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Home , Chalandri, East Attica, Eleusis, Fyli, Glyfada, Haidari

54 of inGreece 1: Map The Region Marilena Papageorgiou of cul arc N e tw th t h ural ed” itsunderground ofthewiderarea. ’s space istheseismicactivity location considered often a isvery heritage ‘curse’ inpeople’s eyes, rather than ablessing. the destiny oftheantiquities. This isthereason why antiquities andancient built which is responsible and thefinal decision about for conservation the preservation, months oreven years. The wholeprocedure by theMinistry, must besupervised ofCulture might lastfor oftheHellenicMinistry alongtime,the surveys several theareacal Law to ofinterest. 3028-immediately survey stop thework and start ofCulture –inaccordance oftheMinistry authorities withtheGreek Archaeologi - tiquities even at ashallow depth.Usually, whenthat occurs, thearchaeological neling (publicworks, private etc) islikelyto buildingconstruction encounter an- that requires inGreece, activity digging, fact, construction In ortun- every boring or inusingitsunderground space for development city –and/orotherpurposes. Greec I aeol NTRODUCT or e Apart from encounteringApart antiquities, another reason that Greece has not “exploit general,In ofarchaeological dueto thehighdensity items intheGreek subsoil, e is a country that doesn’te isacountry have longtradition eitherinbuildinghigh avery A k th I ing

ON si ogical : ens T H t E

es USE underground

M O W regarding the use of its underground space. sulting from natural disasters orthreats ofwar. and insomecasesfor shelter inemergencies re spaces infrastructure, parking as transportation used onlyfor themundane andnecessary, such time inGreece, underground space was usually earthquakes. standardsconstruction to ensure safety against deep underground mustfollow extremelyhigh aimingat eithergoinghighupor construction inEurope.est seismicactivity This meansthat - intheeastMediterranean Basin-hasthehigh considered to bea “curse” into –turned a - “bless the antiquities encountered - whichwere once : F ith theconstruc Recently though,Greece entered anewera toDue theaforementioned reasons, for along UNDERGROUND T e h

t and e ro

ca tion oftheAthens Metro,

S P se ACE I N

GREECE

- - finally theislands of 13;the UnitofAthens consists consistsAthens theNorth of8Municipalities; Sector/Unit ofPiraeus).cluding thecity The 8Regional Unitsare thefollowing: Regional Units, 5of whichtogether form agglomeration theurban ofAthens (in- istrative reorganization (Law 3852in2010),theAttica Region isdividedinto 8 proximately 20%oftheAttica Region (ITA, 2005).According to thelatest admin- Pentelitha andMount to theeast. andMount to theNorth Basin. Four mountains surround Egaleo thebasin:Mount to thewest, Parni Mount - tory spanningmore than3000years.tory one oftheoldestcitiesinworld, withahis- Greece. islocated intheAttica It Region andis Since 1833, of hasbeenthe capital city M Ke AT ning process. of an integratedpart and holisticspatial plan- canbecome inarchaeologicalso rich artifacts, the way that theunderground space ofGreece, challenges for Greek planners regarding urban tity. Furthermore, thecaseaimsto discussthe to enhance thecity’swhich canalsoserve iden- can have analternative, more sophisticated use, this common use of the underground space the caseofAthens Metro andtheway that Bank ofGreece). (e.g.of thesurface inthebuildingofCentral withthecultural andarchaeologicality spaces displayed often are insituandcontinu very - treasures found inotherunderground spaces ing”. Indeed,since that time, thearchaeological etr As the capital of Greece, Athens is the economic, commercial and administrative Further, these8Regional Unitsare dividedinto 66Municipalities. The Central The Athens Metropolitan Area over extends covering more than400km², ap Athens sprawls across thecentral plainofAttica, referred often to asthe thiscontext, thepresentIn paperpresents y issues for the H ENS opolitan W I N est Unit 7; the South Unit 7;P est Unit7;theSouth

Islands W AthensSouth C W Athens North LA nrl Athens entral est Attica est Athens A , 7 Municipalities (See (See , 7Municipalities Table 2). YERS r ea A thens M etropolitan Area ofAthens iraeus 5;EastAttica 14; W est Attica 5;and 4 · Athens 3 ·North Athens2 ·South Athens Central · 1 W

est Athens Athens - 8 · 7 ·EastAttica 6 · 5 ·P the authors Source: processed by Units ofAttica Region 2:AdministrativeMap W iraeus est Attica

