Revolution and Enlightenment 1550

Introducing

Focus Revolution and MAKING CONNECTIONS Enlightenment 1550 –1800 How did the Section 1 The Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment influence Section 2 The Enlightenment art and society? Section 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment Ask students to look at the photo- Section 4 The American Revolution graph and examine the details on the building. Ask them to comment on the style. Is this type of architectural style common in MAKING CONNECTIONS buildings in their community? The How did the Enlightenment original baroque style was intended to emphasize power and influence art and society? The brightly painted, lavish Catherine Palace in St. Petersburg is grandeur. However, subsequent an example of Russian baroque architecture. It was named for the rulers had renovations made to Russian empress Catherine I, who commissioned the grand palace reflect more current styles. For during her reign. In this chapter you will learn about the effects of the Enlightenment. example, Catherine II emphasized • Do any buildings in your community feature baroque architecture? the neoclassical style that domi- Name some examples. nated the seventeenth century • Describe the emotions that these grand buildings are designed to create. and continued into the eighteenth century. The new ideas conceived in the Enlightenment gave architects the freedom to use older styles, but also to use innovative new styles.

Teach 1633 EUROPE, 1543 Galileo’s teachings Copernicus publishes ORTH MERICA are condemned The Big Ideas N A , his proposal of a by the Church As students study the chapter, AND INDIA sun-centered universe remind them to consider the 1550 1600 1650 section-based Big Ideas included THE WORLD 1566 1636 in each section’s Guide to Süleyman I Manchus Reading. The Essential Questions dies invade Korea in the activities below tie in to the 536 Big Ideas and help students think Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library, Scott Gilchrist/Masterfile about and understand important chapter concepts. In addition, the Hands-On Chapter Projects with The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment their culminating activities relate Essential Question: How did scientific discover- Essential Question: How did new patterns of the content from each section to ies change people’s attitudes towards natural thought affect the ways that people studied the Big Ideas. These activities events and religious faith? (Discoveries promoted social problems? (Thinkers believed that if the build on each other as students a view of the universe as a machine with natural universe was subject to laws, then institutions such progress through the chapter. laws that weren’t supported by religious teachings as governments and economies must be subject to Section activities culminate in the based on faith.) Point out that in Section 1 stu- natural laws as well.) Point out that in Section 2 wrap-up activity on the Visual dents will learn how new approaches to science students will learn about thinkers who studied Summary page. changed people’s beliefs about the universe and governments, economies, and other institutions institutions such as the church. O L as well as new directions in religion. O L 536 Introducing

More About the Photo Visual Literacy Catherine Palace sits atop a hill fifteen miles south of St. Petersburg in the town of Pushkin, formerly Tsarskoye Selo, or Tsar’s Village. The original structure began as a small, two-story summer residence commissioned by Catherine I. Under the Empress Elizabeth, architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli dramatically expanded the building to a length of 985 feet and guilded its exterior and interior with more than 220 pounds of gold. In reaction against the excesses of this baroque style, Catherine II ordered architect Charles Cameron to carry out extensive renovations reflecting her neoclassical taste. Today the palace and surrounding park and structures represent the work of hundreds of architects, artists, and designers and attract thousands of tourists each year.

Dinah Zike’s Revolu tion Breakthroughs Organizing Make a in in Medicine Astro and nomy Foldables 1702 Four-Door Book to orga- Chemistry First daily 1756 nize significant facts on Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three- news paper The Seven 1776 astronomy, medicine and Desc chemistry, Descartes, artes The and is printed Years’ War American colonies declare Rea Scientifc dimensional, interactive graphic and the scientific method son Method in London begins independence from Britain during the Scientific organizers that help students Revolution. 1700 1750 1800 practice basic writing skills, review vocabulary terms, and 1795 identify main ideas. Instructions Rule of Emperor Qianlong ends (ISTORY /.,).% for creating and using Foldables Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 17. can be found in the Appendix at

Scott Gilchrist/Masterfile, (t) Joseph Sohm/Jupiter Images, (b) Hu Weibiao/Panorama/The Image Works the end of this book and in the Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Skills Foldables booklet. OL The Impact of the Enlightenment The American Revolution Essential Question: Do you think Essential Question: How did the American Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of Revolution reflect Enlightenment ideals? European rulers at the time? (Some students (Enlightenment beliefs in self-government and (ISTORY /.,).% may believe the ideas changed rulers’ actions, the use of reason in constructing governments Introduce students to chapter but others won’t.) Point out that in Section 3 were reflected in the American Revolution, content and key terms by hav- students will learn about the impact of the Declaration of Independence, and Constitution.) ing them access the Chapter 17 Enlightenment on European politics and the Point out that in Section 4 students will learn Overview at glencoe.com. mixed legacy of Enlightenment ideas. OL how the American struggle for independence was influenced by Enlightenment ideals. OL 537 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 Focus The Scientific Revolution

Of all the changes that swept Europe in the sixteenth and Bellringer GUIDE TO READING seventeenth centuries, the most widely influential was the Daily Focus Transparency 17.1 Scientific Revolution. We often associate this revolution with Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. observation 2. change it, discard it, or let it stand as is 3. an unproven theory 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 17 TRANSPARENCY 17-1 New Technologies The Scientific the various scientific and technological changes made during

The Scientific Revolution 1 What is the first step in the 2 What are the possibilities 3 What is a hypothesis? Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view scientific process? following the testing of

