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Rebuilding of Tsunami Affected Areas in the Southern and the Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka

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Rebuilding of Tsunami Affected Areas in the Southern and the Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka Rebuilding of Tsunami Affected Areas in the Southern and the Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka Workshop Proceedings 27th & 28th March 2009 Edited by Ranjith Senaratne Glen Charles Filson Jana Janakiram © 2012 Ranjith Senaratne, Glen Charles Filson and Jana Janakiram All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text or illustrations. Workshop proceedings on Rebuilding of Tsunami Affected Areas in the Southern and the Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka held on 27th & 28th March 2009 at Hotel Tourmaline, Kandy, Sri Lanka. ISBN 978-955-97159-3-1 Organizing committee: Ranjith Senaratne (Chairman) Wasantha Wijesinghe Pamoda Jayaratne Malsha Seneviratne Cover design and typesetting: Shammika Wijewardane Printed and bound by Tharanjee Prints, No. 506, Highlevel Road, Navinna, Maharagama, Sri Lanka. I LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS L.M. Abeywickrama Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka A.N. Ahmed Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka Goubin Antoine ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 cours du general de Gaulle, 33170 Gradignan, France K.K.I.U. Arunakumara Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka H.S. Balasingham Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka N.W.B. Balasooriya Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka R.M. Ranaweera Banda Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, Sri Lanka I. Brintha Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka S.A. Buddhika Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management and Finance, University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, Sri Lanka P.G. Chandana Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, Sri Lanka S. Dharshini Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka II M. Dupin ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 cours du general de Gaulle, 33170 Gradignan, France P.R. Fernando Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka Glen Charles Filson University of Guelph, 50, Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada G.K.H. Ganewatta Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Finance, University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, Sri Lanka James Gardner University of Guelph, 50, Stone Road East,Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada S. Guilhem ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 cours du general de Gaulle, 33170 Gradignan, France V. Gunaretnam Coordinator/ Peace and Conflict Resolution and Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Sciences, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka S.H.K.K. Gunawickrama Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle, Sri Lanka D.S. Hewamanage Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka Y.B. Iqbal Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka Regional Agriculture Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka Jana Janakiram University of Guelph, 50, Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada Z. Kerrim ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 cours du general de Gaulle, 33170 Gradignan, France III S. Krishanthan Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka R.A.U.J. Marapana Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka V. Einon Mariya Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka Y. Moreau ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 cours du general de Gaulle, 33170 Gradignan, France R. Muniyandi Deputy Project Coordinator, CIDA Restore Project, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka M.F. Nawas Coordinator/New Technologies, CIDA Restore Project, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka A. Parvathakeethan Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka H.S.C. Perera Faculty of Management and Finance,University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, Sri Lanka K. Pirapaharan Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle, Sri Lanka Ranjana U.K. Piyadasa Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Colombo, P.O. Box 1490, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka K.M.Prahasan Project Leader/Peace and Conflict Resolution and Assistant Lecturer, Department of Social Sciences, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka M. Prishanthini Department of Zoology, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka IV K.G. Priyashantha Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Finance, University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, Sri Lanka C.V. Rathnayake Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management and Finance, University of Ruhuna, Wellamadama, Matara, Sri Lanka A.M. Razmy Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka E.M.J.M. Rizvi Coordinator, Land-based Ecosystems, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka M.I.S. Safeena Coordinator/Gender Issues, CIDA Restore Project, Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sammanthurai, Sri Lanka Ruwan Sampath Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka S. Santharooban Faculty of Health-Care Sciences, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka Ranjith Senaratne Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana , Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka T.H. Seran Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka R.T. Seresinhe Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka S. Subasinghe Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka G. Vickneswaran Project Leader/ Peace and Conflict Resolution, CIDA Restore Project V P. Vinobaba Department of Zoology, Eastern University, Vantharumoolai, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka K.D.N.Weerasinghe Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka L.M.J.R. Wijayawardhana Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka S. Wijetunga Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka VI VII PREFACE The Tsunami in 2004 December caused a massive destruction to life, property and environment in Sri Lanka. Nearly 30,000 people died of this natural disaster and over 800,000 people were displaced. In addition, over 100,000 houses were damaged and the livelihood of a large number of people was disrupted. Thus it became imperative to rebuild and reconstruct the houses and the environment and restore the livelihoods of the people in tsunami-affected areas. Therefore, with financial assistance from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), four Canadian Universities, namely Guelph, Waterloo, Manitoba and Queen’s, collaborated with three Sri Lankan Universities, namely Ruhuna, Eastern and South- Eastern, and one NGO, Sri Lanka Canada Development Facilitation (SLCDF), in implementing the Restore Project, a reconstruction and restoration programme under CIDA. The Project adopted a multi-sectoral approach to environmental restoration, sustainable livelihoods and development, with full community input and participation, specifically in the tsunami-affected districts of Matara, Ampara and Batticaloa in Sri Lanka, which were among the hardest hit by the tsunami and representative of the three main communities of the country, namely Sinhalese, Tamils and Muslims. In order to make a significant impact during its three-year span, the Project focused on six villages, two from each of the above districts, which demonstrated considerable need. The selected villages participated fully in community development initiatives to achieve the following objectives: 1. Restore damaged and destroyed environmental assets such as coral reefs, mangroves and other vegetation, lagoons, beaches, agricultural lands and fresh water resources; 2. Restore traditional livelihoods and develop alternative livelihoods especially linked to the coastal environment, including fisheries and tourism; 3. Establish disaster resilient community infrastructure using appropriate design, technologies and materials; 4. Develop community-based early warning and emergency response plans; 5. Build community-based institutional and human capacities for environmental management, sustainable livelihoods, and community development. These objectives were supported by six crosscutting themes, namely community-based participation; sustainable
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