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the 55 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 56 (res/km²) Density Area Population TOTAL East Attica Islands Piraeus West Athens Athens North AthensSouth Central Athens Regional Units Source: ELSTAT (HellenicStatistical Census Authority), 2011 Table 2:Keydata for thespatial/administrative UnitsofAttica Region Source: ELSTAT (HellenicStatistical Census Authority), 2001and2011 Table 1:Keydata for Athens andAttica Region sites, theatres, andothercultural galleries institutions. mense cultural isreflected heritage by itshundreds ofmuseums, archaeological capital, withmany qualifieduniversities and research centers.Moreover, itsim- productivity.per itslevel/percentage oftertiary Attica Metropolitan Area isranked 8 the samePlan, amongstallmetropolitan areas intheEuropean Union,theAthens- sector, sector,secondary 19.57%;andprimary 0.57%.Furthermore, according to oftheregionalstructure economy sector, ofAttica isasfollows: tertiary 79.86%; (statistical40% ofthedomesticproduct data of2011:ELSTAT). 3% of the total area of Greece, Athens and the Region of Attica produce almost most 30%ofthepopulation ofGreece. that itrepresents Despite thefact lessthan center ofthecountry. Moreover, itisthemost populated center, urban hometo al- 9131.4 ,9.27458 8.71,005.15 987.87 3,827,624 7,495.81 3,761,810 7,595.62 3,089,698 17.042 2001 3,130,841 19.133 664,046 2011 745,514 2001 ofAthensMunicipality Finally, mentioning that dueto itisworth itslonghistory, Athens isavibrant According to thedata oftheRegional Economic Plan ofAttica (2007-2013),the ,2,2 3,808km² 3,827,624 1,512.993 1,004.0 502,348 -Drapetsona, Koridalos, Nikaia-Ag.Ioannins Rentis, 160,927 Ag.Varvara, Ag.Anargiri-, Egaleo, , Ilion, 50.4km². 74,651 66.8km² 448,997 Ag.Paraskevi, Maroussi, , Kifisia, Heraklion, Ag.Dimitrios, , Glifada,-Argiroupoli, Moscha- 489,675 138.79km² Athens, , Dafni-Hemyttos, , , 68.9km² 591,680 87.3km² 529,826 1,029,520 Population 38.964 km² km² km² km² km² 878.965 Municipalities Area size Area ofAthens Metropolitan Piraeus, , , Chaidari Cholargou, Penteli, -Psichico, N.Erithrea, Lykovrisi-, N.,- , to-Tavros, P.Faliro N.Smirni, Philadelfia-Chalkidona, Kesariani, , Palini,Saronikos, -, . -Artemida, Peania,Lavreotikis, Marathonas, Markopoulo-Mesogaia, Acharnon, Varis-Voulas-Vouliagmenis, Dionysos, Kropias, , Elefsina, , , Mandra-Idilia, Egina, ,Agkistri, Kithira, , Salamina, Trizina, 412.19 km² th according to itspopulation size, and14 2011 2001 Attica Region 3,808 km² 2011 th as area (of about 2 km²) and it was situated at a distance from the sea (). anditwas situatedarea at (ofabout2 km²) adistance from thesea(Saronic Gulf). According to researchers of ancient writings, the ancient covered walled city a small Cyclopean theMycenaeanthater during was proved civilization, afact by theexistence of cline,Moreover, andwasin1688. finallyburned at thebeginning ofthe 19 times, theParthenon was converted into amosque, faced asignificant thecity de quered by theLatins, andtwo centuries later Empire. by theOttoman these During invasions. again the 11 flourished It 7000 years ago(4 T I built upareas, etc). (Unification of Archaeological Sites of Athens S.A. · Travlos, 1993). changes regarding publicspaces (i.e. elimination ofpublicsquares, increase ofthe andfinallyimplementedKlenze) in1860(by the Stavridis Commission) withmany towardsthe city otherareas. soonmodified(in1834, Thisby plan,though,was very thearchaeologicaltect sites andmonuments inthehistoric center andto expand chaeological treasures, goal setby the architects was to restore theprimary and pro Since themainreason for choosingAthens to become Greece’s capitalwas itsar (a Bavarian) to produceMasterand Schaubert thefirst Plan for theGreek capital. was thenthat the State6,000. It appointed the Architects (a Greek Kleanthis native) come thecapitalofGreece in1833.At that time, thepopulation ofAthens was nearly still claimsshouldbereturned from theU.K.). of many sculptures from astheElgin marbles, theParthenon (known whichGreece Lord ElginEmpire) Ambassador to (theBritish arranged theOttoman for theremoval (Museum of the City ofAthens, oftheCity (Museum 1997). buildings, possessesmany mostlychurches,city well-conserved oftheByzantineera fortunes. In the6 fortunes. In of OlympianZeus ofAthens, oftheCity (Museum 1997). severalueduct, andthecompletion templesabridge ofthe andsanctuaries, Temple buildingssuchasalibrary, agymnasium,anaq- ofimportant with theconstruction man emperor A.D.), Adrian (2nd century Athens ofitshistoric glory acquired part GeneralSulla)andthenreconstructed.Roman thetimesof Ro Indeed,during tion ofAthens began to decrease asthe Athenians migrated to theEast. citizens’ rightswas about70,000. while theslaves numbered between 150,000–400,000,andthepopulation without that theAtheniansreports andtheirfamiliesnumbered atotal of140,000people, istry ofCulture, istry 2005). more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, which means that it was already a - (Min lowing years, by theeve oftheSecond 450,000 inhabitants. to Due theimmigration waves fromthefol during Asia- Minor approximately 50,000 inhabitants. the1920’s, By Athens hadgrown to more than t isestimated that Athens hasbeensettledsince theNeolithicera, whichmeans he historical phasesofsettlementinthe By the period ofthePeloponnesian theperiod By At thebeginning ofthefirstmillennium smallsettlement. B.C., Athens was a very In themiddleof the 19 In rule, fromAfter theliberation Ottoman Athens ofthecountry was chosento be However, didnotlastfor thisprosperity long. the13 In During theByzantineera, AthensDuring was converted to aprovincial town, withvarying conquest, oftheRoman theperiod AthensDuring was initiallydestroyed (by the B.C. theconquests -after ofAlexander the4thcentury theGreatIn -thepopula W alls intheAcr th th century A.D. century shrank considerably, thecity dueto thebarbarian millenniumB.C.). economic Athenscent was alsoanimportant th century, theMasterPlan ofAthens for designed thecity opolis site (Travlos, 1993). th and 12 W W orld orld ar (5 th centuries A.D., due to which today the W th ar, thecapitalofGr century B.C.), century states/ A thens ( th century Athens was con century - A ttica) area eece numbered th century, ------