a hypothesis? this time. However, the Scientific Revolution was also about the

ŀ ŀ ŀ 3 humankind’s place in the universe. 2 Test the Formulate Hypothesis Hypothesis changes in the way Europeans looked at themselves and their ŀ ŀ FPO 4 Change 1 Observation Hypothesis, Content Vocabulary world. Discard It, or Let It Stand As Is • geocentric (p. 540) • scientific method • heliocentric (p. 540) (p. 545) • universal law of • inductive reasoning Causes of the Scientific Revolution gravitation (p. 541) (p. 545) • rationalism (p. 545) The development of new technology and scientific theories became GUIDE TO READING the foundation of the Scientific Revolution. Academic Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU How would you feel if you had to share the school’s only text- • philosopher (p. 538) • sphere (p. 540) book with everyone in your school? Learn how new tools such as the printing Answers to Graphic: press contributed to scientific knowledge. People and Places Copernicus Heliocentric universe • Nicolaus Copernicus • Maria Winkelmann (p. 540) (p. 543) In the Middle Ages, many educated Europeans took great inter- Kepler Laws of planetary motion • Johannes Kepler • René Descartes est in the world around them. However, these “natural philoso- (p. 540) (p. 544) phers,” as medieval scientists were known, did not make • Galileo Galilei (p. 540) • Francis Bacon (p. 545) observations of the natural world. Instead they relied on a few Galileo Planets’ substance like earth • Isaac Newton (p. 541) ancient authorities—especially Aristotle—for their scientific • Margaret Cavendish knowledge. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a num- Newton Laws of motion, gravity (p. 543) ber of changes occurred that caused the natural philosophers to Reading Strategy abandon their old views and to develop new ones. Summarizing Information As you read, use a table like the one below to chart the Impact of the Renaissance contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as Latin. Newton to a new concept of the universe. Section Spotlight Video These language skills gave them access to newly discovered works Copernicus by Ptolemy (TAH•luh•mee), Archimedes, and Plato. These writ- Kepler To generate student interest and ings made it obvious that some ancient thinkers had disagreed with Aristotle and other accepted authorities of the Middle Ages. provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 17, New Technology and Mathematics Section 1 video at glencoe.com or Other developments also encouraged new ways of thinking. on the video DVD. Technical problems that required careful observation and accurate measurements, such as calculating the amount of weight that ships could hold, served to stimulate scientific activity. Then, too, the invention of new instruments, such as the telescope and micro- scope, made fresh scientific discoveries possible. Above all, the printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily. Mathematics played a key role in the scientific achievements of Resource Manager the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. François Viète, a French

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Predicting, p. 539 • Analyzing Info., p. 540 • Visual/Spatial, • Expository Writing, • Comparing Data, p. 542 • Inferring, p. 540 • Analyzing Pri. Sources, pp. 540, 543 p. 541 • Making Connections, p. 541 • Persuasive Writing Additional Resources p. 544 • Compare/Contrast, p. 544 Additional Resources p. 543 • Hist. and Geo. Act., URB • Ident. Cent. Issues., p. 545 • English Learner Act., p. 217 Additional Resources URB p. 209 Additional Resources • Graphic Novel, p. 33 Additional Resources • Hist. Sim. Act., URB • Writer’s Guidebook, • Read. Ess. & Note- • Linking Past/Present Act., p. 223 p. 47 Taking Guide, p. 184 URB p. 226 • Guid. Read. Act., URB • People in World Hist. p. 236 Act., URB p. 227 • Section Quiz, p. 205 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 INTELLECTUALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

10°W 0° Margaret Cavendish 10°E 20°E Teach (1623–1673) Francis Bacon Newcastle (1561–1626) 20°W Nicolaus Copernicus 50°N (1473–1543) N Isaac Newton R Reading Strategy W ENGLAND Robert Boyle (1642–1727) Predicting Ask: In what ways Astronomy E (1627–1691) Frombork S Cambridge do you think mathematicians Oxford NETHERLANDS Berlin Chemistry POLAND hoped to use the language of GERMANY William Harvey mathematics to unlock the Mathematics ATLANTIC (1578–1657) Maria Winkelmann Paris René Descartes (1670–1720) secrets of nature? (Answers may (1596–1650) Medicine OCEAN Stuttgart include using formulas to prove Antoine Lavoisier Philosophy FRANCE (1743–1794) theories about Earth and the

40°N Galileo Galilei universe.) AL Johannes Kepler (1564–1642) (1571–1630) SPAIN Padua 0 400 kilometers Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) 0 400 miles Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Answers: 1. English, French ITALY 1. Place What were the nationalities of the chemists shown on the map? 2. language, distance, limited 2. Movement Scientists often build means of communication on the work of other scientists. and travel What barriers would these scientists M e have to overcome to learn about the d i t e r r a n e a n S e a work of others in their field? ✓ Reading Check See StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. Answer: Mathematics provided proof of abstract theories with logical evidence. lawyer, was among the first to use letters great mathematicians who believed that the to represent unknown quantities. He secrets of nature were written in the lan- applied this algebraic method to geometry guage of mathematics. After studying, and and laid the foundation for the invention of sometimes discarding, the ideas of the trigonometry. Simon Stevin, a Flemish engi- ancient mathematicians, these intellectuals neer, introduced the decimal system. John developed new theories that became the R Napier of Scotland invented a table of loga- foundation of the Scientific Revolution. rithms. The work of both Stevin and Napier With the advance of mathematics—what made it much easier to make the calcula- we now know as algebra, trigonometry, and tions critical to math problems. geometry—it became much easier for scien- The study of mathematics was promoted tists to demonstrate the proof of abstract in the Renaissance by the rediscovery of theories with clear, logical evidence. the works of ancient mathematicians. Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, ✓ Reading Check Evaluating What role did Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton were all mathematics play in the Scientific Revolution? Hands-On

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 539 Chapter Project Step 1

Make a Revolution and Directions: Distribute sheets of poster Summarizing: Allow time for students to Enlightenment Poster board and have students divide the sheets share what they have learned while creat- into four sections. Review the Big Idea and ing the first section of their poster. They Student pairs will begin creating a poster tell students to think about what they con- will use information about Enlightenment that illustrates the impact of the Scientific sider to be the most significant results of the thinkers in Section 2 to illustrate the next Revolution and the Enlightenment. Scientific Revolution as they read this sec- section. OL Step 1: Illustrating Scientific Discoveries tion. Have students illustrate these results in (Chapter Project is continued in Section 2.) Essential Question: What was the impact the first quarter section of their poster. of the Scientific Revolution? Students may use library or Internet resources to locate additional information and images.

