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DISS 2013 Quise Gonçalves Brito.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO INSTITUTO DE LINGUAGENS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS DE CULTURA CONTEMPORÂNEA QUISE GONÇALVES BRITO ANIMÊ COMO RECURSO DE SOFT POWER: COMUNICAÇÃO E CULTURA NA SITUAÇÃO DE GLOBALIZAÇÃO CUIABÁ-MT 2013 QUISE GONÇALVES BRITO ANIMÊ COMO RECURSO DE SOFT POWER: COMUNICAÇÃO E CULTURA NA SITUAÇÃO DE GLOBALIZAÇÃO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos de Cultura Contemporânea da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos de Cultura Contemporânea na Área de Concentração em Estudos Interdisciplinares de Cultura, Linha de Pesquisa Comunicação e Mediações Culturais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Yuji Gushiken Cuiabá-MT 2013 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Fonte. B862a Brito, Quise Gonçalves. Animê como recurso de soft power: comunicação e cultura na situação de globalização / Quise Gonçalves Brito. -- 2013 187 f. : il. color. ; 30 cm. Orientador: Yuji Gushiken. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Linguagens, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos de Cultura Contemporânea, Cuiabá, 2013. Inclui bibliografia. 1. animê. 2. soft power. 3. comunicação. 4. situação de globalização. 5. Estado- nação. I. Título. Ficha catalográfica elaborada automaticamente de acordo com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). Permitida a reprodução parcial ou total, desde que citada a fonte. À todos os que contribuiram para este trabalho, oferecendo o suporte emocional, intelectual e material para realizá-lo. Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, Yuji Gushiken, por seu exemplo, apoio e fundamental contribuição para este trabalho. A Mário Cezar Silva Leite e Rose de Melo Rocha por suas observações precisas, indicações bibliográficas valiosas e pela cordialidade. A Rosa Maria, Luis Alberto, Uinie, Pandora ( in memorian ), Mafalda, Manolito, Polina, Conan e Baby: minha família, meu porto seguro. A Bruno Atanaka, que acreditou neste trabalho desde o início e permaneceu pacientemente ao meu lado. A Tais Marie Ueta, Tatiane Hirata e Karina Galli, minhas nakama nos estudos e na vida. A Lais Teodoro, por sua ajuda com o material bibliográfico e por sua amizade. A CAPES, pelo suporte finaceiro. A todos, meus sinceros agradecimentos. Resumo Este estudo realiza uma análise dos fluxos e panoramas de comunicação e consumo engendrados pelas animações japonesas (animês) e a sua potencialidade enquanto recurso cultural de soft power japonês para a gestão da política nacional em um contexto marcado pela intensificação dos processos de transnacionalização dos mercados e globalização da economia. Os animês, produtos de uma efervescente cultura pop japonesa, tornam-se conhecidos e reconhecidos mundialmente em meados da década de 1990. O consumo em torno dessas produções mobiliza constantemente fluxos globais de símbolos, socialidades, ideias, capital, produtos e serviços. O percurso e a dinâmica de circulação dos animês revelam aspectos do processo de mundialização da cultura, bem como de uma nova economia cultura global que sinaliza a crescente importância da gestão cultural para o exercício político e a gestão econômica nacionais. O Soft Power, estratégia de gestão do poder através do uso de fontes de atratividade, entre as quais a cultura, oferece uma ferramenta fundamental nesse sentido. Os animês, tomados como recursos de soft power para o Japão, oferecem através dos panoramas mobilizados grande potencial de colaborar na gestão de três itens que exigem uma reconfiguração dos Estados-nação nesta situação de globalização: a hegemonia cultural, soberania econômica e legitimidade política. Palavras-chave : animê, soft power, comunicação, situação de globalização, Estado-nação. Abstract This study performs an analysis of flows and panoramas of communication and consumption engendered by the Japanese animation (anime) and its potentiality as a resource for cultural soft power to manage the Japanese national policy in a context marked by the intensification of the processes of transnationalization of markets and globalization of economy. The anime, products of an effervescent Japanese pop culture, become known and recognized worldwide in the mid-1990s. The consumption around these productions constantly mobilizes global flows of symbols, socialities, ideas, capital, products and services. The route and dynamic of movement of anime reveal aspects of the globalization of culture, as well a new global cultural economy that signals the growing importance of cultural management to exercise political and national economic management. The Soft Power, power management strategy through the use of sources of attractiveness, including culture, offers a fundamental tool in this regard. The anime, taken as soft power resources to Japan, offers through mobilized panoramas great potential to collaborate in the management of three items that require a reconfiguration of the nation-states in this situation of globalization: cultural hegemony, economic sovereignty and political legitimacy. Keywords : anime, soft power, communication, situation of globalization, nation-state. Lista de Figuras Figura 1. Mudança no tempo dedicado ao consumo de distintas mídias entre 2008 e 2011. ............... 