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Non-Citizen Commemoration in Fifth and Fourth Century BC Attica Carrie

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Non-Citizen Commemoration in Fifth and Fourth Century BC Attica Carrie Non-Citizen Commemoration in Fifth and Fourth Century BC Attica By: Carrie Sawtell A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of Archaeology September 2018 2 Abstract The present thesis is an iconographic study of funerary monuments that memorialise, votive reliefs that include and decree reliefs that honour non-citizens resident in Attica or involved with Athens in the course of the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Non-citizens here include metics (free resident foreigners), slaves, and foreigners. Collected together in this thesis are 173 funerary monuments, 34 epigraphic attestations of non-citizens dedicating, 65 votive reliefs that include non-citizens, and 60 decree reliefs. While non-citizens were marginalised legally and politically, they contributed to Athenian society and Athens’ position in the wider Greek world and their presence in the commemorative landscape was part of their contribution. This thesis employs and expands the ‘free spaces’ paradigm adapted by Kostas Vlassopoulos (2007), which envisions certain spaces in Athens as facilitating shared experiences between citizens and non-citizens that created shared identities. It argues that the cemeteries and sanctuaries of Attica were, when it came to commemoration, ‘free spaces’ traversed by both citizens and non-citizens, and that a shared iconography was created and used by citizens and non-citizens alike that both reflected their shared experiences and identities and contributed to those shared experiences and identities. 3 4 Contents List of Figures 9 List of Tables 12 Acknowledgements 13 I: Introduction 15 I.1 Scholarly Context and Contribution 15 I.2 Research Aims 17 I.3 Methodology – ‘Free Spaces’ and Iconography 18 I.4 Thesis Outline 19 II: Foreigners at Home and Abroad 22 II.1 The Development of Legal Statuses prior to Democracy: 23 Citizens and Slaves II.2 Legal Statuses under the Democracy: Citizens and Metics 30 II.3 Athenian Foreign Relations 36 III: ‘Free Spaces’: Framing Non-Citizenship Commemoration 40 III.1 Vlassopoulos’ ‘Free Spaces’ Paradigm and the Agora 41 III.1.1 The Agora 41 III.2 Critiquing and Developing ‘Free Spaces’ 44 III.3 Sanctuaries and Non-Citizen Religious Participation 47 III.3.1 Non-Citizen Participation in Athenian Festivals 49 III.3.2 Dedications 53 III.4 The Cemeteries 54 III.5 Iconography and ‘Free Spaces’ 56 5 IV: The Funerary Monuments 59 IV.1 An Overview of Attic Funerary Commemoration 60 IV.1.1 The Archaic Period 60 IV.1.2 The Classical Period 62 IV.2.1 Identifying Non-Citizen Funerary Monuments 69 IV.2.1.1 Ruling Out Citizens: Demotics 70 IV.2.1.2 Remaining Outsiders? Metics and Ethnics 72 IV.2.1.3 The Worthy Ones: Slaves, Adjectives and Names 73 IV.2.1.4 Other Indicators of Non-Citizen Status 75 IV.2.2 Collecting and Organising Non-Citizen Funerary Monuments 76 IV.2.2.1 Existing Catalogues of Funerary Monuments 76 IV.2.2.2 Dating and Further Organisation 78 IV.3 Collected Non-Citizen Funerary Monuments 80 IV.3.1 450-420 BC (F 1) 80 IV.3.2 420-400 BC (F 2-5) 82 IV.3.3 400-375 BC (F 6-26) 84 IV.3.4 375-350 BC (F 27-95) 93 IV.3.5 350-300 BC (F 96-150) 106 IV.3.6 Undated Monuments (F 151-173) 123 IV.4.1 A Shared Iconography: Familial Relationships and Dress 125 IV.4.1.1 Husbands and Wives 126 IV.4.1.2 Parents with Grown or Infant Children 129 and Child Memorials 6 IV.4.1.3 Brothers and Sisters? 131 IV.4.1.4 Dress 131 IV.4.1.5 Dying for the Polis: Warriors and Warfare 133 IV.4.2 Peculiarly Non-Citizen Iconography 135 IV.4.2.1 Occupational Pride 135 IV.4.2.2 Mistresses and Maids: Slaves with Slaves 140 IV.4.2.3 Banquet Scenes 141 IV.4.2.4 The Kallithea Monument (F 105) 143 V: The Dedications and The Inclusion of Slaves in Votive Reliefs 146 V.1 Dedications by Metics, Slaves and Foreigners 147 V.2 The Depiction of Slaves as Worshippers on Votive Reliefs 159 V.3 A Dedication by a Whole Foreign Community 183 VI: The Decree Reliefs 184 VI.1 Setting up a Decree 185 VI.2 An Overview of Decree Relief Iconography 190 VI.3 Collected Alliance and Honorary Decree Reliefs for Foreigners 192 VI.3.1 From the Earliest Decree Reliefs to the End of the 193 Peloponnesian War, 450 / 426 to 404 BC (DR 1-14) VI.3.2 