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 57 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 58 8 rw Circular - L8: Brown L7: Yellow Fyli –NeaElvetia L6: Pink Petroupoli /Ethniki Blue L5: Dark Agia Marina L4: Orange L3: Light Blue L2: Red L1: Green Lines Source: www.ametro.gr (processed by theauthors) Table ofthemetro 3:Keycharacteristics lines 2013). S.A., Metro (Attiko ofnewtunnels ditional stations and7.6km inthenearfuture to itscapacity through isexpected extend 2013, thenetwork 6ad- passengers onadailybasis. Moreover, according to anewcontract signed inMarch includes65stations, almosttwo million work to extends andserves almost80km, with 21 stations. Today, several net and after extensions, the actual re-adjustments technologies. The initialplanwas approximately to construct ofmetro lines 20km later, theworks are stillproceeding at anintensive pace, usingthemostup-to-date would improve by reducing theairquality thesmoginatmosphere. Two decades the newAthens Metro would contribute to thedecrease oftraffic congestionand section). (seenext the project ofseveralduct ancillary, buttotally necessary, for surveys/plans therealization of dimensionoftheproject,whichsetasaprerequisite thecon- multi-disciplinary more thantwo decadeslater, inthelate 1980’s. The reason for thedelay was the (Nathenas,network 2007). tion inthecapitalofGreece, subway whichinsomecasesincludedafourteen-line thepreparationernment started ofseveral plansfor theunderground- transporta system inAthensportation hademerged. As aresult, 1960’s, intheearly thegov the Athens conurbation) in1957(Androulidakis, 1995). in 1904 of and reached suburb its current length (terminating the northern at Kifisia, was ofPiraeus eventuallyfrom It electrified to theport thecenter ofAthens (Thissio). Line1was thetransit initiallyopenedin1869asasteam railwaynetwork. –serving of Greece was therailway ofISAPS.A.,whichnow represents Line1oftheMetro of Untilthe Athens the construction Metro, the only rapid transit line in the capital Ke C AT hiai–Psioo - –Poseidonos Chaidari – Vryoni /Perama Amalia Fleming 20 Odos July2013 – D.Plakentias/Airport 2000 January Anthoupoli –Elliniko Pireaus –Kifisia Route H Finally, inNovember 1992,withthehopethat oflines2and3started construction conception,Despite theearly thePlans for theAthens Metro were onlyfinalized thetimeLine1wasBy completed, newaspirations for theevolution ofthetrans- y elementsoftheconstruction ofthe H ALLENGES ENS

METRO

AND

CONSTRUCT - - - December 24 2000 January August 1957 February 1869 Opened First Section

C ONSTRA I I - - - - - 2013 Opened Last Section ON NT S : A thens o eie Notdefined Not defined Notdefined Not defined o eie Notdefined Not defined Notdefined Not defined 29 21 Length of No ofstations M etr o 33.0 km 37.6 km 16.4 km 25.6 km lines (km) - - the underground space is100% public. Moreover, according to Greek legislation, Rail ofUrban equipment istheproperty Transport S.A.includingtherails, while to Athens International Airport) themainRailwayCompanyTRAINOSE, ofGreece. 60 ofwhichbelongto Rail theUrban Transport S.A.andtherest ofthe (inthevicinity Transportation of Athens). Source: Attiko Metro S.A. 3:AthensMap Metro LinesDevelopment Plan shouldbementioned that theconsolidation1 It ofoperations was attempted for thefirsttimein1998 by TransportRail Urban railway management (AMEL S.A.,ISAPS.A.and Tram S.A.)into oneCompany:the ofLaw 3920/2011,byenactment whichtheGreek government unifiedallurban erated Lines2and3. ens &Piraeus RailwayCompany (ISAPS.A.),whileAttiko Metro S.Aowned andop was not unified. Line1 was owned andoperated by themanagement ofthe Ath- Until June 2011,theoper M the Greek Government (Law 2669/1998),but it never cameto fruition. Mandra ATHENSREGULATORY METRO PLAN Vassiliko Salamina anagerial, fundingandproperty issues METRO LINES METRO LEGEND According to thelaw company, andthecontracts oftheconstruction allthe intotal AthensAt 65stations, Metro themoment, serves network thethree-line The consolidation of operations of the Athens Metro finally arrived withthe L8, Ring Line Ring L8, - Alimos L7, Perama - Thisio L6A, Piraeus - L6, Liosia - Ano Vyronas L5, - Petroupoli L4, Piraeus - L3, Airport - L2, N.Erythraea - Keratsini L1, Paloukia Kamatero Selinia Elefsina Perama L6A L6A 1 (STASY)OASA of asubsidiary (Company S.A., S.A. the Urban of Aspropyrgos ational management ofthesubway ofAthens network Drapetsona L1 L1 PIRAEUS f l u G s o k i n o r a S Nikea Î L6 L6 NIKEA Korydallos MANIATIKA AGHIA VARVARA AGHIA Pireaus L3 Varvara L3 THEATRO DIMOTIKO Aghia KAMINIA Haidari FALIRO L7 L7 Ioannis Aghios Fyli Rentis HAIDARI Moshato Egaleo Petroupoli ANTHOUPOLI MOSHATO EGALEO PERISTERI Peristeri KALITHEA ANTONIOS Liossia Ano L4 ILISSOS AGHIOS L4 Faliro Paleo Tavros TAVROS PETRALONA ELEONAS Ilion L2 L2 L5 L5 Kamatero METAXOURGHIO ST.LARISSIS AGHIOS NIKOLAOS AGHIOS SEPOLIA L7 L7 THISSIO SYGROU- Zefyrion ATTIKI ELEFTHERIOS ACROPOLI PATISSIA VICTORIA Aghioi Anargyri Aghioi Alimos KATO ANO PATISSIA ANO AGHIOS Dimitrios Aghios OMONIA Halkidona Nea Dafni KOSMOS NEOS Helliniko SYNTAGMA PANEPISTIMIO KOLONAKI IOANNIS AGHIOS GLYFADA EXARHIA Filadelfia DAFNI Aharnes Nea PAGRATI AGHIOS DIMITRIOS AGHIOS PANAGOULIS) (AL. ALEXANDRAS DIKASTIRIA KYPSELI L8 L8 ATHENS ALIMOS PERISSOS L5 ILIOUPOLI L2 L5 L2 EVANGELISMOS HELLINIKO Argyroupoli Ilioupoli Metamorfosi PEFKAKIA VYRONAS GALATSI MOUSSIKIS MEGARO Galatsi KESSARIANI Kessariani IONIA NEA GOLF PANORMOU ALSOS VEIKOU ALSOS Vyronas L8 AMBELOKIPI Ilioupoli L8 GLYFADA ANO IRAKLIO Ionia Psyhiko Nea PSALIDI FAROS ILISSIA ANO Iraklio Zografou ZOGRAFOU L4 L4 FILOTHEI Filothei KATEHAKI Lykovrysi IRINI Psihiko Neo ETHNIKI AMYNA ETHNIKI NERATZIOTISSA Pefki Papagou Maroussi SIDERA STADIO OLYMPIAKO HOLARGOS Holargos