539 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 Ptolemaic system. In his system, the sun, Scientific Breakthroughs not Earth, was at the center of the universe. Scientific discoveries expanded knowl- The planets revolved around the sun. The edge about the universe and the human body. moon, however, revolved around Earth. R Reading Strategy Moreover, according to Copernicus, the HISTORY & YOU What if you discovered another Inferring Ask: Why would this planet just like Earth? Learn about the stunning dis- apparent movement of the sun around view of the universe be accept- coveries scientists made about the universe. Earth was caused by the rotation of Earth on its axis and its journey around the sun. able to the Church at the time? During the Scientific Revolution, discov- Johannes Kepler, a German mathemati- (It placed humans at the center of eries in astronomy led to a new conception cian, took the next step in destroying the the universe and God beyond the of the universe. Breakthroughs advanced Ptolemaic system. Kepler used detailed astronomical data to arrive at his laws of ten spheres that rotate about Earth. medical knowledge and launched the field of chemistry as well. planetary motion. His observations con- Humans’ purpose was to achieve firmed that the sun was at the center of the universe and also added new information. salvation and ascend to Heaven.) The Ptolemaic System O L In his first law, Kepler showed that the Ptolemy, who lived in the a.D. 100s, was planets’ orbits around the sun were not cir- the greatest astronomer of antiquity. Using cular, as Copernicus had thought. Rather, Differentiated Ptolemy’s ideas, as well as those of Aristo- the orbits were elliptical (egg-shaped), D tle and of Christianity, philosophers of the with the sun toward the end of the ellipse Instruction Middle Ages constructed a model of the instead of at the center. This finding, known Visual/Spatial Ask students to universe known later as the Ptolemaic as Kepler’s First Law, contradicted the cir- draw diagrams of the universe (TAH•luh•MAY•ihk) system. This system cular orbits and crystal-like spheres that is geocentric because it places Earth at the were central to the Ptolemaic system. according to Ptolemy, Copernicus, center of the universe. and Kepler. Students may conduct In the Ptolemaic system, the universe is Galileo’s Discoveries additional research to find out seen as a series of concentric spheres—one inside the other. Earth is fixed, or motion- Scientists could now think in terms of what planetary bodies had been less, at the center. The heavenly bodies— planets revolving around the sun in ellipti- discovered at the time and include cal orbits. Important questions remained R pure orbs of light—are embedded in the these labels in their diagrams. A L crystal-like, transparent spheres, which unanswered, however. What are the plan- rotate about Earth. The moon is embedded ets made of? How does one explain motion in the first sphere, Mercury in the second, in the universe? An Italian scientist C Critical Thinking Venus in the third, and the sun in the answered the first question. Galileo Galilei taught mathematics. He D fourth. The rotation of the spheres makes Analyzing Information these heavenly bodies rotate about Earth was the first European to make regular Ask: In what way did Galileo’s and move in relation to one another. observations of the heavens using a tele- observations contradict the The tenth sphere in the Ptolemaic sys- scope. With this tool, Galileo made a remarkable series of discoveries: moun- Ptolemaic system? (The moons tem is the “prime mover.” This sphere moves itself and gives motion to the other tains on Earth’s moon, four moons revolv- and planets were composed of spheres. Beyond the tenth sphere is C ing around Jupiter, and sunspots. material substance, they were Heaven, where God resides. God was at Galileo’s observations seemed to destroy not pure orbs of light.) BL one end of the universe, then, and humans yet another aspect of the Ptolemaic con- were at the center. ception. Heavenly bodies had been seen as pure orbs of light. They now appeared to be composed of material substance, just as Copernicus and Kepler Earth was. In May 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Galileo’s discoveries, published in The native of Poland, published his famous Starry Messenger in 1610, did more to make book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Europeans aware of the new view of the Spheres. Copernicus, a mathematician, universe than did the works of Copernicus thought that his heliocentric, or sun- and Kepler. But in the midst of his newfound centered, conception of the universe offered fame, Galileo found himself under suspi- Differentiated a more accurate explanation than did the cion by the Catholic Church.

Instruction 540 SECTION 1 The Scientific Revolution

Name Date Class ★ HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 17 Comparing and Contrasting Where Is the World?

In 1543 Polish astronomer Nicholas the greatest planet in God’s universe; all Copernicus lay dying when his friends other planets revolved around it. placed the first bound copy of his book, On Copernicus’s studies of the movement the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, in his of planets led him to challenge this theory. frail hands. Copernicus stared at the book He came to believe that the Sun, not Earth, and then at his friends and said nothing. No one knew if Copernicus realized what

he held. Who could have known that the 17 ideas in the book would forever change Copernicus’s Universe people’s thinking about the universe? In the middle of everything is the Sun. During the time of Copernicus, European For in this most beautiful temple, who Objective: Compare and contrast the various ways to Dif erentiated Instruction Strategies ideas about the universe had come from the would place this lamp in another or teachings of ancient Greeks—teachings that better position than that from which it CHAPTER had been formulated nearly 1,400 years can light up the whole thing at the same earlier. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy had time? . . . Thus indeed, as though seated taught that Earth stood still at the center of on a royal throne, the Sun rules the family of planets revolving around it. describe location. the universe and that all other spheres —Nicholas Copernicus, in On the BL Play a hot and cold game to find an revolved around it. The Catholic Church Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 reinforced this view. According to the Church, Earth, where humans lived, was nc. Focus: Ask students to describe where they live. object in the classroom. Graw-Hill Companies, Graw-Hill I

The Mc Teach: Define relative location and discuss the AL Have students use cardinal and ill, a division of cGraw-H reading and questions.

