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Int. J. Sport Health Sci. Paper : The Relationship between 30-m Sprint Running Time and Muscle Cross-sectional Areas of the Psoas Major and Lower Muscles in Male College Short and Middle Distance Runners Norihide Sugisaki1, Hiroaki Kanehisa2,KenjiTauchi1, Seita Okazaki3,ShigeoIso1 and Junichi Okada1

1Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan sugisaki＠aoni.waseda.jp 2National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan 3Japan Anti-Doping Agency, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan [Received May 21, 2010; Accepted December 22, 2010; Published online January 15, 2011]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 30-m sprint running time and muscle cross-sectional areas of the psoas major and lower limb muscles. In sixteen male college short and middle distance runners, the muscle anatomical cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the psoas major, the quadriceps femoris, the adductors (ADD), the , the surae, and the tibialis anterior and extensor digtrum longus complex (DF) were measured using a magnetic resonance imaging system. In addition, the relative values of CSA to the two-thirds power of body weight (CSA-to-BW2/3) were calculated. A stepwise multiple regression analysis produced a prediction equation (R2＝0.605) of 30-m sprint running time with explanatory variables of ADD CSA-to-BW2/3 and DF CSA. The ADD CSA-to-BW2/3 had a negative partial regression coe‹cient (r＝－0.768, pº0.01) and the DF CSA had a positive partial regression coe‹cient (r＝0.526, pº0.05). From the present results, it is concluded that to have greater hip adductor muscles relative to the body size and smaller dorsi‰exors is advantageous for achieving higher performance in 30-m sprint running.

Keywords: Sprint performance, Multi-regression analysis, Magnetic resonance imaging

1. Introduction several studies have reported how the force generating capacity of the lower limb muscles was Sprint running is a fundamental activity for many related to the performance in sprint running over sports and improvement of its performance is an short distance. For example, WisløŠ et al. (2004) essential part of training programs for athletes. In found a strong correlation between maximal most of sport activities, the distance covered by strength in half squats and 30-m sprint performance sprint running is less than 30-m (e.g. Deutsch et al., in elite soccer players. Cronin and Hansen (2005) 1998;Duthieetal.,2003;Spenceretal.,2005). also reported that squat jump and countermovement Therefore, the ability of sprint running over short jumpheightsaswellasaveragepoweroutput distance is particularly important and to identify its relative to body mass in 30-kg loaded jump squat determinant factors is an important research task. were signiˆcantly correlated with 30-m sprint A physical activity is achieved by the force running time. In addition, Delecluse (1997) generated by skeletal muscles. Therefore, its mentioned that individual diŠerences in performance is aŠected by the force generation extension and plantar ‰exion force aŠect the capacity of the working muscle(s) in the activity, and variability of sprint performance in ˆrst 15-m in a to identify the `key' muscle(s) is especially important 40-m sprint running. Furthermore, Johnson and to design the content of training program. So far, Buckley (2001) investigated the kinetics of lower