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Aghios imon Zouberi January 2012 January Andreas Aghios (Loutsa) Mati Rafina Vravrona ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 60 necessary – surveys/ planswere –surveys/ needed.necessary Indeed,thestudiesandplans, whichbe aged inGreece and, therefore, for itsrealization multipleprovisional -buttotally As mentioned above, the Athens Metro is the most extensive ever project envis- Provisional studies undertaken ground level. at spaces public under or buildings) for level basement normal the below (far ters me- 30 to from 18 depth a occurs at construction usually of anykind propertysince private to relating problems serious no are there construction, Metro the of case quential steps below. as described gan inthelate 1980’s, were ofthree broad categories andwere inse conducted 2 Ιn Greece2 Ιn there isnospecificlaw orany other statute mat dealingwiththeuseand related property implementation oftheMasterPlan ofAthens (ORSA). of the Urban Transportation of Athens (OASA S.A.) and b) the Organization for the whichwereother authorities alsoinvolved were: intheproject a)theCompany number of passengers. For the realization of the Plan, beyond Attiko Metro S.A., regarding theoptimumroute/alignment themaximum oftheMetro to dailyserve tance before ofthesubway, theconstruction inorder to develop thebestscenario The Transportation MasterPlan for theAthens Metro was ofparamount impor Transportation Master Planfor theAthens Metro ofsubsidies and proportions Figure 1:Cost oftheAthens Metro project fully to the State, asdoallminerals andores ofthesubsoil depths lower thanthosethat theBuildingCode allows to buildbasements belong below openpublic spaces in order to be easilyreached incaseofrepairs andmaintenance work. ture works (sewage system orwater supply, subway metro lines, etc.). Very theseinfrastructures lie often, owned by (state thepublic authorities orlocalgovernments) and isusedto meettheneedsfor infrastruc for ofmore the construction underground floors. Therefore, the groundtwois below thedepthof floors (garages,buildings withaspecialpurpose hospitals, etc.) whichreceive buildingpermission thenecessary level.floors (basements) whichmeans6 to 8meters below However, surface there are some exceptions for Code. More specifically, theBuilding Code,two asarule, ofonly underground the permits construction ters ofunderground space. However, ofissuesare addressed indirectly thesekinds by theGreek Building 19% -Greek State 38% -European Investment Bank–Loans 43% -European Union–Subsidies 2.200 millionEUROS 50% -E 2.100 millionEUROS 11% -Greek State 39% -European Investment Bank–Loans M Ex e tensions tro uropean Union –Subsidies B ase

P o ro f L j ines ec t 2 &

3 2 . Consequently, the in - - - - - ∙ Rec ∙ Rec ∙ Questionnair ∙ Gener ∙ weresurveys alsonecessary: seismic activity ofthearea andthecomposition ofthesubsoil.seismic activity Specifically, thesoilof Athens The oftheAthens construction Metro hadto overcome ofgeological obstacles:the two kinds Geological andHydraulic Surveys P ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ hoto Simula Finally, notingthat for itisworth theelaboration ofthe Transportation MasterPlan, thefollowing ord of the existing transportation meansanditineraries oftheAtticaord Region; oftheexisting transportation ord oftheexisting road ofAthens; network

galler al Land-Use Plan oftheAttica Region; tion studiesregarding inareas theland-use andreal-estate changesexpected withmetro stations. y f e survey regarding oftheAtticae survey thedailymobility Region citizens; rom