This diagram illustrates Copernicus’s radical new view of the universe. 217 Earth’s relative location. of several places in the community in History and Geography Close: Have students write different directions to relation to one another. Activity, URB, p. 217 a place in the community for a local and for ELL Review words that can be used to a visitor. describe location, such as between, 540 along, border, and coast. The Church ordered Galileo to abandon is known simply as the Principia, from a CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 the Copernican idea, which threatened the shortened form of its Latin title. Church’s entire conception of the universe. In the Principia, Newton defined the In the Copernican view, humans were no three laws of motion that govern the plan- longer at the center of the universe; God etary bodies, as well as objects on Earth. W Writing Support was no longer in a specific place. Crucial to his whole argument was the Expository Writing Ask In spite of the Church’s position, by the universal law of gravitation. This law 1630s and 1640s, most astronomers had explains why the planetary bodies con- students to write a brief essay accepted the heliocentric conception of the tinue their elliptical orbits about the sun. describing how Newton’s work universe. However, motion in the universe The law states, in mathematical terms, changed people’s views about had not been explained. The ideas of that every object in the universe is how and why the universe Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo had yet to attracted to every other object by a force W be tied together. An Englishman—Isaac called gravity. This one universal law, worked as it did. OL Newton— would make this connection; he mathematically proved, could explain all is considered the greatest genius of the Sci- motion in the universe. entific Revolution. At the same time, Newton’s ideas cre- C Critical Thinking ated a new picture of the universe. It was Newton’s View of the Universe Analyzing Primary Sources now seen as one huge, regulated, uniform Ask: Where could people find Born in 1642, Isaac Newton showed machine that worked according to natural few signs of brilliance until he attended laws. Newton’s world-machine concept the truth, according to Cardinal Cambridge University. Later, he became a dominated the modern worldview until Bellarmine? According to Galileo? professor of mathematics at the university the twentieth century. Albert Einstein’s (Bellarmine believed truth could be and wrote his major work, Mathematical concept of relativity would give a new pic- Principles of Natural Philosophy. This work ture of the universe. determined using the Holy Scriptures; Galileo believed truth could only be determined through science and experiments that weren’t refuted.) OL

Faith vs. Science Answers: 1. The Catholic Church taught Cardinal Bellarmine argues that truth lies in the Holy Galileo argues that the Church should reinterpret Scriptures. Scriptural truths if they conflict with scientific truths. the literal truth of the Bible. . . . But to want to affirm that the sun really is fixed in the center . . . I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center If something in the Bible of the heavens and only revolves around itself . . . and that the of the revolution of the celestial orbs while the earth earth . . . revolves . . . around the sun, is a very dangerous revolves about the sun. . . . [T]hese men [opponents] have could be proved false, as thing . . . by injuring our holy faith and rendering the resolved to fabricate [construct] a shield for Galileo’s ideas might do, Holy Scriptures false. their fallacies [mistakes] out of . . . . the authority of the Bible. These they then it would shake the . . . [T]he holy Fathers . . . all agree in explaining apply with little judgment to the very foundation on which literally that the sun is in the heavens and refutation [disproving] of arguments C moves swiftly around the earth. . . . Now that they do not understand and the Church was built. consider whether . . . the Church could have not even listened to. . . . encourage giving to Scripture a sense contrary [B]efore a physical proposition is 2. prove them wrong to the holy Fathers. . . . condemned it must be shown to be . . . . false. —Cardinal Bellarmine, a leader of the Roman Catholic Church, April 12, 1615 —Galileo Galilei, scientist and mathematician, 1615

1. Drawing Conclusions Why did Galileo’s ideas represent a threat to the Catholic Church? 2. Explaining What did Galileo suggest that his Additional opponents should do before dismissing his ideas? Support

(l) Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r) Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Science Ask: What types of experiments this period as shown in the Science, Tech- accepted. Then have them write a paragraph have you done in science classes? (students nology, and Society feature on p. 544 of this explaining how the same natural event or will respond with a variety of answers) What section. Ask students to write a paragraph in occurrence is being studied today. Students was the purpose of those experiments? (to which a natural event or occurrence such as may have to do a minimal amount of research establish scientific principles through obser- lightning, an earthquake, or a volcanic erup- to complete this activity. OL vation and proof) Discuss with students the tion might have been explained before the basic scientific process that evolved from scientific method was established and

541 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION S Skill Practice Comparing Data Have stu- Galileo (1564–1642): confirmed the heliocentric universe; tied dents review the information in Rediscovered in the thirteenth century, the ideas of ancient laws of planetary motion to the table about astronomy. philosophers, such as Aristotle and Plato, dominated European motion on Earth thought until the sixteenth century. Then scientists such as Discuss how the table format Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton set the Western world emphasizes the diferences on a new path known as the Scientific Revolution. In addition to observing the natural world, as the ancient philosophers did, between the thinking of the they designed experiments to test possible explanations for ancient and scientific revolution what they observed. scientists. BL In the eighteenth century, a group of intellectuals applied this scientific method to help understand other aspects of life. Hoping to improve society, these thinkers began what came to be called the Age of Enlightenment. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment created a Answers: new view of the universe and society in the 1600s and 1700s. 1. They believed that experi- Views of Astronomy ments altered natural condi- SCIENTISTS OF THE ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS tions and thus would not SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION reveal the true nature of Universe Earth-centered Sun-centered things. Stars and Pure orbs of light; move in Made of material substance; planets perfect circles move in elliptical orbits 2. Possible response: The scien- S 1. Explaining Why did the ancient philoso- Motion All motion caused by a prime Gravity governs motion of phers object to experiments? tific method produced a new mover (supreme being) objects on Earth and of planetary bodies 2. Analyzing In what ways did the Scientific view of the universe as well Revolution serve as a turning point in as a systematic way for scien- Method of Observation of natural events; Observation of natural history? Investigation experiments alter natural events; conduct experiments tists to approach scientific conditions and thus would not to test possible explanations problems. By applying the reveal true nature of things same methods, other intellectuals created new approaches Breakthroughs in Medicine the same blood flows through the veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit to solving the problems of The teachings of Galen, a Greek physi- cian in the A.D. 100s, dominated medicine through the body. society. in the Late Middle Ages. Relying on ani- mal, rather than human, dissection to pic- Breakthroughs in Chemistry ture human anatomy, Galen was wrong in Robert Boyle was one of the first scien- ✓ Reading Check many instances. tists to conduct controlled experiments in In the sixteenth century, a revolution in chemistry. His work on the properties of Answer: by dissecting human medicine began. Andreas Vesalius and gases led to Boyle’s Law—the volume of a bodies and describing individ- William Harvey added to the understand- gas varies with the pressure exerted on it. In the eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier ual organs and general ing of human anatomy. By dissecting human bodies at the University of Padua, invented a system for naming chemical structures Vesalius accurately described the individ- elements still used today. Many people ual organs and general structure of the consider him the founder of modern human body. William Harvey showed that chemistry. the heart—not the liver, as Galen had thought—was the beginning point for the ✓ Reading Check Explaining How was Vesalius Additional circulation of blood. He also proved that able to add to knowledge of anatomy?

