Le Contact Des Cultures Inuite Et Blanche Et La Construction

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Le Contact Des Cultures Inuite Et Blanche Et La Construction Le contact des cultures inuite et blanche et la construction d’identités transculturelles dans La rivière sans repos de Gabrielle Roy et Histoires nordiques de Lucie Lachapelle By Olufolakemi Mefoworola Ogunade A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts Department of French, Spanish and Italian University of Manitoba Winnipeg © Olufolakemi Mefoworola Ogunade Table des Matières Remerciements . 4 Résumé . .5 Chapitre 1 – Introduction. .. 7 Chapitre 2 – La représentation des Inuits . 17 1. La représentation du Nord . 18 2. La representation des Inuits. 28 3. La représentation des traditions . .- . 38 4. Conclusion . 42 Chapitre 3 – La représentation des Blancs . 45 1. Le colonialiste – l’exemple de Monsieur Mailly. 47 2. Le colonisateur . 50 2.1. L’exemple du Révérend Hugh Paterson. .. 50 2.2. L’exemple de Louise . 57 3. Le colonial . 65 3.1. L’exemple de Bob . 65 3.2. L’exemple d’Elizabeth Beaulieu . 67 3.3. L’exemple du G.I . 70 4. Conclusion . 71 2 Chapitre 4 – La naissance d’identités transculturelles . 73 1. L’identité transculturelle des Inuits dans La rivière sans repos . 74 2. L’identité transculturelle des Inuits dans Histoires nordiques . 89 3. L’identité transculturelle des Blancs dans la rivière sans repos . 95 4. L’identité transculturelle des Blancs dans Histoires nordiques . 97 5. Conclusion . 102 Chapitre 5 - Conclusion. 105 Bibliographie . 115 3 Remerciements Tout d’abord, je remercie Dieu mon créateur et mon Père pour le don de la vie. C’est lui qui m’a donné la force et l’intelligence d’effectuer ce travail. Je tiens à remercier infiniment ma directrice de recherche, Irène Chassaing qui a été aussi pour moi une enseignante. C’est grâce à elle que j’ai pu découvrir la littérature autochtone. Elle m’a encouragé en faisant tout effort d’être là pour moi tout au long du travail. J’aimerais remercier Constance Cartmill et tous les professeurs qui m’ont enseigné depuis 2017. Par vos enseignements et vos devoirs, vous m’avez défiée de faire ce que je croyais impossible et par vos corrections vous m’avez encouragée à réussir. Mes études de maîtrise et la rédaction de cette thèse ont été rendues possible grâce au soutien financier du Marcel Richards Graduate Awards et de l’International Graduate Students Entrance Scholarship. Je remercie le département de français, d’espagnol et d’italien de m’avoir recommandée pour ces bourses. Finalement, je remercie ma famille pour son soutien moral et ses encouragements au cours de la rédaction de cette thèse. Je remercie ma mère, mon frère et mes sœurs pour leur amour et leurs prières qui m’ont rendue forte quand j’étais découragée. Je remercie mon cher Wole pour son amour, son soutien et sa patience. J’aimerais dédier ce mémoire aux étudiants anglophones qui poursuivent des études dans une langue étrangère. C’est une décision courageuse de quitter votre zone de confort pour une nouvelle terre. 4 Résumé La rivière sans repos de Gabrielle Roy et Histoires nordiques de Lucie Lachapelle sont deux œuvres inspirées par le séjour de leurs auteures au nord du Québec dans les années soixante et quatre- vingt, respectivement. Toutes deux décrivent les relations des Inuits et des Blancs à la suite de la colonisation. Si les Inuits sont en contact avec la population blanche depuis le 17e siècle, en effet, ils sont soumis depuis les années cinquante à une entreprise de colonisation et d’acculturation qui a laissé ses marques sur leur identité culturelle. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier, à travers les textes de Roy et Lachapelle et avec l’appui des théories de Michel de Certeau, Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi et Fernando Ortiz, l’évolution de la perception qu’ont les Blancs de l’entreprise coloniale et du contact des cultures autochtones et blanches, ainsi que de leur impact sur l’identité de leurs différents protagonistes. Cette thèse montre ainsi que la perception qu’ont les Blancs des Inuits et de l’entreprise coloniale au Nord du Québec évolue et change avec le temps, même si certains de ses aspects restent inchangés. Elle découvre également la construction progressive, grâce au contact des deux cultures blanche et inuite, de nouvelles identités transculturelles. 5 Abstract Gabrielle Roy’s La rivière sans repos and Lucie Lachapelle’s Histoires nordiques were inspired by the experiences of the authors during their stay in Northern Quebec in the sixties and the eighties respectively. The two books describe the relationship that exists between the Whites and the Inuits as a result of colonisation. Although the Inuits have been in contact with the Whites since the 17th century, their subjection to a colonial and acculturation system which had a major effect on their cultural identity only started in the fifties. The aim of this thesis is to study, through Roy and Lachapelle’s texts, the evolution of the Whites’ perception of the colonial enterprise and the contact between the Inuits, and the effect of these on the two groups in contact, using the theories of Michel de Certeau, Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi and Fernando Ortiz. This thesis reveals that the Whites’ perception of the Inuits and the colonial enterprise evolve with time even though some aspects remain unchanged. Also, it discovers the progressive construction of new transcultural identities as a result of the contact of the Inuits and the Whites. 