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Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 61 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 62 tions inthehistorical center of ofAthens the andspecificallyduring construction ofCulture (MoC). oftheHellenicMinistry services techniques using modern undertheguidancedetail andpreserved oftherelevant out instations andventilation shafts. The antiquities revealed were recorded in of Culture). werestructures) found at greater depths, i.e. from 15mto 45m(HellenicMinistry 7.0m, althoughinsomecasesarchaeological ‘layers’ (regarding mostly “hydraulic” the onewhere antiquities are usuallyencountered. depth of 15 meters and deeper, which is considered to be a much lower level than theoperations/excavationsstruction, for theopeningoftunnels took place at a Indeed, inorder to avoid encountering ordestroying antiquitiesthecon during - nels, drains, wells allowing andkilns, newinsight into Athens’ ancient topography. ancient streets,sanctuaries, houses, publicworkshops, pits, sewage foundry tun- Attiko Metro S.A. – revealed archaeological finds, such as:aqueducts, cemeteries, area of80,000m² (Attiko Metro S.A.). outexcavations,ried whichrevealed more inatotal than50,000ancient objects excavation intheGreek capital. For more than6years, teams ofarchaeologists (in November 1992)was alsothebeginning ofthemostextensive archaeological tion ofarchaeological findsinitssubsoil, thebeginning ofthesubway construction ofsettlement inAthens,Given thelong history andtherefore themassive- expecta T tion ofthemetro was ready to begin. to finalize thealignmentserved ofthetunnelsandlocation ofthemetro stations. The topographical and surveys the studies above-mentioned began right after Topographical Studies ∙ Tests ofsoil ∙ Measur ∙ ∙ Surv ∙ beingthefollowingmost important (Attiko Metro S.A.,2013): Investigations were theexecution outduring alsocarried oftheproject,with more than350boreholes, whichwere dugat adepthofapproximately 20-30m. geotechnical investigations were to- including out prior the construction carried ofthearea accordingly. andadjusted theconstruction mic activity Furthermore, 1976).and Κoukis, consists (Andronopoulos whichinturn ofrocksSchist, withlittlepermeability consists of of geologicala series formations as the system known of the Athenian ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ he unc Undoubtedly, themost significant antiquities were the excavafound during - general, notingthat moreIn excavations itisworth thantwenty were carried The average were depthat whichtheobjects foundbetween varied0.5mto More specifically, the excavation program –which was totally funded by the Ultimately, with thecompletion ofalltheabove studiesandplans, theconstruc inthetunnelalignments.buildings andstructures Geot river channels, etc; majorobjects, Geoph For oftheMetro, theconstruction theengineers took into consideration theseis- ey ofthegeological andgeotechnical conditions with1,100boreholes; echnical monitoring program (always inoperation) for thesafety ofthe ysical surveys, usingvarioustechniques, inorder underground to detect overed archaeological treasures of ement oftheunderground water level alongthemetro lines; , rock samplesand otherdata onsite; collected A thens: Blessing orcurse ? - - Keramikos Station and theAttiko Metro S.A.(processed by authors) ofCultureSource: data obtainedfrom theMinistry Table 4:Archaeological finds by area of excavation Stations and D.Plakentias Eth.AmynaBetween and Egaleo Stations Monastiraki Between Eleonas Station -anancient cemetery Egaleo Station withitssurrounding wall, -anancient cemetery aPeisistranian andaroad duct Panepistimio Station Evangelismos Station ventilation shafts centerHistorical Station Station Monastiraki Syn Location Ag. Antonios Station - a cemetery of vacant Kalyvites-type tombs, dating years backto ofvacant Christian theearly Kalyvites-type -acemetery Ag. Antonios Station Stations and Ag.Antonios AnthoupoliBetween tagma Station - - theancient road leadingfrom thegates ofthewall toregion. themunicipalitiesofMessogaia River - thebedofIridanos ofthePeisistranian- asection Aqueduct - abaths complex dating backto times Roman dating backtoandByzantinetimes thesub-Mycenaean - acemetery dating- asculpture from foundry theClassicalEra - - ancient disposalareas withnumerous findsdating from allancient eras solidmasonry, possiblybelonging ofancient to walls ancient withparticularly temples - parts - residential complexes andworkshops dating from Archaic theearly to theByzantineyears ofcemeteries - parts - acemetery workshop- ahandicraft facility - ofIeraB.C. dating Odos from upto the7thcentury era. theRoman - parts - abuildingofsignificant in importance, “Assomaton” Shaft - anancient cemetery, in “Iachou” Shaft - workshop areas andhydraulic systems, in –Arionos”“Ermou Shaft - abuildingdating backto thePost Classicaltimesandworkshops, in “Thissio” Shaft - abuildingdating backto era theRoman andByzantinestorage facilities, in “Fokionos” Shaft - - buildingremains, in “Mitropoleos” Shaft bath- aRoman ofsignificant in importance, “Amalias” Shaft andhydraulic house,- aRoman acemetery systems, in “Irodou Attikou” Shaft a few andPost-Helladic graves- Eras, oftheMiddle-Helladic houses, workshops, roads andbaths. residential remains- B.C. dating from A.D. (Geometric the8thcentury Era) upto the19thcentury - buildings, workshops, graves ofwater andavariety supplyandsewage systems River - thevaulted bedoftheIridanos River - thebedofIridanos grounds,- burial dating backto thebeginning ofthePeloponnesian - thewestern surrounding wall ofthecemetery Archaeological - bonesandtheheadofayoung woman, probably dating backto era theRoman - ceramic items - anancient well - theremains ofac 6th centuries BC. on columns, in “Petmeza” Shaft B.C.beginning upto ofthe7thcentury times Roman remains ofbuildingsandanancient road leadingto inlandAttica archaeolog ofthebr the part a cemet ofac part ery dating from theClassicalupto theByzantineperiod,ery aswell asaroom supported emetery of the ancient city ofAthens, oftheancient city with1200gravesemetery dating backto the ical investigations were executed inanoverall area of12,000m²andrevealed F inds idge belongingriver, to theancient Kifissos dated between the 5thand eramic art workshop eramic art W ar

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 63 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 64 P E K A S llinik y er hoto cropolis ntagma amikos