Support 542 SECTION 1 The Scientific Revolution Johann Brandst/akg-images

Extending the Content

Copernican Revolution The writings of were published shortly before he died, and proven incorrect. Nor was he the first per- Nicolaus Copernicus are said to have trig- his book was largely ignored until the next son to suggest that Earth revolves around gered what is now known as the Copernican century. Furthermore, he thought that he the Sun. That honor goes to the ancient phi- Revolution. However, there are several iro- would best be remembered for his theory losopher Aristarchus. Given these facts, ask nies associated with this fact. While of circularity, which is that the planets rotate students why the ideas of Copernicus were Copernicus is credited with his eponymous in near-perfect circles. This theory was later revolutionary. revolution, he himself missed it. His theories

542 These women had received the opportu- CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 Women’s Contributions nity to become astronomers from working Women scientists faced obstacles to in family observatories where their fathers practicing what they had learned. or husbands trained them. Between 1650 and 1710, women made up 14 percent of W Writing Support HISTORY & YOU Do you recall how the Chinese all German astronomers. and Japanese societies restricted the roles of women? Persuasive Writing Ask stu- The most famous of the female astrono- Read to learn how two European women contributed dents to write a persuasive essay to science. mers in Germany was Maria Winkelmann. She received training in astronomy from a that either supports or disagrees self-taught astronomer. When she married with the quotation. Students Although scholarship was considered Gottfried Kirch, Prussia’s foremost astron- should use specific examples to the exclusive domain of men, many women omer, she became his assistant and began contributed to the Scientific Revolution. to practice astronomy. support their opinions. AL For example, Margaret Cavendish, a phil- Winkelmann made some original contri- osopher, and Maria Winkelmann, an butions to astronomy, including the dis- Differentiated astronomer, helped advance science covery of a comet. Her husband described D through their writings and their work. the discovery: Instruction Visual/Spatial Ask students to Margaret Cavendish PRIMARY SOURCE reread the next-to-last paragraph One of the most prominent female scien- “Early in the morning (about 2:00 A.M.) the sky and imagine the visual image of tists of the seventeenth century, Margaret was clear and starry. Some nights before, I had Cavendish, came from an English aristo- observed a variable star, and my wife (as I slept) the sentence, “Mouths would cratic family. Tutored at home, she studied wanted to find and see it for herself. In so doing, gape.” Have students draw an subjects considered suitable for girls of she found a comet in the sky. At which time she woke me, and I found that it was indeed a illustration of the scene at the proper upbringing—music, dancing, read- time if a woman had been given a ing, and needlework. She was not formally comet. . . . I was surprised that I had not seen it the night before.” educated in the sciences. However, Caven- position at the Berlin Academy. — Gottfried Kirch, Winkelmann’s astronomer dish wrote a number of works on scientific husband They might picture one person or matters, including Observations Upon a group reacting to the news. BL Experimental Philosophy. In her work, Cavendish was especially When her husband died, Winkelmann critical of the growing belief that humans, applied for a position as assistant astrono- through science, were the masters of mer at the Berlin Academy. She was highly ✓ Reading Check qualified, but as a woman—with no uni- nature: Answer: Cavendish wrote on versity degree—she was denied the post. D PRIMARY SOURCE Members of the Berlin Academy feared the limitations of humans and that they would set a bad example by hir- science in controlling natural “We have no power at all over natural causes ing a woman. “Mouths would gape,” they and effects . . . for man is but a small part, his W said, by which they meant that members processes; Winkelman practiced powers are but particular actions of Nature, and of the academy would be appalled. astronomy and discovered a he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.” Winkelmann’s problems with the Berlin —Margaret Cavendish, 1623–1673 comet. Academy reflect the obstacles women faced in being accepted as scientists. Such Cavendish published under her own work was considered to be chiefly for name at a time when most female writers males. In the view of most people in the had to publish anonymously. Her contri- seventeenth century, a life devoted to any bution to philosophy is widely recognized kind of scholarship was at odds with the today; however, many intellectuals of the domestic duties women were expected to time did not take her work seriously. perform.

Maria Winkelmann ✓ Reading Check Summarizing What did In Germany, many of the women who Margaret Cavendish and Maria Winkelmann contribute were involved in science were astronomers. to the Scientific Revolution? Additional

