Pierre and numerous.. other 2945'. Also, petition of Eddman Montgomery and numer- citizens of Folsom and Osceola,, La., favori_ng Hause bill 285&.. ous other c1tizen.s of Cocoa, Fla., favoring House bill 2356, by Congressman Wn.L ROGERS, the Pope plan for d.il"ect Fed- hy Congressman WILL ROGERS~ the Pope plan for direct Fed­ eral old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month;_ to the Committee : aal old-age pensions of $30 to $.SO a month; to the. C0mmittee on Ways and Mea~ on Ways and Means. 2931. Also, petition of Jordan Freeman and numerous 2'946. Also-, petition of Newton Pitts and numerous other other citizens of Violet, La., favoring Hause bill 2856-, by citizens of Williston, Fla., favoring House hill 2856, by Con­ Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan tar di:rect FerleraJl gressman W"ru.. Roons, the-Pope plan for di:reet Federal old­ old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month;. to the Committee on age pensions of. $3G to· $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2932. Also, p~'tian of William Miller and numerous other 2.947. Also, petition of Benny Bums and numerous other citizens of Lutcher, La., favoring House bill. 2.856',. by Con- citizens of Greensboro-,, Fla., favoring House bill 2856,. by gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old- Congress-man Wrr.r. RooERS, t~ Pope plan for direct. Federa1 age pensions of $30 to $50 a. month; to the Committee on old-age-pensions of $3& to $-5-0 a. month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. a933. Also, petition of Landris Louviere and numerous a948:. Also, petitM>n cf Geo-rge King and numerous other other citizens of Matthews and Raceland, La.,. favoring citizens of Century Fla., favoring ID>use bill 285'6, by Con­ House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan gressman Wn.L Rocns. the-Pope plan for di:reet Fed€ral old­ ior direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to age pensions of $30. to- $59 a month~ to the Committee on the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. · 2934. Also, petition of John Littleton and mnnerous other 2949 Alro, petition of G. C. Hudson and numerous other citizens of Keatchie, La., favoring House bill 2856, by Con- citizens of Marie and Osceola, Ark., favoring House bill 2856., gressman Wn.L ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old- by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct Fed­ age pensions of $30 tO' $50 a month; to the- Committee on eral0ld-age pensions Qf $30 to $50 a month; ta the Committee Ways and Means. on Ways and Means. 2935. Also, petition of W.W. Fleenor and nnqrerous other 2950. Also, petition Qf G. W. Ellis and other citizens of citizens of Millstone, Ky., favoring House bill 2i'56r by Con- North Little Rock, Ar~ tavaring House bill 285&, by Con­ gressman Wn.L ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old- gressman WILL RoGEas, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on age pensions of $30 to. $50. a, month; to the Committee- on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2936. Also, petition of Joe Barrow and numerou& other 2951. Also, petition of W ~ L. Sanders and numerous other · citizens of Knight and Hamlin, Ky., favoring House bill citizens ill Burdette, Luxora, and Blytheville,. Ark .• favoring 2856, by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope p1an for direct House bill 2856, hy Congressman Wn.L RoGERs~ the Pope plan Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; t& the-Com- fQr direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $5.0. a month; to mittee on Ways and Means. the Committee on Ways and Means.- 2937. Also, petition of V. M. Shelton and numerous other 2952- Also,, petition of Earnest Taylor and numerQus other citizens of Belton, Dunmor, and Beech Cfeekw Ky-., favoring citizens of De Valls Bluff, Ark., favoring House bill 2856, by House bill 2856, by Congressman Wn.L ROGERS._ tire Pope plan Cangressn:i,an WILL RoGERS. the Pape plan for direct Fedei:al for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $S& a month~ old-age pensions of $30. to $50 a. month; to the Committee on to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2938. Also, petition of Calvip H. Jackson and numerous 2953.. Also, petition.of. W. M. Kleckley and numerous other other citizens of Magazine, Ky., favoring House bill 2g5a-, by citi2ens of Pine Bluff, Ark.,. favOJJing House bil1 2856. by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for- direct. Federal Congressman W1u.. RoGE.Rs~ the Pope- plan fax direct Federal 9Id-age pensio:ris of $30 to $50 a month; to the. Committee old-~e pensionS of $l0 to $50 a. month;, to the Committee on on Ways and Means. Ways and· Means. · 2939. Also, petition of Sidney Goodman and numerous 2954. Also, petiti-0n of Wanier Gossett and numerous other other citizens of Adolphus, Ky.,_ favoring House bill 28'56, citizens of camden, Ark., favoring House bill 2856, by Can­ by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan :fo:r direct Fed- ~essman WILL RoGER&r the Pope plan for direc Federal old­ eral old-age pensions of $30 to $50 am0nth; ta the Committee age pen&ions of $30 to $50 a month; to the CDmmittee on on Ways and Means. · Ways and Means. · 2940. Also, petition of Jeff Parmley and numeirous other 2955.. Also, petiti-0n of Lewis Sharpe and numerous other citizens of Parnell, Ky., favoring House bill 2a5.