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pro j ec t Acr ∙ ∙ ∙ T More specifically, thestations withcultural andarchaeological exhibitions are: tal andarchaeological treasures that are located inthehistorical center ofAthens. exhibitions are open to ofthegreater thepublic free andconstitute part monumen- or their replicas which were found of theMetro lines.the construction during These the insitudisplay ofseveral findsinquite a few cases. Therefore, instead of removing of Culture all items found, decided on the Ministry for theemergence ofanewconcept onhow to dealwiththearchaeological finds. As inprevious described theAthens sections, was Metro theimpetus construction kept in the storehouses of the Ministry ofCulturekept inthestorehouses for future oftheMinistry display. exhibition ofapproximately are 2,000m²andasmallmuseum),whilethemajority ties, someofthemare displayed intheZografou University Campus (inanopen-air items theremaining (authentic orreplicas). hundreds Of ofthousandsantiqui- andexposedMetro insitu(at specific left stations), asare quite a few removable forpractice oftheantiquities. thepreservation ofCulture toimpetus for changeitsperception theMinistry regarding thebest (i.e. non-removablestructions findings),thecaseof MetroAthens was the to themassive presence notonlyofarchaeological items, butalsoofancient con- compounded due Nevertheless, boththecost andthetimeofconstruction. ∙ ∙ ∙ theAdr ∙ ofthetunnels theboring findsduring were the the mostimportant following: the Metro Stations of Syntagma, Keramikos,and Akropolis. Amongst Monastiraki ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ urning the Syn Monastir At and/ present, six(6)oftheMetro stations includeexhibitions ofancient artifacts onsite, which were detachedandplaced inanexhibition opento thepublic. 2,500m². The mainunderground area found incorporates someofthearticles of theAcropolis andtheParthenon. The excavations to extended more than galleries,cultural exhibitions, events bazaarsetc). (art tion, theSyntagma Station alsoincludesaspacioushalldesigned to hostspecial andfindingsfrom the excavationsexhibition ofartifacts Metro.for the In addi- andinquantity) (inquality ma Station was chosen to hostthemostimportant large area compared to otherStations. to Due andsize, itscentricity theSyntag- subway, ofAthens. underground Its itisrightintheheart space covers quite a underground corridors. onsite Riverwas preserved andisnow ofthe presentedIridanos inaspecialpart transferred of Culture, of the vaultedto areas bed of the of the Ministry part For thisreason, found ancient constructions theMetro during excavations are The excavation program that took place inAthens for theMetro construction 6 the mostancientexcavated bridge inGreece dating backbetween the5 oftheancien part ebrations for andPersephone; route that followed theprocession oftheEleusinianMysteries, thecel during - the ancient Ier the Ir th centuries B.C. opolis Station: It is themainstop foropolis Station: It visitsto theUNESCO world site heritage tagma Station: The mostcentral andthebusiestinterchange station ofthe idanos Riverwhichwas thebasicaxisoftown planningofAthens inalleras; ianion Aqueduct; aki Station: Although the majority of Station:items foundAlthough the majority aki at the station were M etr a Odos axis which connected Athens axiswhichconnected a Odos withEleusisandwas the o stations into free museumsandcultural spaces t bridge belonging to the Kifissos River belonging intheEleonasarea,t bridge to theKifissos th and and

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 65 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 66 acquired by onsite investigation) Source: processed by authors(data Table 5:ExhibitionsineachMetro station Egaleo Eleonas Panepistimio Evangelismos Acropolis Monastiraki Syntagma Exhibitionsanduses Metro Station to ofcitizens makethejourney andvisitors usingtheMetro even more pleasant. of these stations, addition, in the each majority station. In orchestral music is used panied by photo regarding galleries) thetimeandfindingsof excavation of the Metro areas, visitors and passengers can also find special information (accom- offsitedetached andpreserved andlater placed intheiroriginal location. onsite.the antiquity At Attiko Metro’s expense, theabutmentswere ofthisbridge found inGreece, theCentral Archaeological Council ofGreece decidedto display River the ancientwas Kifissos revealed. Since is the the most bridge ancient one ∙ - exhibition with artifacts andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts Main underground area oftheMetro Station - archaeological site ofIera Axis Odos Area Surface - information techniques presented artistic withthehelpofmodern Main underground area oftheMetro Station - Area Surface sculptures- modern andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts Main underground area oftheMetro Station sculptures- modern andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts presenting- cross-section theunderground layers of thecity Main underground area oftheMetro Station - Sculptures representing theauthentic frieze oftheParthenon Platform Area presenting- cross-section theunderground layers of thecity - replicas ofsculptures andstatues found intheAcropolis area andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts Main underground area oftheMetro Station River ofthevaulted- archaeological bedoftheIridanos site withpart Platform (of Area Line1) sculptures- modern - exhibition hall andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts presenting- cross-section theunderground layers ofthecity Main underground area ofMetro Station presenting depththat tunnelsreach- expanded shaft theactual intheStation - archaeological ofthePeisistranian site withasection Aqueduct (Syntagma Area Surface Square) ∙ archaeolog between the5thand6thcenturies B.C. Beyond the exhibitions of artifacts ortheoriginal archaeological structures, in Beyond theexhibitions ofartifacts belonging ofabridge theworks to intheareaDuring ofEleonasStation, apart also usedintheexhibitions inEvangelismos Station andEgaleo Station. view of the undergroundan unobstructed layers of the city. The same rationale is der Panepistimio andreplicas are Station:exhibited Ancient in the mainun- artifacts ground area, whileanexposedofthesubsoilAthens cross-section provides ical site including part of the bridge belonging to the ancient Kifissos River, belonging ofthebridge to theancient Kifissos ical site including part dated to enhancingitscultural identity. doubtedly contribute bothto increasing the cultural spaces onoffer and inthe city archaeological cultural layers institutions are found andthemostimportant -un enrichment ofthecultural displayed heritage intheunderground space oftheMetro. to the is to expected archaeologicalcontribute further findswithmodern ofart works stations oftheAthens MetroUndoubtedly, extension. the combined incorporation of tive orinteractive pieces ofart. Metro stations. These includedsculptures, statues, photo andothercrea galleries - weretinguished Greek invited artists to create to decorate works ofart theAthens Forthe works Greek ofcontemporary artists. therealization oftheprogram, dis- is to demonstrate between the significant a co-existence archaeological finds and mented from thebeginning oftheMetro’s operation. The program’s aim primary Registry Cadastre S.A. Agency andMapping Registry Source: processed by theauthorsonNational Land of cultural interest inthehistorical center ofAthens. ofundergroundsites 3:Interaction Map andsurface All the above ofAthens, stations - located where rightinthe heart thedense programThe isstillinprogress, art since itinvolves allnew and under-construction Another uniquefeature program oftheAthens Metro that istheart was imple -