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 543 Support

Activity: Collaborative Learning ing This activity Dramatizing the Struggle of a Woman or Maria Winkelman. Students should use Cooperative Learn to perform a short Scientist Ask: What obstacles did women information from the text and additional requires students ts with different play. It allows studen scientists face in the Scientific Revolution? resources as needed. Scenes may focus on intelli- levels of acad emic skills and (resistance to allowing them training, reliance events or periods in the scientist’s life, such er in research- gences to work togeth on husbands or fathers for training, lack of as pursuing education or applying for a posi- rming. As you ing, writing, and perfo respect for their work, resistance to hiring tion. Each play should include three short e needed form groups, co nsider th them) Have students work in groups to dra- scenes. Allow time for a brief discussion dents accordingly. matize some of these obstacles by writing period in which members of the cast take skills and chose stu and performing a short play on the life of a questions from the audience. OL woman scientist such as Margaret Cavendish 543 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 The starting point for Descartes’s new Philosophy and Reason system was doubt. In his most famous Scientists came to believe that reason work, Discourse on Method, written in 1637, is the chief source of knowledge. Descartes decided to set aside all that he R Reading Strategy had learned and to begin again. One fact HISTORY & YOU Your computer stores much infor- Making Connections Ask stu- mation, but can it use reason? Read to learn how seemed to him to be beyond doubt—his dents to identify sources of doubt human reason became central to the search for own existence: and uncertainty in the seven- knowledge. teenth century, such as scientific PRIMARY SOURCE New conceptions of the universe changes, challenges to the brought about by the Scientific Revolu- “But I immediately became aware that while I church, opposition to govern- tion strongly influenced the Western view was thus disposed to think that all was false, it of humankind. was absolutely necessary that I who thus thought ments, and so on. Ask them why should be something; and noting that this truth I these forces might have encour- think, therefore I am, was so steadfast and so Descartes and Rationalism assured . . . I concluded that I might without aged Descartes and others to Nowhere is this influence more evident scruple accept it as being the first principle of the think in a totally different way than in the work of the seventeenth-century philosophy I was seeking.” than before. ELL French philosopher René Descartes —René Descartes, Discourse on Method (day•KAHRT). Descartes began by R thinking and writing about the doubt and Descartes emphasized the importance of uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere C Critical Thinking C his own mind. He asserted that he would in the confusion of the seventeenth century. accept only those things that his reason Comparing and Contrasting He ended with a philosophy that dominated said were true. Ask students to reread the Western thought until the twentieth From his first principle—“I think, there- paragraph. Ask: How did Des- century. fore I am”—Descartes used his reason to cartes’ approach to the truth differ from others at the time? (Descartes would only accept things that his rational mind said were reasonable and true. The Church emphasized the The Scientific Method truth of the scriptures regardless of a person’s reason.) Bacon’s “guarded” method began a systematic “The present discoveries in science are such as lie immedi- O L approach to collecting and analyzing evidence ately beneath the surface of common notions [beliefs]. It is that today is known as the scientific method. necessary, however, to penetrate the more secret and remote parts of nature, in order to abstract both notions and axioms Flowchart of the Scientiﬁc Method [principles] from things, by a more certain and guarded [careful] method.” Answers: Observe some natural event. —Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, 1620 1. revise their hypothesis and repeat their experiments Form a hypothesis, or possible explanation, of the observed event. 2. Possible response: It produces Scientists carefully review the work of a large quantity of evidence Perform experiments to other scientists and test the hypothesis test the hypothesis. themselves. The scientific community from experiments by many accepts the hypothesis only when the scientists, who critically evalu- results of a large number of experiments Analyze and draw conclusions from Repeat until the by many scientists support it. ate each others’ work. the results. Do the results support hypothesis is the hypothesis? strongly 1. Explaining What do scientists do when supported by the results of their experiments disagree the results. with their proposed explanation? Yes No 2. Analyzing How does the scientific Publish results for other Revise the hypothesis method help to arrive at a true explana- Differentiated scientists to review. based on the results. tion of a natural event?

Instruction 544

LeveledLeveled Activities Activities B L Guided Reading Activity, O L History Simulation AL People in World History, ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 236 Activity, URB p. 223 URB p. 227 URB p. 209

Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class ISTORY Guided Reading Activity 17-1 H IMULATION rld History Ac f English Learner Activity 17 People in Wo tivity S CTIVITY 17 17 Profile 1 The Scientific Revolution A Science on Trial Revolution and Enlightenment DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1. During the Scientific Revolution, Galileo and others made the assertion that Nicholas Copernicus (1473–1543) the planets revolved around the Sun. In spite of scientific evidence that sup- ★ A. PRE-READING ACTIVITY: IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION ported this view, the Inquisition of the Catholic Church condemned Galileo In the early 1500s, most people believed After years of 1. What did the writings of Ptolemy and Archimedes make obvious? and his ideas as heresy. After a trial, Galileo was forced to recant his idea, Ptolemy’s theory of the universe. More than careful study, DIRECTIONS: Before reading “Causes of the Scientific Revolution” on pages 538–539, answer though many think he did so only under extreme pressure. 1,000 years earlier, the Greek astronomer Copernicus came the following questions. had concluded that Earth was the center of to believe that the 1. This chapter is about the development of democratic ideals and the Enlightenment. TEACHER MATERIAL the universe. According to Ptolemy, Earth Sun is stationary What are democratic ideals? How do they differ from those of a monarchy? 2. What new invention helped to spread new scientific ideas quickly and easily? was stationary, and all the other planets and located near Learning Objective To understand the divisions 4. As students conduct their research, have moved around it in complicated paths, or the center of the 17

that existed between scientists of the them use the planning form and additional 17 orbits. Copernicus, however, dared to dis- universe. Further, 17 3. Where is Earth placed in the universe according to the Ptolemaic system? Enlightenment and the Catholic Church. sheets of paper if necessary to record the agree with his theory. he theorized that points they will make during the trial. Those Activity Groups of students will role-play a trial Born in Toru´n, Poland, Copernicus began Earth is a planet supporting Galileo should be well versed of Galileo by the Church. Students will take the his studies at the University of Kraków. His like all the other 4. Contrary to Ptolemy, what did Copernicus argue concerning the construction of the about his ideas and the scientific principles parts of Galileo, three members of the Church, uncle was a prelate, a powerful church offi- planets in the sky. As a result, Earth must CHAPTER CHAPTER

upon which he based his conclusions. Those CHAPTER universe? and a jury. Each side will present its arguments, cial. When Copernicus was 24, his uncle move like the other planets. Copernicus supporting the Church should thoroughly SECTION and then the jury will decide which has made used his influence to have him appointed a believed Earth to be in the third planetary understand the Church’s position and why the best case. canon, an official of the cathedral in orbit around the Sun. 2. Many nations discussed in this chapter fought civil wars. What is a civil war? Has your 5. What discoveries did Galileo make using a telescope? Galileo’s ideas threatened it. Frombork, Poland. Copernicus used the Disturbing fixed ideas about the universe Teacher Preparation Provide several copies of nation ever had a civil war? If so, when? 5. When students have completed their income from this position to finance his was a dangerous thing. Copernicus’s theory the next page to each group. Help students research, discuss with them how the trial will 17-1 6. Why did the Church order Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea of the nature of the locate reference sources including books, maga- studies in mathematics, astronomy, and of the universe not only challenged be conducted. Point out that at an Inquisition medicine in Italy. When he was 33, he Ptolmey’s theory, but it also refuted the universe? zine articles, and Internet addresses related to trial, there was no jury and that defendants history or science. earned a doctorate from the University of Church’s view of the universe. If had no rights. Explain that they will not fol- Ferrara. Then he returned to Poland and his Copernicus’s theory became known, he Copyright © G © Copyright low this style in order to allow the arguments nc. nc. position as church canon. could have been severely punished. nc. Activity Guidelines of both sides to be heard. Students work While finishing his formal education, Copernicus, however, was careful, and he 1. Introduce the activity by reviewing impor- together to agree on an order of presentation 7. What did Isaac Newton define in his first book, The Principia? Copernicus became aware of serious prob- shared his ideas only with those people lencoe/M tant points about Galileo’s ideas. Include and cross-examination. some of the background information found lems within the Ptolemaic theory. Most with whom he could trust his life. 6. When both sides have finished presenting raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I cGraw-Hill, a division of division cGraw-Hill,a raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I in the Chapter Preview and Section 1 of this significantly, Ptolemy’s theory of the plan- Nonetheless, news of his thesis spread rap- raw-Hill Companies, I 8. What did William Harvey’s observations and experiments show? their arguments, have the jury discuss the ★ B. PRE-READING ACTIVITY: READING COMPREHENSION chapter. Then discuss how Galileo’s ideas ets’ movement in the galaxy seemed too idly. Copernicus’s masterpiece, On The

