DOCSLIB.ORG

Electric Circuits

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electric Circuits ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Nihal Kularatna Oxford Book Company ]aipur, New Delhi ISBN: 978-93-80179-37-7 Edition: 2010 Oxford Book Company Regd. Off. 267-B, IO-B. Scheme. Opp. Narayan Niwas, Gopalpura By Pass Road. Jaipur - 302018 Rajasthan (India) Ph: 0141 - 2594705, Telefax: 2597527 B.O. 102, 1st Floor. Sat yam House. 4327/3. AnsarI Road.Darya Ganj. New Delhi - 110002 (India) Ph: 011-45652440 EmaiJ - [email protected] Visit us at: oxfordbookcompany.com © Reserved Typeset by: Slllvangl Computers 267, IO·B-Scheme, Opp Narayan Nlwas, Gopalpura By Pass Road, Jalpur-3020 18 Printed at: R'\ldhalll Pllllters, Deihl All Rights are Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted, in any form or by any means. electronic, mechanical. photocopying. recording, scanning or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for the facts stated. opinions expressed. conclusions reached and plagiarism, ifany. in this volume is entirely that of the Author. according to whom the matter encompassed in this book has been originally created/edited and resemblance with any such publication may be incidental. The Publisher bears no responsibility forthem. whatsoever. Preface Electronics is probably one of the few subjects where the "knowledge halflife" of a professional is very short. Today it is probably only 3 to 4 years. Designing electronic systems today requires a unique combination of (1) fundamentals; (2) research and development directions in the latest semiconductors and passive components; (3) nitty-gritty aspects within the "mixed signal world;" (4) access to component manufacturers' data. sheets, design guidelines, and development environments; and, most importantly, (5) a timely and practical approach to overall aspects of a design project. • • This work attempts to address several areas of analog and mixed signal design, including power supply design, signal conditioning, essentials of data conversion, and signal processing, while summarizing a large amount of information from theory texts, application notes, design bulletins, research papers, and technology magazine articles. In a few chapters I had the assistance of expe11s in different subject areas, as chapter authors. Nihal Kularatna Contents Preface v 1. Introduction 1 2. Transformers 24 3. Motors 64 4. Alternating Currents 71 5. Electrical Circuits: Network Analysis 92 6. Circuit Theory 105 7. Direct Current 134 8. Shock Circuits 165 9. Amplifiers' 173 10. Electrical Transients 272 Chapter 1 Introduction For an adequate understanding of the subject matter of this book, it is essential not only that the text be read and understood but especially that the reader complete all of the problems. The importance of solving the problems cannot be overstated. Some of the points in the text will seem quite obvious, and it is hoped that all of them will seem logical and understandable. However, it has been the author's repeated experience in teaching this material that people may feel that they understand it completely and yet are unable to put into practice even some of the simpler principles. If the reader really has no need to solve the problems in order to understand them, then the problems will be very easy for him. If the reader finds them hard, then they must have been needed. The general method of presentation in this book is to put basic principles and practical applications in close juxtaposition. It is certainly true that an understanding of such principles is essential to the design of new circuits, but, at the same time, understanding is not always sufficient for the successful application of these principles. Frequently, the applications must be specifically explained. A complete mastery of the concept of electric resistance helps very little in building a piece of apparatus if the builder does not know what a resistor looks like or what to do about the wires sticking out of each end. The following pages, therefore, contain almost as many pictures of actual circuit parts as circuit diagrams, and as much concrete description of elements which go into electric apparatus as discussion ofthe properties of electricity flowing through conductors. The examples discussed and the problems to be solved are drawn primarily from the behavioural sciences. Some of the most common circuit problems will be discussed specifically, so that the reader may use the solutions presented directly ifhe insists. However, this book is not intended as a handbook of solutions to common circuit problems and will not serve that function very well. Many of the problems given require the building of actual electric circuits, and a note about shock hazards might be in order here. None of the circuits to be built at the beginning of this book requires 2 Introduction more than 12 volts to operate it. It is virtually impossible to get a real shock from these circuits. In fact, except for very few circuits which-will be specifically pointed out, it is difficult even to feel a shock when trying very hard to do so. There is no need, therefore, to fear electrocution; each circuit capable of giving any shock at all will be so identified. It will be necessary to borrow or buy a number of circuit parts in order to solve the problems presented. These parts can be bought at any radio supply store, but they are all common enough so that many of them can probably be found around the laboratory. A list of these parts follows: • A 100-foot spool of solid (not stranded) hookup wire (#22 solid- type MW plastic-insulated wire, or equivalent). • Ten feet of lamp cord. • Ten alligator clips (screw