&, ~ C1im- citizellS Qf &wes a.nd Crossett, Ark., favoring Rouse. bill 2856, gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old- b.y Congressman Wn.L ROGERS, the Pope plan fo::i: direct Fed­ age pensions of $30 to $50 a month· to the Committee an· eral old-age pensions. of $3.0 to $50 a month; to. the Committee Ways and Means. · · on Ways and Means. 2941. Also, Petition of J.C. Page and numerous other citi- 2~6. Al~ petition Qf Filmore Copley and numerous other zens of Canton, Ky., favoring House bill 2856. by Congress- citizens of Dunlow and Missouri Branch, W. Va., favoring ~n Wn.L ROGERS, the Pope- plan _for direct Federal ol.d-age Ho_use bili ~BM. by C~ngr~s.5man. Wn.L ;RoGERS, the Pope plan 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3075 for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to-$50 a month; Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ to the Committee on Ways and Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 2957. Also, petition of L. Shelton and numerous other 2972. Also, petition of J. N. Rusamand and numerous citizens of West Hamlin, W. Va., favoring House bill 2856, other citizens of Elkhart and Palestine, Tex., favoring House by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct Fed­ bill 2856, by Congressman WILL Ro GERS, the Pope plan for eral old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the mittee on Ways and Means. Committee on Ways and Means. 2958. Also, petition of J. D. Bates and numerous other 2973. Also, petition of D. W. Williamson and numerous citizens of Rice, Va., favoring House bill 2856, by Congress­ other citizens of Teague, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by man WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old-age Congressman WILL RoGERs, the Pope plan for direct Federal pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on and Means. Ways and Means. 2959. Also, petition· of John Welsh and numerous other 2974. Also, petition of Joe Glenn and numerous other citizens of Buck Grove, Iowa, favoring House bill 2856, by citizens of Pineland and Silsbee, Tex., favoring House bill Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ Ways and Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 2960. Also, petition of Henry C. Murphy and numerous · 2975. Also, petition of A. Albert and numerous other citi­ other citizens of Jerseyville, Ill., favoring House bill 2856, zens of Cold Springs, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct Fed­ Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal eral old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on on Ways an(\ Means. Ways and Means. 2961. Also, petition of Floyd Jones and numerous other 2976. Also, petition of L. E. Smith and numerous other citizens of Jasper and Parrish, Ala., favoring House bill citizens of Victoria, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ 2856, by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on mittee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2962. Also, petition of L. R. Ashmore and numerous other 2977. Also, petition of David Cowe and numerous other citizens of Kenton and Rutherford, Tenn., favoring House citizens of Beaumont, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2963. Also, petition of R. A. Brasher and numerous other 2978. Also, petition of James Hollie and numerous other citizens of Decaturville, Bath Spring, and Parsons, Tenn., citizens of Washington and Brenham, Tex., favoring House favoring House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the bill 2856, by Congressman WILL Ro GERS, the Pope plan for Pope plan for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the a month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Committee on Ways and Means. 2964. Also, petition of W. E. Lord and numerous other 2979. Also, .petition of Buck Powell and numerous other citizens of Nashville, Tenn., favoring House bill 2856, by citizens of Hillview and White Hall, Ill., favoring House bill Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ Ways and Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 2965. Also, petition of E. E. Parker and numerous other 2980. Also, petition 'of James Clark and numerous other citizens of Shelbyville, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by citizens of Venice, Ill., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for-direct Federal gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2966. Also, petition of Hurm.on Bell and numerous other 2981. Also, petition of James Wellington and numerous citizens of Center and Timpson, Tex., favoring House bill other citizens of Mounds, Ill., favoring House bill 2856, by 2856, by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee mittee on Ways and Means. on Ways and Means. 2967. Also, petition of Howard Lyemons and numerous 2982. Also, petition of J. S. Candill and numerous other other citizens of San Antonio, Tex., favoring House bill citizens of Sophia, W. Va., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on mittee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2968. Also, petition of Edward Strouther and numerous 2983. Also, petition of Ramon Mascarenaz and numerous other citizens of Tell and Estelline, Tex., favoring House other citizens of Vadito, N. Mex., favoring House bill 2'856, bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Fed­ direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the eral old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a. month; to the Committee Committee on Ways and Means. on Ways and Means. 