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Thomas Jefferson and the United States Constitution: a Comparative Study of Jefferson As Maturing Political Thinker to Jefferson the Political Operative

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Thomas Jefferson and the United States Constitution: a Comparative Study of Jefferson As Maturing Political Thinker to Jefferson the Political Operative Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1998 Thomas Jefferson and the United States Constitution: A Comparative Study of Jefferson as Maturing Political Thinker to Jefferson the Political Operative Thomas A. Parker Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the American Politics Commons Recommended Citation Parker, Thomas A., "Thomas Jefferson and the United States Constitution: A Comparative Study of Jefferson as Maturing Political Thinker to Jefferson the Political Operative" (1998). Master's Theses. 3887. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3887 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THOMAS JEFFERSON AND THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JEFFERSON AS MATURING POLITICAL THINKERTO JEFFERSON THE POLITICALOPERATIVE by Thomas A. Parker A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College inpartial fulfillmentof the requirements forthe Degree of Masterof Arts Department of Political Science WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo,Michigan December 1998 Copyright by Thomas A. Parker 1998 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First I would like to thank my wife, Beth, for her encouragement, support, love, and care, and for having faith that I could complete and earn this Master's Degree. I would also like to thank my parents, Claude and Charlene Parker, for instilling in me a love of country and, above all, God. I endeavored to begin a Master's Degree with the financialand educational support of the James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation. Without their generosity and a belief in my goals, I would not have undertaken this educational opportunity. My gratitude goes to all who founded, maintain, and sustain this fellowship program. I commit to them that I will continue to espouse and teach the beliefs of our Founding Fathers and our Constitution. I would also like to thank the many professors andfellow students I have met while pursuing a Master's Degree. They have all helped me learn, contemplate, question, develop, and grow. Special thanks to Dr. Peter Renstrom for his support, his insight in the classroom, and for chairing my thesis committee along with members Dr. Alan Isaak and Dr. Emily Hauptmann. Finally, I would like to thank the many friends, colleagues, and family members for your unconditional abundance of encouragement, support, belief, and prayers. May God richly bless each one of you as He has blessed me. Thomas A. Parker ii THOMASJEFFERSON AND THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JEFFERSON AS MATURING POLITICAL THINKER TO JEFFERSON THE POLITICAL OPERATIVE Thomas A. Parker, M.A. WesternMichigan University, 1998 The purpose of this thesis is to use historical, qualitative, and comparative methods of research in studying the life of Thomas Jefferson, his views on governance, and his impact on the highest law of our land, the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson's constitutional thoughts and theories evolved first as a maturing political thinker and later as a political operative on the state, national and international stage. His beliefs were shaped by many factors including Jefferson's own principles and character, his scholarship via learned men and life experiences, American and overseas events in and out of his control, titles and offices he occupied, and peers with differing viewpoints. It is my hope that the reader will both be exposed to the plethora of ideas and thoughts Jefferson had throughout his life concerning constitutional matters and will conclude that his promotion for these ideas would become part of our American foundation and heritage. These include Jefferson's advocacy that the United States should become a strong nation through the principles of republicanism; a commitment to liberty, citizen's rights and political equality; the strength of written constitutions, scrupulously adhered to; and popular participation and vigilance over government to contain arbitrary power. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................. ii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1 II. JEFFERSON, THE YOUNG SCHOLAR................................................ 5 III. A SUMMARY VIEW AND DECLARING INDEPENDENCE .............. 16 IV. THE VIRGINIA CONSTITUTION........................................................... 29 V. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION............................................... 45 VI. THE CONSTITUTION.............................................................................. 50 VIL JEFFERSON'S REPUBLICANISM......................................................... 68 VIII. SECRETARY OF STATE AND VICE PRESIDENT.............................. 74 IX. THE REVOLUTION OF 1800.................................................................. 87 X. THE JUDICIARY...................................................................................... 101 XI. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE............................................................... 116 XII. BOTH FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC....................................................... 129 XIII. THE SAGE OF MONTICELLO ............................................................... 134 XIV. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................... 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................... 149 iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Declaration of Independence announcedto the world the birth of the United States as a nation. It also provided in its eloquent second paragraph a national credo. But it did not create the constitutionalism that later became for many people almost an ideology in itself and that is at the very heart of the American system of government. Ideas about how government was to be structured and how it would operate had to be worked out in the years that followed separation from Great Britain in 1776. Thomas Jefferson recognized this period as a rare opportunity actually to implement his beliefs. "It is a work of the most interesting nature and such as every individual would wish to have his voice in," he observed in a letter to Thomas Nelson dated May 16, 1776. (Peterson 1986, 119) It was an awesome challenge, for the problem of how America was to be governed was at the very essence of the American Revolution. As Jefferson put it, It is the whole object of the present controversy; for should a bad government be instituted forus in the future it had as well to have accepted at firstthe bad one offered to us from beyond the water without the risk and expence to contest. (Peterson 1986, 119) These words, penned shortly before the issuance of the Declaration of Independence, clearly indicate that Jeffersonunderstood the I 2 importance of the task. But he probably did not fully realize that in ope form or another the problem of how Americans should govern themselves would preoccupy him for the rest of his life. The challenge was enormous in its dimensions. It involved dealing with such fundamentalmatters as the meaning of republicanism, the institutional structure of the state and national governments, the proper distribution of power in a federal system, and the protection of individual rights and liberties from the abuse of authority. This challenge was to involve various frustrations, defeats, mistakes and missed opportunities forJefferson. Oftenhe did not fully think through the implications of some of his ideas, and more than a few times he changed his mind. In the end, however, many of his ideas proved to be of enduring importance, and as much as any member of the revolutionary generation, he shaped the constitutional values under which we live today. What shall be attempted in this thesis is to compare Jefferson as a maturing political thinker and theorist to Jefferson the political operative as he takes his place on the state and national political stage. Jefferson's constitutional theory did not develop suddenly or in isolation from historic events; rather it evolved gradually, shaped by the circumstances of his time. We will first examine Jeffersonas a young scholar and observe how ideas, books, and teachers shaped his character and influenced his thoughts on government, political philosophy, republicanism, and rule by a colonial power. As Jefferson transcends fromyoung scholar to politician, 3 author, and representative, Jeffersonbegins to expound and apply his thoughts and ideas not only on the Virginia political stage as representative and governor but in the Continental Congress. Among his many important accomplishments, it is at this stage that he pens the immortal words of the Declaration of Independence. After the Revolution, the new United States and Jeffersonsearch for ways for our country to become a united states and forthe form of government which will best unite the nation. It is at this point in his life that Jefferson reaches the national stage. Jefferson becomes a commentator on the struggles to create a United States Constitution. Next Jeffersonserves in the new officesof Secretary of State, Vice President, and President. As precedents are set and ideas are shared, these offices evolve and so do
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