connection). • A I-pound spool of rosin core solder. • Four terminal strips (at least four terminals each), lugtype, for soldering. To be screwed to board. • Four pilot light bulbs (6 volts, type 47). • Two sockets for above light bulbs. • One battery, Burgess-type 5156 "B or C" (3.4Y2, 6, 9, 10Y2, 16Y2, 22Y2 volts) clip terminals (or equivalent). • One male wall plug. • Two resistors (5 watts, 30 ohms each). • One potentiometer (10 watts, 50 ohms, wire-wound). • One potentiometer (4 watts, 5000 ohms, wire-wound). • Two set screw knobs for potentiometers. • Two capacitors (at least 150 microfarads, 50 volts, electrolytic). • Two microswitches, SPDT. • One toggle switch, DPDT. • One relay, 115 volts a-c, at least 4PDT, not enclosed (with visible working parts). • One relay, SPDT, sensitive (e.g. with at least lOOO-ohm coil resistance, closes on 10 volts or less, closes on 10 milli amperes or less), not enclosed (with visible working parts). • One toy motor (3 volts). If none of these items can be borrowed, they should not cost more than a total of about $25.00, and may be much cheaper at surplus stores. The following tools should be available: • A medium-sized screw driver. • A small soldering iron. • One pair of long-nosed pliers with wire cutters or, preferably, one pair of long-nosed pliers and a separate pair of wire cutters. Introduction 3 • One ohm-volt-ammeter. It would be most efficient if all these items were on hand before the book proper is begun rather than trying to locate each part or tool when it is first required. Many of the items listed above should be mounted on a board for convenience in setting up circuits. +Vsupply R RS OV(ground) Fig. A Board with Mounted Circuit Elements. Find a piece of wood about one foot square, and mount on it each of the components listed below. • All four terminal strips. • Two of the flashlight bulbs in their sockets. • Battery. • Both potentiometers (variable resistors). • Both microswitches. • Toggle switch. • Both relays. • Motor. The particular locations of each of these components are not important. To speed up construction of some of the simpler circuits, "clip leads" are convenient. A clip lead is a wire with an alligator clip at each end. Make five clip leads by connecting alligator clips to each end of five 12 inch­ long pieces of hookup wire. THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRICITY When you pet a cat on a dry day, both you and the cat get shocked. The reason for this is that there are loosely bonded electrons on the surface of your skin, and with your first stroke some of them are rubbed off onto the cat's fur. The cat now has more electrons than normal, and you have fewer (the cat is negatively charged, you are positive). The excess electrons 4 Introduction on the cat's fur redistribute themselves so that the charges are most dense at the tip of each hair. When you begin the next stroke, some of these electrons jump back to your hand, illustrating the fact that electrons are repelled by other electrons, and attracted by atoms that have fewer electrons than normal. The sparks that you feel and hear (and can see in a dark room) are groups of electrons jumping the gap between the tips of the cat's hairs and your hand. CURRENT AND VOLTAGE If you were to connect a wire between a petted cat and the hand that did the petting, electrons would flow through the wire from the cat to the hand. This flow of electrons is called electric current. The more electrons flowing past any point in the wire in a given time, the higher the current. If more electrons are rubbed off in the first place, the "charge" on the cat and the hand is higher, and the tendency for electrons to flow in the wire is greater. The "tendency" for current to flow between two points is called the voltage between the two points. From these crude definitions, it is clear that the higher the voltage, the greater the current, other conditions being equal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Low Voltage General Purpose Dry Type Transformers
    An Overview of Dry, Liquid & Cast Coil Transformers. What is Best for My Application? Ken Box, P.E. - Schneider Electric John Levine, P.E. - Levine Lectronics & Lectric Low Voltage General Purpose Dry Type Transformers Confidentia l Property of Schneider Electric | Selecting & Sizing Dry Type Transformers From EC&M Magazine http://www.csemag.com/single-article/selecting- sizing-transformers-for-commercial- buildings/4efa064775c5e26f27bfce4f0a61378e.htm l 3 Phase: 15 – 1000kVA, 600V max primary 1 Phase: 15 – 333 kVA, 600V max primary Specialty transformers, custom ratings, exceptions Insulation System The insulation system is the maximum internal temperature a transformer can tolerate before it begins to deteriorate and eventually fail. Most ventilated transformers use a Class 220°C insulation system. This temperature rating is the sum of the winding rise temperature, normally 150°C, the maximum ambient temperature, 40°C, and the hot spot allowance inside the coils, 30°C. Insulation = Winding rise + Coil Hot Spot + Max Ambient For ventilated transformers, 80°C and 115°C are also common low temperature rise transformer ratings. The standard winding temperature is 150°C for a ventilated transformer. All three of these temperature rise ratings utilize the 220°C insulation system. Insulation Class 220 insulation Class 180 insulation 40 C ambient 40 C ambient + 150 C average rise + 115 C average rise + 30 C hotspot + 25 C hotspot ______ ______ 220 C hotspot temp. 180 C hotspot temp. Class 200 Insulation Class 150 Insulation 40 C ambient 40 C ambient + 130 C average rise + 80 C average rise + 30 C hotspot + 30 C hotspot ______ ______ 200 C hotspot temp.