The McG case and come to a verdict by voting. Then The McG conflicted with those of the Catholic Church. complicated. Looking for a way to make Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, was The McG DIRECTIONS: Before reading this chapter, study the words and their definitions below. have the jury report its decision. sense of this defective logic, Copernicus published right before his death in 1543. 9. What field of science in Germany provided opportunities for women? 2. Organize students into groups of 10 to 12 7. After the trial, have the groups come to- each. Explain that each group will conduct a began to review other theories of the For his achievements, Copernicus is consid- accountable (adj.): answerable; responsible; obligated The McG The gether to discuss what they have learned. mock trial of Galileo. Group members will universe. ered the founder of modern astronomy. assert (v.): to state firmly; claim; stress Ask students: 10. What did René Descartes emphasize and assert? play the following roles: Church members attribute (v.): to give credit to; assign; refer cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of raw-Hill Companies, I Companies, raw-Hill cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of • What new information did you learn a cGraw-Hill, division of who will defend the position of the Catholic divine (adj.): holy or sacred about Galileo and his ideas about the REVIEWING THE PROFILE

lencoe/M Church, Galileo, and jury members who will lencoe/M eternal (adj.): forever; always; everlasting 544 lencoe/M solar system? judge the case. monarch • What new information did you learn Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. (n.): a ruler who reigns for life, such a king, queen, prince, or emperor 11. Who developed the scientific method? 3. Distribute the planning forms and direct stu- resolve (v.): to figure out or successfully conclude nc. about why the Church was so strongly 1. How was Copernicus’s theory of the universe different from Ptolemy’s theory? Copyright © G Copyright © G dents to divide among group members the opposed to Galileo’s ideas? Copyright © G solely (adv.): only; alone; entirely 2. Critical Thinking Determining Cause and Effect. Why would the Church have been roles that each will play. Have Church mem- • Why is a jury an important part of a trial? angered by Copernicus’s theory? bers and Galileo research information that How did having a jury make this trial dif- they can use to argue their case. Have mem- ferent from Galileo’s experience with the 3. Critical Thinking Recognizing Ideologies. Why do you think people in Copernicus’s bers of the jury conduct general research Inquisition? time reacted so negatively to his ideas? about the dispute. (continued) 236 223 227 209 arrive at a second principle. He argued that because “the CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different.” From this idea came the principle of the separation of mind and matter (and of mind and body). Descartes’s C Critical Thinking idea that mind and matter were completely separate Vocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: philosopher, Identifying Central Issues allowed scientists to view matter as dead or inert. That is, geocentric, sphere, Nicolaus Copernicus, Ask: What did Bacon believe to matter was something that was totally detached from the heliocentric, Johannes Kepler, Galileo mind and that could be investigated independently by Galilei, Isaac Newton, universal law of be the best use of science? (to reason. gravitation, Margaret Cavendish, Maria benefit people in work; to help peo- Descartes has rightly been called the father of modern Winkelmann, René Descartes, rationalism, ple control nature) BL rationalism. This system of thought is based on the belief scientific method, Francis Bacon, inductive that reason is the chief source of knowledge. reasoning. ✓ Reading Check Main Ideas Bacon and the Scientific Method 2. Summarize the changes in the fifteenth Answer: It uses inductive rea- During the Scientific Revolution, people became con- and sixteenth centuries that helped the soning; proves/disproves hypo- cerned about how they could best understand the physical natural philosophers develop new views. theses through experiments world. The result was the creation of the scientific method— 3. Identify examples of new ideas in the form a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evi- of scientific discoveries or innovations that dence. The scientific method was crucial to the evolution appeared during the 1500s and 1600s. Use of science in the modern world. a diagram like the one below to identify the The person who developed the scientific method was ideas and the changes they produced. actually not a scientist. Francis Bacon was an English phi- Assess New Scientific Ideas losopher with few scientific credentials. He believed that scientists should not rely on the ideas of ancient authori- idea idea idea idea idea ties. Instead, they should learn about nature by using inductive reasoning—proceeding from the particular to (ISTORY /.,).% the general. change change change change change Study Central provides summa- Before beginning this reasoning, scientists try to free ries, interactive games, and online their minds of opinions that might distort the truth. Then 4. Describe the obstacles that women in the they start with detailed facts and proceed toward general 1600s and 1700s faced in being accepted graphic organizers to help stu- principles. From observing natural events, scientists pro- as scientists. dents review content. pose hypotheses (theories), or possible explanations, for Critical Thinking the events. Then systematic observations and carefully 5. The BIG Idea Contrasting Contrast the organized experiments to test the hypotheses would lead Ptolemaic and Copernican universes. to correct general principles. Close Bacon was clear about what he believed his scientific 6. Analyzing Why did the Catholic Church condemn Galileo’s work? method could accomplish. He stated that “the true and Summarizing Ask: How did 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the painting of lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that the Scientific Revolution change human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.” Galileo on page 542. Explain why you think the artist chose to pose Galileo as he did. the way people thought? (They He was much more concerned with practical matters than C pure science. saw the universe as a machine fol- Writing About History Bacon wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, 8. Expository Writing Research and write lowing predictable laws. They saw and trade. He said, “I am laboring to lay the foundation, an essay about the contributions of truth as a result of rational not of any sect or doctrine, but of human utility and Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, or Cavendish power.” to the Scientific Revolution. explanations.) How would this “human power” be used? Bacon believed it could be used to “conquer nature in action.” The control and domination of nature became an important concern of science and the technology that accompanied it. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World Reading Check ✓ Summarizing What are the characteristics of History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. the scientific method? SECTION REVIEW