From the Restoration of Democracy to the Formation of 199 the Second Athenian League, 403 to 379 BC (DR 15-29) VI.3.3 The Second Athenian League, 378 to 338 BC (DR 30-46) 205 VI.3.4 The Battle of Chaeronea to 212 the End of the Fourth Century BC, 338 to 300 BC (DR 47-60) 7 VII: Concluding Discussion: ‘Free Spaces’ Assessed 218 VII.1 The Iconographic Feedback within a ‘Free Space’ 220 VII.2 A Network of ‘Free Spaces’ within Attica 223 VII.3 Attic Artistic Influence across the Greek World and ‘Free Spaces’ 225 Appendix I: The Funerary Monuments 229 Appendix II: Votive Reliefs depicting Slaves 282 Appendix III: The Decree Reliefs 299 Bibliography 313 8 List of Figures 2.1 Map of Attica. 29 4.1 Funerary stele of a woman from Thessaly (?) (F 1). 81 4.2 Funerary stele of Getas, a Scythian archer (F 3). 83 4.3 Funerary stele of Euempolos, a slave (?) (F 4). 83 4.4 Funerary stele of Ktesileos of Erythrea and his wife Theano (F 7). 85 4.5 Funerary stele of Olympichos and Potamon of Thebes (F 8). 85 4.6 Funerary stele of Demokrita of Korinth and Arnion (F 10). 89 4.7 Funerary stele of Hagestor, son of Apollodoros, of Megara (F 12). 90 4.8 Funerary stele of [Askl]epiades, son of Lukophrone, of Miletus (F 14). 90 4.9 Funerary stele of Asia (F 20). 91 4.10 Funerary stele of Gelon (F 21). 91 4.11 Funerary stele of worthy Plangon, a slave (?) (F 24). 92 4.12 Funerary stele of a possible hetaira (F 26). 92 4.13 Funerary stele of Seukes of Bithynia (F 30). 99 4.14 Funerary stele of Erene of Byzantium (F 33). 99 4.15 Funerary stele of Ariston, son of Ariston, of Ephesus (F 35). 100 4.16 Funerary stele of Kosmia of Kelainai, Phrygia (F 42). 100 4.17 Funerary stele of Pamphilos, son of Lampitos, of Miletus (F 54). 101 4.18 Funerary stele of two men from Olynthus (F 56). 101 4.19 Funerary stele of a Phoenician (F 74). 102 4.20 Funerary stele of Thettale, wife of Pyrrhias (F 78). 102 4.21 Funerary stele of Kosmia (F 80). 103 4.22 Funerary lekythos of Pantaleon, a possible priest of foreign origin (F 82). 103 4.23 Funerary stele of worthy and just Soteris, a slave (?) (F 89). 104 9 4.24 Funerary stele of worthy Pithane, a slave (?) (F 90). 104 4.25 Funerary stele of the midwife Phanostrate (F 93). 105 4.26 Funerary stele of Menes, son of Kallias, of Argos (F 97). 114 4.27 Funerary stele of Hermogenes, Rode and Epigenes of Gerenaios (F 98). 115 4.28 Funerary stele of Korallion, wife of Agathon (of Herakleia) (F 100). 116 4.29 Funerary stele of Eutychides of Kios (F 102). 117 4.30 Funerary stele of Dionysus of Ikaria (F 104). 117 4.31 Funerary monument of Nikeratos of Istros and his son Polyxenos, 118 also known as the Kallithea Monument (F 105). 4.32 Funerary stele of [Di]okles, son of Diokles, of Cyprus (F 109). 119 4.33 Funerary stele of Onesimos son of Onetor of Lesbos, Protonoe, 120 Nikostrate and Eukoline (F 112). 4.34 Funerary stele of Epicharides and Erato of Plataea (F 119). 120 4.35 Funerary stele of worthy Doris, a slave (?) (F 129). 121 4.36 Funerary stele of worthy Karion, a slave (?) (F 132). 121 4.37 Funerary stele of a worthy nurse (F 147). 122 4.38 One of a pair of Scythian archer funerary statues (F 150). 122 5.1 Joint dedication to the Nymphs at Vari. 156 5.2 Votive relief depicting Zeus Meilichios / Philios and Worshippers (VR 5). 179 5.3 Votive relief depicting Asklepios, Hygieia and Worshippers (VR 11). 180 5.4 Votive relief depicting Artemis and worshippers (VR 14). 180 5.5 Votive relief depicting Asklepios, Hygieia and Worshippers (VR 18). 181 6.1 Decree relief honouring Proxenides of Knidos (DR 7). 196 6.2 Decree relief commemorating an alliance between Athens 200 and Samos (DR 15). 6.3 Decree relief honouring the sons of Leomestor and Diagoras 203 of Abydos (DR 25). 10 6.4 Decree relief honouring Alketas of Syracuse (DR 31). 206 6.5 Decree relief commemorating an alliance between Athens, 208 Thrace, Paionia, and Illyria (DR 35). 11 List of Tables 3.1 Metic roles in the Panathenaia. 50 4.1 Numbers of metic, slave and undefined non-citizen 80 funerary monuments, organised by date. 4.2 Monument types amongst non-citizens between 375 BC and 350 BC. 93 4.3 Monument types amongst non-citizens between 350 BC and 300 BC. 106 4.4 Total number of funerary monuments with surviving iconography, 125 organised by date. 4.5 Total of depictions of husband and wife only across status and time 127 as a fraction of the total monuments.
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