    [Show full text]
  • Class-E Audio Modulated Tesla Coil Instruction Manual
    Class-E Audio Modulated Tesla Coil CCllaassss--EE AAuuddiioo MMoodduullaatteedd TTeessllaa CCooiill IInnssttrruuccttiioonn MMaannuuaall Eastern Voltage Research, LLC May 19, 2017 REV F − 1 − http://www.EasternVoltageResearch.com Class-E Tesla Coil Instruction Manual Class-E Audio Modulated Tesla Coil BOARD REVISION C This manual only applies to the new Revision C PCB boards. These boards can be identified by their red or green silkscreen color as well as the marking SC2076 REV C which is located underneath the location for T41 on the upper right of the PCB board. May 19, 2017 REV F − 2 − http://www.EasternVoltageResearch.com Class-E Tesla Coil Instruction Manual Class-E Audio Modulated Tesla Coil AGE DISCLAIMER THIS KIT IS AN ADVANCED, HIGH POWER SOLID STATE POWER DEVICE. IT IS INTENDED FOR USE FOR INDIVIDUALS OVER 18 YEARS OF AGE WITH THE PROPER KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE, AS WELL AS FAMILIARITY WITH LINE VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUITS. BY BUILDING, USING, OR OPERATING THIS KIT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU ARE OVER 18 YEARS OF AGE, AND THAT YOU HAVE THOROUGHLY READ THROUGH THE SAFETY INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THIS MANUAL. THIS KIT SHALL NOT BE USED AT ANY TIME BY INDIVIDUALS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE. May 19, 2017 REV F − 3 − http://www.EasternVoltageResearch.com Class-E Tesla Coil Instruction Manual Class-E Audio Modulated Tesla Coil SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT HAZARDS PLEASE BE SURE TO READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT RELATED HAZARDS AND WARNINGS BEFORE BUILDING AND OPERATING YOUR KIT. THE PURPOSE OF THESE WARNINGS IS NOT TO SCARE YOU, BUT TO KEEP YOU WELL INFORMED TO WHAT HAZARDS MAY APPLY FOR YOUR PARTICULAR KIT.
    [Show full text]
  • Zilano Design for "Reverse Tesla Coil" Free Energy Generator
    Zilano Design for "Reverse Tesla Coil" Free Energy Generator Summary Document A for Beginners by Vrand Thank you Zilano for sharing your very interesting design and we all wish you the very best, keep up the good work! Energetic Forum http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/ This is a short document describing the work of Zilano as posted on the Don Smith Devices thread at the Energetic Forum so that other researchers can experiment and build their own working free energy generator to power their homes. Zilano stated that this design was based on the combination works of Don Smith, Tesla, Dynatron, Kapanadze and others. Design Summary Key points : - "Reverse Tesla Coil" (in this document) - Conversion of high frequency AC (35kHz) to 50-60Hz (not in this document) "Reverse Tesla Coil" is where the spark gap pulsed DC voltage from a 4000 volt (4kv) 30 kHz NST (neon sign transformer) goes into an air coil primary P of high inductance (80 turns thin wire) that then "steps down" the voltage to 240 volts AC a low inductance Secondary coil centered over the primary coil (5 turns bifilar, center tap, thick wire) with high amperage output. The high frequency (35kHz) AC output can then power loads (light bulbs) or can be rectified to DC to power DC loads. Copper coated welding rods can be inserted into the air coil to increase the inductance of the air coil primary that then increases the output amperage from the secondary coil to the loads. See the below diagram 1 : Parts List - NST 4KV 20-35KHZ - D1 high voltage diode - SG1 SG2 spark gaps - C1 primary tuning HV capacitor - P Primary of air coil, on 2" PVC tube, 80 turns of 6mm wire - S Secondary 3" coil over primary coil, 5 turns bifilar (5 turns CW & 5 turns CCW) of thick wire (up to 16mm) with center tap to ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesla Coil Project
    Tesla Coil Project In this project, you’ll learn about resonant circuits and how to build oscillators that zero in on a desired region of the resonance. You will also learn about how to safely handle high-voltage DC circuits and ultra-high voltage radio frequency circuits. You will learn how do describe a circuit’s behavior using algebraic equations based on Kirchoffs’ current law. Finally, you will use your ICAP/4 simulator to solve these equations. Danger, High Voltage Hazard: Almost all Tesla Coil circuitry carries dangerously high voltage. You should turn the AC mains power to your Tesla Coil circuit off before connecting any instrumentation. Filter capacitors require bleed resistors that will discharge the capacitors to a safe level within 1 second after power is switched off. The person that connects the instrumentation should be the one that turns the AC power on and off. It is not the