Yaruro language
The Yaruro language (also spelled Llaruro or Yaruru; also called Yuapín or Pumé) is an indigenous language spoken by Yaruro Yaruro people, along the Orinoco, Cinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers of Pumé Venezuela. It is not well classified; it may be an isolate, or distantly Region Venezuela related to the extinct Esmeralda language. Ethnicity Yaruro people Native speakers 7,900 (2001 census)[1] Contents Language Esmeralda– Genetic relations family Yaruro ? Language contact Yaruro Phonology Language codes Consonants ISO 639-3 yae
Vowels Glottolog pume1238 (htt Vocabulary p://glottolog.o rg/resource/lan Further reading guoid/id/pume12 [2] Notes 38) External links
Genetic relations
Pache (2016) considers Yaruro to be related to the Chocoan languages, citing evidence from lexical and sound correspondences. Some shared lexical items between Yaruro and Chocoan (Pache (2016) cites Yaruro and Epena forms from the Intercontinental Dictionary Series):[3]
Yaruro Chocoan
dacç͡ o ‘eye, face,’ c͡ço ‘seed, fruit, nut’ Epena tautʰu ‘forehead’
da ‘eye’ (used in complex forms) Proto-Chocoan **da ‘eye region,’ **da-ˈbu ‘eye,’ Epena ˈtau ‘eye’
duɾi ‘after’ Proto-Chocoan **duˈɾi ‘tail’
ɡõã ‘meat, flesh,’ goe ‘blood’ Proto-Emberá *uˈa ‘blood’
hu ‘bone,’ hu c͡çia ‘strong’ Proto-Chocoan **huˈa ‘arm, hand,’ Epena huaˈtau ‘strong’
i ‘skin’ Proto-Emberá *ˈe ‘skin’
ĩbu ‘nose’ Proto-Chocoan **kẽˈbu ‘nose’
icç͡ i ‘hand’ Epena iˈsia ‘wing’
Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Saliba-Hodi, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, Witoto-Okaina, and Waorani language families due to contact.[4]
Phonology
Consonants
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
voiceless p t c k ʔ Stop voiced b d ɟ ɡ
voiceless ts Affricate voiced dz
voiceless f s ʃ x h Fricative voiced v ð ʒ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Rhotic ɾ Lateral l Approximant w j
Vowels
Front Central Back
High i i̵ u e o Mid ə æ ɔ
Low a ɑ
[5]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6] gloss Yaruro hand ichi foot taho man oí water ui star boé earth dabú dog arerí jaguar panaumé
snake póʔo
house xoʔo boat dzyará
Further reading
Obregón Muñoz, H. (1981). Léxico yaruro-español, español-yaruro. Caracas: Ministerio de Educación.
Notes
1. Yaruro (https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/yae/) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) 2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pumé" (http://glottolo g.org/resource/languoid/id/pume1238). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 3. Pache, Matthias J. 2016. Pumé (Yaruro) and Chocoan: Evidence for a New Genealogical Link in Northern South America. Language Dynamics and Change 6 (2016) 99–155. doi:10.1163/22105832-00601001 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105832-00601001) 4. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica) (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília. 5. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvlad & R. M. Dixon (1999). p. 378. 6. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages (https://archive.o rg/details/classificationof0007louk). Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
External links
Yaruro (https://ids.clld.org/contributions/251) (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
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