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 67 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 68 in the T justments to the land-useplanninginthesurrounding area. generation above ofthecity themetro stations andconsequently- for there-ad the giant metro drills. the tunnelswere notinacondition to withstandtheconstant vibrations causedby measures in case some of the existingall necessary buildings lying on the route of close to the depth of the tunnels. The same Offices were also responsible for taking metro tunnels(50 meters from allsides of thestations) hadnobasements reaching that theexisting buildingsinabuffer zone of30meters from bothsidesofthe ro tunnels. Specifically, theUrban OfficesControl werecertifying responsible for mostly restricted to the approval of the plans regarding the alignments of the Met of theMetro lines. play asignificant role, period, theopening orafter the eitherduring construction were notthat involved actively intherealization andtheydidnot oftheproject ofCulture.archaeologists oftheHellenicMinistry This meansthatplanners urban was mainly ataskhandledby company theengineers oftheconstruction andthe general,In ofincorporating theproject theantiquities inthesubways ofAthens T ALTERNA T Tram railway. andthesuburban network Ultimately, ofthenew thebasicpriority At thesame time, the it isplanned to interconnect network, with a denseRing-Road pand to atotal ofeight lines, ofapproximately 200stations. 220 km inlength,serving ens Metroto isexpected cover 85%ofthewiderarea oftheAttica basinandto ex systemconcerning of theMetropolitan thetransportation Area of Athens, theAth- was ratified by theHallenic Parliament in2014. As for theguidelines and regulations of (including public the consultation)periods lasted for at least 8 years and the plan vironment, decidedto openthePlan for revision. The elaboration oftherevised Plan and thus, theimprovement ofthenatural environment of Greece’s capital. glomeration was seen asaprerequisite for oftheatmospheric pollution thereduction ing to theMasterPlan, system thedevelopment intheAthens ofthetransportation ag- posed, whether for the Athens Metro or for Accord the other meansoftransportation. - detailsorguidelineswerewhich allmeanswould pro andinteract), nofurther connect ment ofanintegrated system intheMetropolitan transportation Area of Athens (in separately. system ofAthenstransportation ingeneral andnotto eachmeansoftransportation references to theAthens Metro. allguidelineswere fact, In too broad, referring to the Plan ofAthens (whichwas prepared for of20years) aperiod includedambiguous and the plans for the new lines were still under discussion. Given the Master this fact, fied in1985(by Law 1515), at atimewhenonlyLine1ofthesubway network existed The e he pr he c H Furthermore, Control theUrban Officeswere also responsibleurban forthe re More precisely, period, therole theconstruction during plannerswas ofurban Almost 30 years after the ratification of the Master Plan, the Hellenic Ministry ofEn- Almost 30years theratification after Ministry Master ofthe Plan, theHellenic To goalthedevelop bemore specific,Master althoughthe Plan hadsetasaprimary E

xisting MasterPlan for theMetropolitan Area ofAthens (Attica Region) was rati- ROLE ontribution ofplannersduringtheconstruction period M ovisions for the as T ter Planfor

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METRO - - - - - the Metro Stations. plans didnotinclude theunderground archaeological sites andexhibitions of of Filopappou, theAncient and Roman and theKeramikos area), these jor archaeological (theAcropolis sites ofthecity Hill,theOlympieion,Hill ing theso-called “Grand Promenade” ofAthens. eral streets (Dionysiou Areopagitou St, Apostolou Pavlou St. St.) and Ermou creat oftheprogram interventions most important was thepedestrianisation ofsev- monuments andsites inthe historical center of Athens. To this end, one ofthe es, and facilitiesfor parks culture andrecreation, embracing allcultural spaces, More precisely, theprogram aimedat creating acontinuous ofpublicspac fabric various elements associated with the city’s growth. and modern cultural history therefore, aimedat creating areas urban of for co-existence theharmonious Planning, in2004. intherun-upto theOlympicGames ofEnvironment ofCulture and andthe Ministry launched in1997by theMinistry program called “Unification ofthe Archaeological Sites of Athens“, which was archaeological andcultural spaces into thecity’s cultural was network the T that plannersneedto urban address atopportunity. theearliest logical and cultural ofAthens network isanomissionintheMasterPlan for Athens ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ofAthensheritage are: taken into account. Specifically, thespatial guidelines for theupgrade ofthecultural cultural thePlan sites setsspatial are work, guidelines, inwhichonlythesurface grade of the cultural of Athens heritage as thisframeone ofitsguiding principles. In form ofamajoropen-airArchaeological Park, andsets thepromotion andtheup tion andinfrastructure from itscultural dimension. cultural sites, andb) ofthesurface isolatesonly thenetwork thesubway- transporta Metro spaces. Indeed,thenewMasterPlan for Athens: a)focuses onandpromotes integrated planning approach for the alternate (cultural) use of the underground crease inaccessibility for allareas oftheAttica Systems. Region mainlyby Rail Urban Strategic Plan ofAthens isthereinforcement ofsustainablemobility, through thein- A ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ nother important chance for plannersto urban nother important incorporate theunderground he pr Despite the fact that the Despite thefact “Grand Promenade” was allma - plannedto connect The program focused onthepromotion oftheculturalAthens identity and, Undoubtedly, theexclusion oftheunderground cultural spaces from thearchaeo chaeological sites inthearea ofthe historical center ofAthens. the completion ofthepr cultural sites; portant the crea to railwaynected systems (Metro stations etc.) for easeofaccessibility; the crea cal center ofthecity; the pr (museums, archeologicalwith cultural importance sites etc.); the design oflar the enhancemen More precisely, thePlan aimsat organizing thehistorical center inthe ofthecity Unfortunately, therevision oftheMasterPlan for Athens-Attica failedto adoptan ogram for theunification ofthearchaeological sites of omotion and the connection of culturalomotion and the connection monuments andsites in the histori- tion ofnewcultural usesandspaces,to places that are withapriority con - tion andpromotion ofcultural routes andpromenades, im- connecting ge-scale interventions ofhighquality, interventions to spaces ge-scale withapriority t ofthehistorical features ofthecity; ojects forojects theunification (pedestrianisation)ofthear A thens thens ------