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limb at the 14-m point in a 35-m sprint running and 1996). Therefore, we regarded the hamstrings as a concluded that the hip extension in late swing and hip extensor. The present study aimed to investigate early stance, concentric knee extension after mid- how the CSAs of the psoas major and lower limb stance and concentric plantar ‰exion in late stance muscles are related to 30-m sprint running time. serve to generate sprinting speed. From these previous studies, it is expected that the strength 2. Methods and/or power generating capacity of extensor muscles is important for sprint running over short 2.1 Subjects distance. However, there is a discrepancy in the relationship between the isokinetic or isometric Sixteen male college short and middle distance torque generating capacity of each of hip, knee, and runners participated in this study. All subjects train and the performance in sprint running for their specialty on a routine basis. The proˆles of over short distance, the reason for which is not clear the subjects are shown in Table 1.Thestudywas (e.g., Dowson et al., 1998; Newman et al., 2004; conducted according to Declaration of Helsinki. Cronin and Hansen, 2005; Requena et al., 2009). Each subject was fully informed of the procedures On the other , it is well known that the force to be used as well as the purpose of the study and generating capacity of a muscle is closely related to gave informed consent. its anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) (Ikai and Fukunaga, 1968). And so, information on the 2.2 Muscle anatomical cross-sectional area relationship between muscle CSA and sport performances is useful to identify the `key' muscle(s) Magnetic resonance images of the , right aŠecting the performance. There have been a few , and right lower leg were obtained using a 1.5- studies investigating the relationship between sprint T magnetic resonance imaging system (Signa 1.5 T, running performance and the CSA of the lower limb GE, USA) with a body coil to determine the muscle muscles (Kano et al., 1997; Hoshikawa et al., 2006). CSAs of the psoas major (PM), the quadriceps However,thesestudiestookthetimeormean femoris (QF), the hip adductors (ADD) including velocity of 100-m sprint running as sprint running the adductor magnus, the adductor brevis, and the performance, and investigated only a few muscles adductor longus, the hamstrings (HAM), the triceps (i.e., the quadriceps femoris, the hamstrings, and surae (TS), and the dorsi‰exors (DF) including the the hip adductors or the psoas major muscles). Therefore, it is still not clear which muscle(s) among the lower limb muscles is important for the Table 1 Proˆles of subjects performance in sprint running over short distance. Age Height Weight Specialty No Best record In the present study, 30-m sprint running time (yr) (cm) (kg) event (Time30 m) and CSAs of the psoas major and lower 1 21 172 65 100 m 10.34 sec limb muscles were measured in male college short 2 21 173 67 100 m 10.44 sec and middle distance runners. Considering from the 3 20 170 59 100 m 10.33 sec previous reports, it is hypothesized that, among the 4 20 167 56 100 m 10.47 sec lower limb muscles, muscularity of the hamstrings, 5 24 175 67 100 m 10.82 sec 6 22 180 71 110 mH 14.41 sec the quadriceps femoris, and the triceps surae 7 21 178 68 110 mH 13.80 sec muscles is important as they are agonist muscles in 8 22 176 67 200 m 21.01 sec hip extension, knee extension and plantar ‰exion, 9 20 169 66 400 m 47.70 sec 10 20 168 61 400 m 47.65 sec respectively. The hip extension torque exerted 11 22 170 58 800 m 1.49.24 min through the mid-swing phase to early-stance phase 12 23 180 64 800 m 1.47.59 min in an acceleration of sprint running is accompanied 13 21 168 57 800 m 1.49.59 min by the electromyographic activity of the biceps 14 22 177 62 800 m 1.48.88 min 15 22 183 73 800 m 1.51.03 min femoris muscle (Baba et al., 2000). In addition, it 16 24 183 68 800 m 1.48.53 min has been reported that a great part of hip extension Mean 21.6 174.3 64.3 work done in push-oŠ phase of sprint acceleration SD 1.3 5.4 5.0 was accounted by the hamstrings (e.g., Jacobs et al.,

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tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus of obtained for the measurement of TS and DF. The the right side. In all imaging, the subject lay supine positions of the cross-sectional imaging were on a test bench of the magnetic resonance imaging selected as the CSA of each muscle is nearly system and was ˆxed at the hip and knee with straps. maximal (PM: Santaguida and McGill, 1995, QF: For imaging the abdomen, coronal images were ˆrst Akima et al., 1997, ADD: Kano et al., 1997; obtained to identify the positions of the lumber Masuda et al., 2003, HAM: Akima et al., 1997, TS vertebrae. Then, the cross-sectional image for the and DF: Fukunaga et al., 1992). In all cross- measurement of PM was obtained at the position sectional imaging, the condition of image between L4 and L5. During the scan, the subjects acquisition was as follows: Sequence, Spin Echo; held their breath to prevent their abdominal from TE,13ms;TR,500ms;FOV,480/260mm;Matrix, moving. For imaging the right thigh, coronal images 512×512. The imaging was conducted at least were ˆrst obtained to identify the superior and ˆfteen hours after a training session. The magnetic inferior end of the . Then, the cross-sectional resonance images were transferred to a computer images for the measurement of ADD, QF, and and the CSA of the each muscle was calculated using HAM were obtained at the 30z (upper thigh), 50z an open source image processing software (OsiriX, (midthigh), and 70z (lower thigh) positions from v.2.4) (Figure 1). The measurement was performed the superior to the inferior end of the femur, twiceforthesamemagneticresonanceimageand respectively. For imaging the right lower leg, the mean value was used as representative of CSA. coronal images were ˆrst obtained to identify the The mean coe‹cient of variance for the repeated superior end of the and the lateral of measures was within 3z. In addition, the ratio of ˆbula. Then, the cross-sectional image at the 30z CSA to two-thirds power of body weight (CSA-to- (upper lower leg) position from the superior end of BW2/3) was calculated as an index of relative CSA to the tibia to the lateral malleolus of ˆbula was the body size, because CSA is proportional to the

Figure 1 Magnetic resonance images for measuring muscle cross-sectional areas. PM: the , ADD: the hip adductors, QF: the quadriceps femoris muscle, HAM: the hamstrings, TS: the , DF: the tibialis anterior and the extensor digitorum longus complex.