2969. Also, petition of Preston McGowen and numerous ~'984. Also, petition of E. Aragon and numerous other other citizens of Blanchard and Livingston, Tex., favoring citizens of Cordova, N. Mex., favoring House bill 2856, by House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2970. Also, petition of J. W. Gibson and numerous other 2985. Also, petition of Bob Burgess and numerous other citizens of Midway and Madisonville, Tex., favoring House citizens of Buncombe County, N. C., favoring House bill 2856, bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ Committee on Ways and Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 2971. Also, petition of Chester Fowler and numerous other 2986. Also, petition of E. H. Butler and numerous other citizens of Colmesneil and Emilee, Tex., favoring House bill citizens of Canadian, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by Con4 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old• 3076 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH '6 age pensions of $30 ro $50 a month; to the Committee on age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2987. Also, petition of Jim Montgomery and numerous 3002. Also, petition of R. E. Kitchen and numerous other other citizens of Lewisville, Tex., favoring House bill 2855, citizens of Belden and Tupelo, Miss., favoring House bill by Congressman WILL P..oGERs, the Pope plan for direct Fed­ 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct eral old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ on Ways and Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 2988. Also, petition of Dan Williams and numerous other 3003. Also, petition of Eddie Seal and numerous other citizens of Hillister, Woodville, and Georges Creek, Tex., fa­ citizens of Carthage, Miss., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ voring House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ Pope plan for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Conunittee on month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2989. Also, petition of J. T. Wilbourn and numerous other 3004. Also, petition of Mack Moore and numerous other citizens of Commerce, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by citizens of Columbus, Miss., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Cominittee on age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2990. Also, petition oi Ezra Stout and numerous other 3005. Also, petition of Calvin Secus and numerous other citizens of McKinney, Renner, and Dallas, Tex., favoring citizens of Aberdeen, Miss., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to age pensions of $"30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2991. Also, petition of Jackson Busby and numerous other 3006. Also, petition of Elliott Buchanan and numerous citizens of Kountze, Honey Island, and Woodville, Tex., fa­ other citizens of Roxie, Miss., favoring House bill 2856, by voring House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for ct:rect Federal Pope.plan for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on month; to the Committee on Ways and Mea.nsJ Ways and Means. 2992. Also, petition of Ira Dean and numerous other citi­ 3007. Also, petition of Willie Hinton and numerous -0ther zens of Shelbyville, Tex., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ citizens of Waynesboro, Miss., favoring House bill 2855, by gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2993. Also, petition of Gifford Davis and numerous other 3008. Also, petition of Joe Taylor and numerous other citizens of Brownsville, Tenn., favoring House bill 2856, by citizens of Brandon, Jackson, and Pelahatchee, Miss., favor­ Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal ing House bill 2856, by C-0ngressma11 WILL ROGERS, the Pope old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee plan for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $5D a on Ways and Means. month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 2994. Also, petition of E. H. Smith and numerous other 3009. Also, petition of Walloc Crook and numerous other citizens of Peakland, Tennille, and Decatur, Tenn., favoring citizens of Brandon, Pelahatchee, and Morton, Miss., favor­ House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan ing House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a montJ.1; plan for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a to the Committee on Ways and Means. month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 2995. Also, petition of W. M. Murphree and numerous 3010. Also, petition of Robert L. Hammons and numerous other citizens oi Piedmont and Greenville, S. C., favoring other citizens of Tutwiler, Miss., fav01ing House bill 2856, by House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL RoGEB.3, the Pope plan Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. 