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 69 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 70 construction eitherforconstruction publicorfor private use. tice –Greek legislation hasrelatively few concerning restrictions underground to since taking, international isanapproach –contrary sustainable. prac worth It planning,in combination canmakeGreek and withsurface citiesmore functional first step towards greaterknowledge andinsight into how underground spaces, offered. planners canalsousethecaseof MetroFurthermore, Athens asthe layers ofthecity, thuscreating another, unique dimensionto thecultural tourism thehistorical centerturn ofAthens into usingmultiple acontinuous cultural park, sites to promote Athens’ immensecultural heritage. ologists have to integrate neglected theundergroundcultural withthesurface including thosenotondisplay, interactive usingmodern technologies. andinformationb) provide on the excavations art, and further modern and finds, museumscould: a)hostexhibitions ofancient artifacts tions, thesesub-surface chaeological sites, whichexist above ground. As isalready thecase insomesta- free underground museums, integrated into of the museums network and ar- all Metro stations inareas where antiquities have beenuncovered shouldbecome (e.g. theAcropolis artifacts modern Station). areas lower (the next level), only a handful of Metro Stations display ancient or main underground level oftheMetro Stations (ticketslevel), whileat theplatform in theirsurrounding area. Moreover, ofexhibitions takeplace inthe themajority few Metrotions andvery stations have exhibitions withtheantiquities discovered oftheAthens theconstruction Metro,during few are very ondisplay at Metro sta- alltheitemsMetro andtreasures hasnotbeenexploited enough.Of discovered ofthecity. and identity the publicbutalsopromotes cultural thedistinctive history systems needsof intheworld, theeveryday transportation whichnotonlyserves another option:thedisplay ofantiquities insituandopenviewat publicspaces. ofCulture experimented with -theHellenicMinistry protection andconservation site -whichuntil thenhadbeenconsidered theonlyacceptable for practice their spending years excavating inorder to remove allarchaeological items from the dealing withthetreasures found inunderground spaces. Specifically, instead of ground space. of the Athens Metro - Greece has entered a new era regarding the use of its under tiquities frequently found inthesubsoil. Recently though-since theconstruction ofany integratedand isnotpart planning, andholisticcity mainlydueto thean- Undoubtedly CONCLUS Nevertheless, itisneverNevertheless, too late, andifplannersthink strategically, theycan example ofamissedopportunity, plannersandarchae bothurban astriking In For thebestpromotion ofthecultural andarchaeological ofGreece, heritage accomplishment, of the AthensDespite this extraordinary this unique aspect As a result, Athens now has one of the most interesting and admirable subway oftheAthens in Indeed, theconstruction Metro hastriggered anewthinking I ONS , underground space in Greek cities has not been sufficiently used : I M P ACT

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LEARNT - - - Marilena P Marilena Beriatos, forhisvaluable advice andcontribution to therealization ofthispaper. Acknowledgement: [email protected])(e-mail: consultant for andregional spatial (urban planningprojects plans)inGreece. intourism and culturalwith a specialty planning and development. Sheis also a at the University of ofPlanning andRegional Development)Thessaly (Department aut Ministry ofCulture (1985),Athens inthe20 Ministry tation inAttica Region. Law 3920/2011,Reformation anddevelopment transpor- oftheurban Law 3028(2002),Protection ofantiquitiesandcultural heritage. and Piraeus widerarea. intheAthensLaw 2669/1998,Organization oftheurbantransportation Protection ofthewiderarea ofAthens. Law 1515(1985),Strategic Plan andProgram fortheEnvironmental Athens: ITA (inGreek). ofLocalInstitute Government –ITA (2005),Metropolitan Government, system ofAthens, Athens:proposals forthetransportation SES(inGreek). Association ofGreek Transportation Engineers –SES(2005),Twenty-one 1995) in Kathimerini Newspaper 1995) inKathimerini ofRailways, specialissue(15October (1995),History K. Androulidakis Explorationogy &Mineral (inGreek). area oftheAthens Acropolis, Athens: ofGeol- IGME–HellenicInstitute Andronopoulos V. G.(1976),Geological study inthesurrounding &Κoukis Attica Region (inGreek). Region: 2007-2013(CCI 2007GR161PO006),Athens: Administration of Administration ofAttica Region (2007),RegionalEconomic Plan ofAttica Sources /References till the beginning ofthe20 till thebeginning Travlos ofurbandevelopment ofAthens from I.(1993),History prehistoric times ment forAthens andAttica Region,Athens: NTUA National Technical University ofAthens (2004),Strategic spatialdevelop- Metro 2,Athens: (inGreek). Militos P.,Karamanis N.(2007),From thecarriages A.andKokkinos to Klonos the Nathenas A., G.,Kourbelis Vlastos T., Kourouzidis S.,Katsareas V., Conference,Interdisciplinary Athens: Arsenidis Publications (inGreek). from ancienttimesto thepresent: thecase ofAthens, Proceedings of ofAthens oftheCity Museum (1997),Architectural andtown planning forthenew/revised StrategicDecision Athens: YPEKA. Plan ofAthens-Attica, ofEnvironment – Ministry (2013),FinalYPEKA Common Draft Ministerial Athens cultural capitalofEurope (inGreek). h or andac apageorgiou (PhD) isaSpatial Planner andLecturer ofSpatial Planning th , Athens: Capon century Publishers (inGreek). The authorwould like to thankProfessor ofSpatialPlanning, Elias , k Athens (inGreek). nowledgement th century 1900-1940,Athens: century Unification of Archaeological Sites of Athens S.A.(www.astynet.gr) Region ofAttica (www.patt.gov.gr) Organization oftheStrategic Plan ofAthens (www.athensorganisation.gr ) ofAthens (www.cityofathens.gr)Municipality Hellenic Statistical (www.statistics.gr) Authority ofEnvironment andPlanning (www.ypeka.gr) Hellenic Ministry ofCulture (www.moc.gr)Hellenic Ministry Attiko MetroRailwayofAthens –Urban S.A.(www.ametro.gr) AuthoritiesSites ofimportant

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