time to learn communication skills! Do not touch any of the circuitry when power is applied. The resonant circuits place dangerously high voltages on the primary side of the Tesla Coil as well as its secondary. While some smaller plasma streamers are harmless, you don’t want to be near or touch the Tesla Coil secondary. When working with high voltage, some experienced engineers tell you to keep one hand in your pocket; that makes it harder for you to become part of the circuit. It has become common around the Christmas holiday to see variations of Tesla Coils in the high-end gadget stores. The high voltage, high frequency emissions interact with air and other gas to make a dazzling array of visual effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Source for High Voltage Column of Injector to Proton
    THPSC018 Proceedings of RuPAC-2010, Protvino, Russia POWER SOURCE FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE COLUMN OF INJECTOR TO PROTON SYNCHROTRON WITH OUTPUT POWER UP TO 5KW Golubenko Yu.I., Medvedko A.S., Nemitov P.I., Pureskin D.N., Senkov D.V., BINP Novosibirsk Russia Abstract converter with insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) as The presented report contains the description of power switches (part A) and the isolation transformer with source with output voltage of sinusoidal shape with synchronous rectifier (part B). The design of power amplitude up to 150V, frequency 400Hz and output converter consists of 3-phase diode rectifier VD1, power up to 5kW, operating on the primary coil of high electromagnetic (EMI) filter F1, switch SW1, rectifier’s voltage transformer - rectifier of precision 1.5MV filter L1 C1-C8, 20 kHz inverter with IGBT switches Q1- electrostatic accelerator – injector for proton synchrotron. Q4, isolation transformer T1, synchronous rectifier O5- The source consists of the input converter with IGBT Q8, output low-pass filter L2 C9 and three current switches, transformer and the synchronous rectifier with sensors: U1, U2 and U3. IGBT switches also. Converter works with a principle of pulse-width modulation (PWM) on programmed from 15 Harmonic PS High voltage to 25 kHz frequency. In addition, PWM signal is 400Hz 120V column modulated by sinusoidal 400Hz signal. The controller of 380V the source is developed with DSP and PLM, which allows 50Hz L1 Ls A 900uHn 230uHn optimizing operations of the source. For control of the Cp B 80uF out source serial CAN-interface is used. The efficiency of C1 1.5MV system is more than 80% at the nominal output power C 400uF 5kW.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex J Performance Characteristics Subcommittee
    Annex J Performance Characteristics Subcommittee March 26, 2014 Savannah, Georgia Chair: Ed teNyenhuis Craig Stiegemeier Vice Chair: Craig Stiegemeier Secretary: Sanjib Som J.1 Introduction / Attendance The Performance Characteristics Subcommittee (PCS) met on Wednesday, March 26th, 2014 at 3pm with 155 people attending. Of these, 71 were members and 84 were guests. Prior to this meeting, the total membership of PCS was 115 members; therefore, quorum was achieved. There are also 11 corresponding members. There were 13 guests requesting membership. The vice chair distributed four rosters for four columns of seating arrangement in the room. J.2 Approval of Agenda The Chair presented the agenda. A motion to accept this as proposed was given by Steve Snyder. Hemchandra Shertukde seconded it. It carried by unanimous vote J.3 Approval of Last Meeting Minutes The chairman presented the minutes of the last meeting in St Louis, USA – Oct, 2013. This was proposed by Kenneth Skinger to be accepted as is, which was seconded by Jeevan Puri. The minutes were passed by unanimous vote. J.4 Chairman’s Remarks New WG Chairs were presented as below: - WG on PCS Revisions to C57.12.00 – Tauhid Ansari - WG on Loss Evaluation Guide C57.120 – Mike Miller - C57.110 - Nonsinusoidal Load Currents – Rick Marek - C57.109 - Through-Fault-Current Duration - Vinay Mehrotra - C57.105 - Transformer Connections in Three-Phase Distribution Systems - Adam Bromley A new WG Chairman is needed for C57.21 - IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA PCS is sponsoring a technical presentation “Tutorial on Transformer Interaction with switching of vacuum and SF6” on Thursday 27th March 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 New Methodology for Remanent Life Assessment of Oil-Immersed Power Transformers W. FLORES, E. MOMBELLO , J. JARDINI , G. RATTA