2996. Also, petition of Jim Alls and numerous other citi­ 3011. Also, petition of James B. Erwin and numerous other zens of Greenwood, S. C., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ citizens of Guntown and Blue Springs, Miss., favoring House gressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old­ bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for age pensions of $30 to $50 a ·month; to the Committee on direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Ways and Means. Committee on Ways and Means. 2997. Also, petition of A. P. Smith and numerous other 3-012. Also, petition of Frank Austin and numerous other citizens of Shamrock, Okla., favoring House bill 2856, by citizens of Vaiden and Carrollton, Miss., favoring House bill Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Fed­ 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct eral old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ on Ways and Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 2998. Also, petition of W. E. Lewis and numerous other 3013. Also, petition of J.B. Townsend and numerous other citizens of Bowlegs and Seminole, Okla., fav<>ring House citizens of Pioneer and Lake Providence, La., favoring House bill 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for bill 2856, by Congressman WILL RoGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the direct Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Committee on Ways and Means. 2999. Also, petition of J. J. James and other citizens of 3014. Also, petition of F. L. Campbell and numerous other Osage, Okla., favoring · House bill 2856, by Congressman citizens of Grapeland and Shaw, Miss., favoring House bill WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Federal old-age pen­ 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct sions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Committee on Ways and Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 3000. Also, petition of Lewis Fleming and numerous other 3015. By :rvrr. ANDREWS of New York: Nineteen petitions citizens of Shannon and Pontotoc, Miss., favoring House bill containing approximately 300 names of residents of the 2856, by Congressman WILL ROGERS, the Pope plan for direct Fortieth Congressional District of New York, protesting Federal old-age pensions of $30 to $50 a month; to the Com­ against enact ment of the public-utilities bill; to the Com­ mittee on Ways and Means. mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 3001. Also, petition of P. J. Walker and numerous other 3016. By Mr. BUCKLER of l\iiinnesota: Petition of Edward citizens of Brandon, Miss., favoring House bill 2856, by Con­ D. Rydeen, of Clearbrook, Minn., president of the Leon Town­ gressman WILL RoGERs, the Pope plan for direct Federal old- ship Unit of the American Farm Bw·eau of Clearwater 1935 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 3077 County, Minn., John Skog, of Clearbrook, and other members 3028. By Mr. DEMPSEY: Memorial of Legislature of New of the resolution committee, urging that Federal funds be Mexico; to the Committee on Ways and Means. made available to provide for the continued testing of all 3029. By Mr. DEROUEN: Petition of citizens of Beauregard herds of livestock and for the payment of reasonable in­ Parish, La., urging Congress to enact into law House bill demnities for reacting animals, to the end that human health 2856; to the Committee on Ways and Means. may be safeguarded and the livestock industry protected, 3030. By Mr. DORSEY: Petition of citizens of Philadelphia, and that the test for the Bang's disease be made compulsory; Pa., urging support of the principles of health management to the Committee on Agriculture. as promulgated by the American Medical Association, in 3017. Also, petition of Edward D. Rydeen, of Clearbrook, connection with the security bill; to the Committee on Ways Minn., president of the Leon Township Unit of the American and Means. Farm Bureau of Clearwater County, Minn., John Skog, of 3031. Also, petition of residents of Philadelphia, Pa., urging Clearbrook, and other members of the resolutions committee, the passage of House bill 2827, by Congressman LUNDEEN, urging that Federal funds be made available for the exten­ providing for the establishment of unemployment, old-age, sion and expansion of our highway system without the and social insurance, and for other purposes; to the Com­ matching requirements; to the Committee on Roads. mittee on Labor. 3018. By Mr. COLDEN: Resolutions of Harbor Post No. 3032. By Mr. EKWALL: Senate Joint Memorial No. 16, 1253, Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, San of the Thirty-eighth Legislative Assembly of the State of Pedro, Calif., endorsing House bill l, which provides for the Oregon, petitioning the President of the United States and immediate cash payment of World War adjusted-compensa­ the Secretary of State of the United States to refrain from tion certificates, and urging that favorable action be taken declaring any reduction of the present tariff rates on :filberts~ on this measure; and endorsing House bill 100, providing for shelled or unshelled, to the end that this industry of the the restoration of previous rights of Spanish War veterans Pacific Northwest may be protected fully and amply against relative to pensions, hospitalization, domiciliary care, etc., destructive foreign competition; to the Committee on Ways and petitioning for favorable action on same; to the Com­ and Means. mittee on Ways and Means. 