32 Figura 2 Fotografia de Toquio, no meio da tarde de 24 de Dezembro de 1964, quando a poluição causava escuridão em pleno dia. ........................................................................................................... 61 Figura 3. Hakuja Den (1958) Toei ........................................................................................................ 76 Figura 4. Akahon de Shin Takarajima. Osamu Tezuka (1947) ............................................................. 78 Figura 5. Detalhe do akahon de Shin Takarajima. ................................................................................ 79 Figura 6. Cenas da série de animê Tetsuwan Atomu. Mushi Productions, Fuji TV, Osamu Tezuka (1963-1966)........................................................................................................................................... 83 Figura 7. Cena do animê Kodomo Pokémon. ....................................................................................... 97 Figura 8. Imagem do animê Shoujo Kare Kano. ................................................................................... 98 Figura 9.Cena do animê Shounen One Piece. ....................................................................................... 99 Figura 10. Cena do animê Shoujo Ai Strawberry Panic! .................................................................... 100 Figura 11. Cenas do animê Shounen Ai Sekai Ichi Hatsukoi. ............................................................ 100 Figura 12. Cena do animê Josei Nodame Cantabile. .......................................................................... 101 Figura 13. Cena do animê Seinen Monster. ........................................................................................ 102 Figura 14. Cena do animê Ero Bible Black. ...................................................................................... 103 Figura 15. Gintama' ............................................................................................................................. 104 Figura 16. Chihiro no Kamikakushi (A Viagem de Chihiro) .............................................................. 104 Figura 17. Hellsing Ultimate ............................................................................................................... 105 Figura 18. NaNa .................................................................................................................................. 105 Figura 19. Japoneses e iraquianos em uniformes de futebol em frente a um caminhão de água das Forças de Auto Defesa japonesas, estampado com a figura dos personagens de Kyaputen Tsubasa . 110 Figura 20. Estratégia de promoção global dos conteúdos japoneses através da All Nippon Entertainment Works Co. .................................................................................................................... 120 Figura 21 Folder turístico (frente e verso) destacando locais e eventos relacionados aos animês no Japão ................................................................................................................................................... 152 Sumário INTRODUÇÃO 9 1 A PROBLEMÁTICA CULTURAL NA ESFERA GLOBAL 16 1.1 SOFT POWER E A CULTURA COMO RECURSO : GESTÃO NACIONAL NO CONTEXTO GLOBAL 30 2 CULTURA POP E J-POP 44 2.1 CULTURA POP : DISCUTINDO O CONCEITO 44 2.2 A CRIAÇÃO DO J-POP 54 2.3 O MAINSTREAM GLOBAL JAPONÊS 65 3 ANIMÊS: A INFANTARIA DO MAINSTREAM JAPONÊS 69 3.1 PRIMEIRO MOMENTO : AS ORIGENS DO ANIMÊ 71 3.2 SEGUNDO MOMENTO : A CRIAÇÃO DO ANIMÊ MODERNO 74 3.3 SEGMENTAÇÃO DE PÚBLICO E PRODUÇÃO 94 4 O ANIMÊ COMO SOFUTO PAWA 107 4.1 O PANORAMA JAPONÊS RECENTE 108 4.2 O COOL JAPAN 114 4.3 ANÁLISE: O ANIMÊ COMO UM RECURSO CULTURAL 122 4.3.1 O ANIMÊ E A HEGEMONIA CULTURAL 124 4.3.2 O ANIMÊ E A SOBERANIA ECONÔMICA 137 4.3.3 O ANIMÊ E A LEGITIMIDADE POLÍTICA 155 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 168 BIBLIOGRAFIA 177 CRÉDITO DAS IMAGENS 183 APÊNDICE 185 9 Introdução Este estudo realiza uma análise dos fluxos e panoramas de comunicação e consumo engendrados pelas animações japonesas (animês) e a sua potencialidade enquanto recurso cultural de soft power japonês para a gestão da política nacional em um contexto marcado por processos de força transnacional e global. Para cumprir com essa questão, foi realizada uma
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