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square of body height, while the body weight is Table 2 Muscle cross-sectional area variables proportional to the cube of body height (Åstrand et Mean±SD CV (z) al., 2003). Cross-sctional area (cm2) PM 19.9±2.9 14.4 2.3 30-m sprint running time ADD 64.0±8.8 13.8 QF 77.5±6.0 7.7 The subject wearing ‰at performed 30-m HAM 49.2±7.7 15.6 TS 56.6±6.3 11.1 sprint running from a standing position on an all DF 12.0±1.6 13.1 weather track. The timing of the start was left to the CSA-to-BW2/3 (cm2/kg2/3) subjects. The time (Time30 m)wasmeasuredusing PM 1.23±0.16 12.8 photo cells set at the 0-m and 30-m positions. Trial ADD 3.98±0.45 11.4 QF 4.84±0.36 7.4 was repeated twice and the best time was adapted to HAM 3.06±0.43 13.9 the further analysis. The coe‹cient of variance in TS 3.54±0.27 7.5 the two measurements was 1.1±0.8z. DF 0.75±0.10 13.8 PM, psoas major; ADD, adductor muscles; QF, quadriceps 2.4 Statistics femoris; HAM, hamstrings; TS, triceps surae; DF, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus complex; CSA-to- 2/3 2/3 Descriptive data were represented as means± BW , cross-sectional area relative to body weight . standard deviations (SD). The coe‹cient of variance (CV) was calculated as (SD/mean)×100z. Table 3 Simple correlation coe‹cients between cross-sectional Pearson's product-moment correlation coe‹cient area variables and the time of 30-m sprint running (Time30 m) was used to determine the relationships between rP-balue each of the CSA variables and Time . In addition, 30 m Cross-sctional area a stepwise multiple-regression analysis was applied PM －0.043 0.874 to develop a prediction equation for Time30 m using ADD －0.434 0.093 the CSA and CSA-to-BW2/3 as independent QF 0.478 0.061 HAM 0.378 0.149 variables. All statistical analyses were performed － TS 0.086 0.753 using PASW Statistics 18. DF 0.277 0.299 CSA-to-BW2/3 3. Results PM －0.066 0.810 ADD －0.598 0.014 QF 0.352 0.181 Time30 m in all subjects ranged from 3.92 sec to HAM －0.496 0.051 4.36 sec (4.16±0.12 sec). The CVs for CSA and TS 0.012 0.965 CSA-to-BW2/3 of every muscle group were about DF 0.255 0.341 10z (Table 2). Table 3 summarizes the correlation PM, psoas major; ADD, adductor muscles; QF, quadriceps femoris; HAM, hamstrings; TS, triceps surae; DF, tibialis coe‹cients between Time30 m and either CSA or CSA-to-BW2/3. Stepwise multiple-regression anterior and extensor digitorum longus complex; CSA-to- BW2/3, cross-sectional area relative to body weight2/3. analysis produced a prediction equation of Time30 m as follows: Time30 m＝－0.197×ADD CSA-to- BW2/3 ＋ 0.039× DF CSA ＋ 4.473 (R2 ＝ 0.605). Table 4 Stepwise multple-regression analysis Standardized partial regression coe‹cients for ADD BSEB b r CSA-to-BW2/3 and DF CSA were －0.768 (pº0.01) ADD CSA-to-BW2/3 －0.197 0.047 －0.768** －0.598 and 0.526 (pº0.05), respectively (Table 4). The DF CSA 0.039 0.014 0.526* 0.277 variance in‰ation factor was less than 10 for all SEE 0.788 independent variables. Figure 2 shows the R2 0.605 relationship between the measured and predicted time. B: partial regression coe‹cient, SEB: standard error of partial regression coe‹cient, b: standardized partial regression coe‹cient, r: correlation coe‹cient, SEE: standard error of estimate, R2: coe‹cient of determination. *:pº0.05, **:pº0.01