    A2_2 03_2010 CIGRE 2010 21, rue d’Artois, F-75008 PARIS http : //www.cigre.org New methodology for remanent life assessment of oil-immersed power transformers W. FLORES, E. MOMBELLO1, J. JARDINI2, G. RATTA Instituto de Energía Eléctrica, Engineering Faculty, National University of San Juan, ARGENTINA SUMMARY A new methodology for the estimation of the possible remanent life of a power transformer is presented in this paper, considering several types of uncertainties which are involved in the solution of this problem. The premise is to consider the transformer as individual equipment and not as a part of a group of transformers, so as to get its remanent life considering for this purpose the condition of the insulating paper and the location of the substation in which the transformer is installed regarding the power system network. An interval of remanent possible life is estimated, using intervals of possibility, which are obtained from experts' opinion. The proposed evidences (input variables) to be taken into account in order to obtain these intervals are the following: the risk of short circuits external to the transformer regarding the condition of the paper insulation, the diagnosis obtained from the dissolved gas analysis of the transformer tank oil and another variables that influence the condition of the transformer insulation, the risk due to the load and temperature and the loss of life of the transformer. Each one of these parameters is considered as an influence index taken as condition level evidence in obtaining a possible interval of remanent life. The external short circuit risk index considers the stochastic nature which is present in external faults, as well as the degree of polymerization of the insulating paper.
    [Show full text]
  • S6260-Bj-Gtp-010( Electrical Machinery Repair Volume 1
    S6260-BJ-GTP-010 0910-LP-108-0244 VOLUME 1 REVISION 1 [SGML VERSION: SEE CHANGE RECORD] TECHNICAL MANUAL ELECTRICAL MACHINERY REPAIR; VOLUME 1, ELECTRIC MOTOR, SHOP PROCEDURES MANUAL DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED. THIS MANUAL SUPERSEDES S6260-BJ-GTP-010, DATED 15 NOVEMBER 2005, AND ALL CHANGES THERETO. PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND. 9 JUL 2009 TITLE-1 / (TITLE-2 Blank)@@FIpgtype@@TITLE@@!FIpgtype@@ @@FIpgtype@@TITLE@@!FIpgtype@@ TITLE-2 @@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@ S6260-BJ-GTP-010 RECORD OF CHANGES CHANGE NO. DATE TITLE OR BRIEF DESCRIPTION ENTERED BY NOTE THIS TECHNICAL MANUAL (TM) HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FROM AN INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC SOURCE KNOWN AS STANDARD GENERALIZED MARKUP LANGUAGE (SGML). THERE IS NO LOEP. ALL CHANGES, IF APPLICABLE, ARE INCLUDED. THE PAGINATION IN THIS TM WILL NOT MATCH THE PAGINATION OF THE ORIGINAL PAPER TM; HOWEVER, THE TECHNICAL CON- TENT IS EXACTLY THE SAME. RECORD OF CHANGES-1 / (RECORD OF CHANGES-2 Blank) RECORD OF CHANGES-2 @@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@ S6260-BJ-GTP-010 FOREWORD This Electric Motor Repair Shop Procedures Manual is for use by IMA personnel engaged in electric motor repair. For maximum effectiveness, this manual should be used as a supplement to any ongoing on-the-job training in the IMA electrical repair shop. Both mechanical and electrical test equipment and tools are discussed with detailed ″how-to-use″ informa- tion. This manual provides specific step-by-step inspection and test procedures with related safety precautions. Troubleshooting procedures with symptom recognition and listings of probable faults are explained. ″How-to-do- it″ step-by-step disassembly, checkout, repair, replacement and reassembly procedures are all illustrated with ″hands-on″ diagrams for easy understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Transformer Handbook
    Practical Transformer Handbook Practical Transformer Handbook Irving M. Gottlieb RE. <» Newnes OXFORD BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE Newnes An Imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd S. A member of the Reed Elsevier pic group First published 1998 Transferred to digital printing 2004 © Irving M. Gottlieb 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WIP 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7506 3992 X Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress DLAOTA TREE Typeset by Jayvee, Trivandrum, India Contents Preface ix Introduction xi 1 An overview of transformer sin electrical technology 1 Amber, lodestones, galvanic cells
    [Show full text]
  • Insulating Materials in Power Transformer.Pdf