3033. Also, Senate Joint Memorial No. 15, of the Thirty­ 3019. By Mr. CONNERY: Resolution of Group No. 630, eighth Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, peti­ Polish National Alliance, of Lawrence, Mass., memorializing tioning Congress to pass adequate laws to require that each the Congress to enact House Joint Resolution 81 and Senate branch of every national bank publish, at proper intervals,, Joint Resolution 11, directing the President of the United in like manner as bank reports now are published, statements States of America to proclaim October 11 of each year as showing the assets and liabilities of such branch bank or General Pulaski's Memorial Day, for the observance and affiliated institutions, and setting out the total amount of commemoration of the death of Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski; deposits standing in the names of residents of the community to the Committee on the Judiciary. where such branch bank is situated and the total amount of 3020. Also, resolutions of Group No. 2383, Polish National loans and discounts made to such residents; to the Commit­ Alliance, of ·Lawrence, Mass., memorializing the Congress to tee on Banking and Currency. enact House Joint Resolution 81 and Senate Joint Resolution 3034. Also, Senate Joint Memorial No. 12, of the Thirty­ 11, directing the President of the United States of America eighth Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, petition­ to proclaim October 11 of each year as General Pulaski's ing Congress to refrain from reduction of present tariff on Memorial Day, for the observance and commemoration of cherries; to the Committee on Ways and Means. the death of Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski; to the Committee 3035. Also, Senate Joint Memorial No. 10, of the TI:lirty­ on the Judiciary. eighth Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, petition­ 3021. Also, resolutions of Group No. 967, Polish National ing Congress to provide funds to clear dead timber, debris, Alliance, of Peabody, Mass., memorializing the CoD.c,oress to etc., from Crane Prairie Reservoir site in Deschutes County. enact House Joint Resolution 81 and Senate Joint Resolution Oreg.; to the Committee on Appropriations. 11, directing the President of the United States of America 3036. Also, Senate Joint Memorial No. 8, of the Thirty­ to proclaim October 11 of each year as General Pulaski's eighth Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, petition­ Memorial Day, for the observance and commemoration of the ing Congress to make appropriation for the eradication of death of Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski; to the Committee on the Bang's disease among cattle; to the Committee on Appropria­ Judiciary. tions. 3022. Also, resolution of the Common Council of the City 3037. Also, House Joint Memorial No. 5, of the Thirty-eighth of Peabody, Mass., memorializing the Congress to enact Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, petitioning Con­ House Joint Resolution 81 and Senate Joint Resolution 11, gress to pass appropriate legislation to provide military de­ directing the President of the United States of Ariierica to fense for the State of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest; to proclaim October 11 of each year as General Pulaski's Memo­ the Committee on Military Affairs. rial Day, for the observance and commemoration of the 3038. Also, House Joint Memorial No. 2, of th~ Thirty-eighth death of Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski; to the Committee on Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, providing for the Judiciary. segregating the costs of navigation and electrical energy on 3023. Also, resolutions of the General Court of Massa­ the Bonneville project, Oregon; to the Committee on Military chusetts, memorializing Congress to repeal the cotton-proc­ Affairs. 3039. By Mr. GOODWIN: Petition of the Parent-Teachers essing tax or the spreading of the tax over industry in Association, Kingston, N. Y., urging the omce of Education general; to the Committee on Agriculture. of the United States Department of the Interior to encourage 3024. Also, resolution of the General Court of Massa­ the use and development of motion pictures for visual in­ ~husetts, memorializing the Congress of the United States struction, and for other purposes; to the Committee on relative to the prevention or punishment of the crime of Education. lynching; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 3040. Also, petition of the Board of Supervisors of Colum­ 3025. By Mr. CROWTHER: Petition of citizens of Schenec­ bia County, N. Y., urging the repeal of section 55 Cb) of the tady, N. Y., protesting against enactment of House bill 5423 · Revenue Act of 1934, relating to the publicity of income-tax to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. ' returns; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 3026. By Mr. DARROW: Memorial of the Philadelphia 3041. By Mr. GRANFIELD: Memorial in favor of the Board of Trade, protesting against the passage of the Ray­ adoption by the Senate of the United States of a resolution burn utilities bill