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extensors such as the muscle and the hamstrings are shorter in the hip joint ‰exed positions (Nemeth and Ohlsen, 1985; Dostal et al., 1986; Visser et al., 1990). Considering these, it is likely that the ADD greatly contributes to the exertion of hip extension torque during the late- swing to early-contact phase in sprint running over short distance. On the other hand, the adductor brevis and the adductor longus muscles act as hip ‰exors when the hip ‰exion angle is less than ¿259 and ¿509, respectively (Dostal et al., 1986). Therefore, the ADD would also have an important role in swinging back the lower limb. From the present results, it is not clear which role of the ADD is related to the inter-individual

diŠerence in Time30 m. However, it has been reported Figure 2 Relationship between the measured and predicted that leg extension capacity was important for sprint time. The predicted time was calculated using the multiple running over short distance (Delecluse, 1997; 2/3 regression equation, Time30m＝－0.197×ADD CSA-to-BW ＋ 0.039×DF CSA＋4.473. The solid line is the line of identity. Johnson and Buckley, 2001; WisløŠ et al., 2004; Cronin and Hansen, 2005) or the acceleration phase of sprint running (van Ingen Schenau et al., 1994). 4. Discussion Considering this, it is likely that individual diŠerence in the muscularity of the ADD may be In the present study, we hypothesized that the relatedtothatinexertionofhipextensiontorque muscularity of HAM, QF, and TS would be an during sprinting, and consequently related to the important factor for achieving higher performance variability of Time30 m. This idea is supported by the in sprint running over short distance. However, result that the ADD was selected as an explanatory multiple regression analysis revealed that only the variable only when represented relative to the body ADD CSA-to-BW2/3 has a positive eŠect on size. That is, the inter-individual diŠerence in the

Time30 m. This result denies the hypothesis and capacity of generating a propulsive force to indicates that to have greater hip adductor muscles accelerate the body forward is a factor of the relative to the body size is advantageous for variability of Time30 m,andthus,itisimportantto achieving higher performance in 30-m sprint have large muscle CSA relative to the body size. running. The present result also showed that the DF CSA

During acceleration of sprint running, the hip had negative eŠect on Time30 m. The reason for this extension torque is exerted from the late-swing to result would be that not only the dorsi‰exors cannot early-stance phase, i.e., around contact (Baba produce propulsive force but also its hypertrophy et al., 2000; Johnson and Buckley, 2001), and the causestheincreaseofmomentofinertiaofalower hip ‰exion angle at the foot contact is ¿809at the leg around the knee joint and of a lower limb around second step of 40-m sprint running (Jacobs and van the hip joint, which prevents the quick movement of Ingen Schenau, 1992) and ¿409even at the 60-m lowerlimbandincreasessprinttime(Bennettetal., point of sprint running (Ito et al., 1997). On the 2009). The later reason would be applied to explain other hand, the adductor magnus muscle acts as a why the HAM, QF, and TS were not selected as hip extensor through the whole range of hip joint explanatory variables of Time30 m, although these are motion and the adductor brevis and the adductor agonist muscles in leg extension. In addition, it is longus muscles also act as hip extensors when the hip possible that muscles other than QF or TS joint is ‰exed more than 259and 509, respectively contribute to knee extension or plantar ‰exion (Dostal et al., 1986). In addition, the moment torque just as the gluteus maximus and the adductor of the hip adductors for hip extension is longer in magnus muscles contribute to knee extension during the hip ‰exed positions, while those of other hip walking through the joint inter-segmental reaction

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force (Arnold et al., 2005). running time in college short and middle distance The current results show that to have greater hip runners. As a result of a stepwise multiple regression adductor muscles relative to body size and smaller analysis, the ratio of cross-sectional area of the hip dorsi‰exors is advantageous for achieving higher adductors to two-thirds power of body weight and performance in short distance sprint running. the cross-sectional area of the dorsi‰exors were However, the prediction equation obtained in the selected as negative and positive explanatory present study can explain only 60z of the variability variables, respectively, for 30-m sprint running time. of Time30 m.Inthepresentstudy,wedidnotmeasure The result indicates that to have greater hip the CSA of the gluteus maximus, which is an agonist adductor muscles relative to the body size and muscle in hip extension. Most recently, Muramatsu smaller dorsi‰exors is advantageous for achieving et al. (2010) reported that, in high school athletes, higher performance in 30-m sprint running. sprinters tended to have larger gluteus maximus muscle than athletes in other sports, although the References diŠerence was not statistically signiˆcant. Akima, H., Kuno, S., Suzuki, Y., Gunji, A., and Fukunaga, T. Therefore, it is possible that, in addition to the (1997). EŠects of 20 days of bed rest on physiological cross- sectional area of human thigh and leg muscles evaluated by muscles tested in the present study, the muscularity magnetic resonance imaging. J. Gravit. Physiol., 4(1): S15- of the gluteus maximus muscle is a determinant 21. factor of inter-individual diŠerence in Time30 m. Arnold,A.S.,Anderson,F.C.,Pandy,M.G.,andDelp,S.L. Furthermore, factors other than muscle size (e.g., (2005). 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