    بسمميحرلا نمحرلا هللا UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM FACULTY OF ENGNEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGNEERING INSULATING MATERIALS IN POWER TRANSFORMERS By HUSSAM MAGID AHMED ABDALLAH INDEX NO.124041 Supervisor Dr. Alfadel Zakariya A REPORT SUBMITTED TO University Of Khartoum In partial fulfillment for the degree of B.Sc. (HONS) Electrical and Electronics Engineering (POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING) Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering October 2017 DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY I declare this report entitled “(Insulating materials in power transformers)” is my own work except as cited in references. The report has been not accepted for any degree and it is not being submitted currently in candidature for any degree or other reward. Signature: ____________________ Name: _______________________ Date: ________________________ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the thanks, praises and glorifying is due to the Almighty GOD, without his uncountable blesses and uninterrupted gifts I wouldn„t be here a grown man about to graduate. To my mother, who grew me up, fed me, guided me through the life, many thanks and thanks. To my father who learnt me the patience and self-confidence. For my supervisor Dr.alfadel Zakariya, for his endless guiding and support. For my colleague, my partner in this project. iii Abstract There are many types of transformers insulators, some of them are used with conductors and the others are used to insulate the metal slides from each other and the others used to insulate the windings form the iron core. After collecting the parts of the transformer, it has to be dry enough because the insulators affected by the humidity which is make its isolation properties to be less than usual.
    [Show full text]
  • 30 VA Synchro Booster Amplifier
    Model 44PA1 30 VA Synchro Booster Amplifier 30 VA Synchro Booster Amplifier For Commercial or Military Applications FEATURES 30 VA / 90 VL-L Synchro Output Resolver 5.0VL-L; 6.81VL-L direct coupled, or 90VL- L, transformer isolated input options 0.05 deg. Accuracy / Infinite Resolution 60 Hz or 400 Hz option Remote ON/OFF option Built-In-Test / Output Fault Monitor Wrap output capability for direct signal monitoring No calibration requirements Rugged construction Input and output protection 44PA1-4B1 Type Configuration 44PA1-4A0 Type Configuration DESCRIPTION: This Military-grade stand-alone unit is the perfect solution when higher output power or 60 Hz drive capability is required. The amplifier accepts either a High voltage Synchro input or a low voltage Resolver input and delivers 30 VA of Synchro power that will drive most of the existing 60 Hz or 400 Hz Control Transformers or Torque Receivers. The amplifier can be remotely turned “ON” or “OFF” and is therefore usable for redundant applications. All signal inputs are transformer isolated and logic inputs and outputs are opto-isolated. Since power is derived from the reference rather than DC supplies, heat dissipation is reduced by 50%. Built-In-Test (BIT) capability is included to monitor over-temperature and over-current conditions. Wrap around testing (isolated, low level signal output) will seamlessly interface with the self-test capability of North Atlantic Industries broad range of intelligent multifunction/synchro cards. This amplifier requires no adjustments or calibration, has ruggedized construction and is electrically protected as well. It is protected from output short circuits, current overloads, load voltage transients, reference transients, and over- temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • ME PSE Syllabus 2016.Pdf
    GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai) Coimbatore-641013 VISION AND MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION VISION To emerge as a centre of excellence and eminence by imparting futuristic technical education in keeping with global standards, making our students technologically competent and ethically strong so that they can readily contribute to the rapid advancement of society and mankind MISSION To achieve Academic excellence through innovative teaching and learning practices To enhance employability and entrepreneurship To improve the research competence to address societal needs To inculcate a culture that supports and reinforces ethical, professional behaviours for a harmonious and prosperous society 1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT VISION: The Vision of the department is to be a premier and value based department committed to excellence in preparing students for success in Electrical Engineering and Technology professions. MISSION: To provide quality teaching blended with practical Engineering skills. To prepare students to develop all round competitiveness. To motivate Faculty and students to do impactful research on societal needs. 2 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) The Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs) of the post graduate program in tune with the Vision and Mission of the department are: PEO1:
    [Show full text]