6 CHAPITRE 1 INTRODUCTION Les Inuits font partie des trois grands groupes autochtones1 du Canada. Ils peuplent les régions de la Toundra et de l’Arctique du Canada et des Etats-Unis – ce sont les descendants des Thuléens qui s’installèrent il y a environ mille ans d’abord en Alaska, puis s’étendirent vers le Canada et le Groenland. Ces derniers fabriquaient des outils comme des lames de couteau (savituinaaq), des lames en demi-lune (ulu, utilisées par les femmes) ou des pointes de harpons, à partir de schiste ou de pierres plus dures. Pour lieu d’habitation, ils inventèrent l’iglou, une maison construite avec des blocs de neige. Nomades, ils se déplaçaient selon les saisons en traîneaux à chiens ou à bord de kayaks et d’umiaks (une grande embarcation pouvant accueillir plusieurs passagers). La culture thuléenne évolua graduellement vers la culture inuite autour du 17e siècle. Le premier contact des Inuits du Canada avec les Blancs eut lieu en 1570 avec l’arrivée du grand explorateur anglais James Frobisher, puis des missionnaires : les Jésuites au 17e siècle, puis les Moraves au 18e siècle. Au 19e siècle, les Anglicans arrivent avec l’établissement d’une première mission à Kuujjuarapik au Nord du Québec en 1876. Cependant, le contact qui aboutit aux relations entre les Inuits et les marchands de fourrures commence au 19e siècle par l’engagement des premiers dans la pelleterie et l’établissement de postes de traite à Fort-Chimo (Kuujjuaq) en 1830. 1 « Au Québec, le terme Autochtones désigne et les Inuits et les Amérindiens. En ce qui concerne l’appellation Premières Nations, elle ne désigne que les Amérindiens. Le terme Indiens, quant à lui, n’est utilisé que dans le contexte de la Loi sur les Indiens. » (Affaires autochtones et régions nordiques 2011, p. 4) 7 Le commerce des fourrures devient cependant, au fil du temps, de moins en moins profitable à cause de la crise économique des années 1930 et 1940 (Hervé 2017). C’est à cette époque que le Nord commence à être administré par le gouvernement canadien. Ce dernier distribue aux Inuits de la nourriture, des vêtements et des médicaments. Les missionnaires déjà installés parmi eux, avec leurs écoles et hôpitaux missionnaires, servent alors d’administrateurs coloniaux. La présence des Blancs dans le Nord devient de plus en plus forte avec une transformation majeure pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, les Alliés organisant un pont aérien qui traverse le Canada, le Groenland, l’Islande et la Grande-Bretagne. Plusieurs constructions en lien avec la guerre apparaissent : aéroports, stations météorologiques, bases de radar, stations de radio, etc. Un important changement dans la vie des Inuits du Grand Nord a lieu en 1953 : le gouvernement du Canada décide d’établir sa souveraineté dans la région. Il établit alors des administrateurs, des policiers et des infirmières dans les villages où se trouvent les postes de traite de la Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson. Les Inuits sont invités à déménager près de ces postes autour desquels se forment, graduellement, des villages permanents avec des écoles, des maisons de bois, des bâtiments administratifs, des églises, entre autres. La responsabilité de l’administration du Nord du Québec est transférée au gouvernement du Québec en 1964 ; celui- ci envoie alors ses administrateurs fonctionnaires dans la région, y faisant valoir sa souveraineté.2 Nombre de livres ont été écrits par les explorateurs européens pour raconter leur expérience auprès des Autochtones du Nord du Canada ; ainsi, Journal of a Voyage from Okkak, 2 Ce petit historique se base sur des livres de Keith Crowe (1979), Pamela Stern (2010), et un article de Caroline Hervé (2017) sur l’histoire des Inuits. 8 de Benjamin Kohlmeister et Georges Kmoch (1817), My life in the frozen north (1935) et Book of the Eskimos (1961) de Peter Freuchen, dont l’action se situe en territoire inuit au Nord du Québec. Puisque ces récits sont écrits par des Blancs, il est probable que leur représentation des Autochtones soit influencée par les préjugés qu’ils ont à leur propos, leurs stéréotypes (négatifs ou positifs) et leur expérience spécifique du Nord. Par exemple, dans le récit de Kohlmeister et Kmoch, bien que les Autochtones soient montrés comme un peuple tolérant et respectueux, on constate un sentiment de supériorité et de possessivité dans le langage du narrateur.
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