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Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are gravitation: concept of the universe as a 5. Ptolemaic system: Earth is the center of the found in the section and the Glossary. machine; dissection of humans: better universe; Copernican system: the Sun is the 2. Renaissance humanists made available the medical care; reason over faith: rational- center of the universe works of Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato; ism; scientific method: evolution of 6. for violating church authority invention of new instruments for more science 7. Answers may include that the artist wanted accurate measurement; printing press 4. little opportunity for formal training or to show Galileo doing what he was known spread ideas employment in science; work not taken seri- for. 3. heliocentric universe: threw doubt on lit- ously; science considered male domain and 8. Students’ essays should accurately describe eral interpretation of Bible; laws of motion, at odds with domestic duties of women a scientist’s contributions.

545 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 2 Focus The Enlightenment

Applying the scientific method to their physical world, Bellringer GUIDE TO READING Enlightenment thinkers, or philosophes, reexamined all aspects Daily Focus Transparency 17.2 of life—from government and justice to religion and women’s Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. that he might have taken scientific experimentation and/or theory to another level 2. that he built upon the work of 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS other scientists, and that without them, he would not have been able to develop his work 3. gravity Chapter 17 TRANSPARENCY 17-2 Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Enlighten- rights. They created a movement that influenced the entire

The Enlightenment 1 What do you think Newton 2 What do you think he meant 3 What theory—shown by the ment thinkers, or philosophes, believed all institu- meant by “If I have seen by “standing upon the falling apple—formed the further [than others]”? shoulders of giants”? basis for Newton’s idea that Western world. the world works like a machine? tions should follow natural laws to produce the FPO ideal society. If I have seen further Path to the Enlightenment “[than others] it is by Content Vocabulary standing upon the shoulders of giants. • philosophe (p. 548) • laissez-faire (p. 550) —Sir Isaac Newton” Eighteenth-century intellectuals used the ideas of the Scientific • separation of powers • social contract (p. 548) (p. 551) Revolution to reexamine all aspects of life. • deism (p. 548) • salon (p. 552) HISTORY & YOU Do you think you were born with some knowledge, or did you learn everything you know? Read about John Locke’s idea that when each of us is GUIDE TO READING Academic Vocabulary born, the mind is a tabula rasa, or blank slate. • generation (p. 548) • arbitrary (p. 551) The Enlightenment was an eighteenth-century philosophical Answers to Graphic: People and Places movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the Major Ideas of the Enlightenment: reason, • John Locke (p. 546) • Jean-Jacques achievements of the Scientific Revolution. One of the favorite Rousseau deism, religious toleration, separation of powers, • Montesquieu (p. 548) (p. 551) words of these intellectuals was reason. By this, they meant the • Paris laissez-faire, natural law, social contract, progress • Voltaire (p. 548) (p. 551) application of the scientific method to an understanding of all • Mary Wollstonecraft • Denis Diderot (p. 549) life. They hoped that by using the scientific method, they could (p. 551) • Adam Smith (p. 550) make progress toward a better society than the one they had • London (p. 552) • Cesare Beccaria inherited. Reason, natural law, hope, progress—these were com- • John Wesley (p. 553) (p. 550) mon words to the thinkers of the Enlightenment. The ideas of Section Spotlight Video Reading Strategy the Enlightenment would become a force for reform and eventu- Summarizing Information As you read, ally revolution. To generate student interest and use a diagram like the one below to list some of the provide a springboard for class main ideas introduced during the Enlightenment. John Locke discussion, access the Chapter 17, The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were especially influenced by the ideas of two seventeenth-century Englishmen, John Section 2 video at glencoe.com or Major Ideas Locke and Isaac Newton. In his Essay Concerning Human on the video DVD. of the Enlightenment Understanding, Locke argued that every person was born with a tabula rasa, or blank mind:

PRIMARY SOURCE “Let us then suppose the mind to be . . . white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it to be furnished? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from experience. . . . Our observation, employed either about external sensible objects or about the internal operations of our minds perceived and reflected on by ourselves, is that which supplies our understanding with all the materials of thinking.” — John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Locke’s ideas suggested that people were molded by the experi- Resource Manager ences that came through their senses from the surrounding world.

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Using Context Clues, • Making Inferences, p. 548 • Adv. Learners, p. 548 • Expository Writing, • Diagramming, p. 552 p. 549 • Pred. Consequences, p. 547 • Making Connections, p. 549 Additional Resources • Personal Writing, Additional Resources pp. 550, 551, 552 • Making Inferences, p. 550 • Coop. Learn. Act., URB p. 551 • Read. Strat. for SS, p. 62 • Summarizing, p. 553 • Compare/Contrast, p. 551 p. 221 • Reteach. Act., URB Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Read. Skills Act., URB, p. 233 • Pri. Source Read., URB p. 205 • Crit. Think. Act., URB p. 229 • Guid. Read. Act., URB p. 216 • Enrich. Act., URB p. 234 p. 237 • People in World Hist. • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking Act., URB p. 228 Guide, p. 187 • Section Quiz, p. 206 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 2 EUROPE AND THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E Uppsala St. Teach Petersburg Stockholm Glasgow Edinburgh W Writing Support North 50°N N Copenhagen Sea Expository Writing Ask stu- W Cambridge Gda´nsk dents to write a paragraph further E Amsterdam S Oxford Leiden explaining the logic of applying London Berlin Greenwich one type of rules (the scientific Halle Göttingen Warsaw method) to different areas. A L Leipzig ATLANTIC Frankfurt OCEAN Paris Prague Kraków Strasbourg Munich Vienna Answers: Geneva 1. palaces inspired by Versailles;

Turin Padua publication of scientific or Academy of Science philosophical journals 4 Bologna 0°N Pisa Observatory Florence 2. Students might ask: “How Lisbon Madrid Corsica Palace inspired by many universities were in Rome Versailles Great Britain during the Publication of scientiﬁc or philosophical journals Enlightenment?” (four) Sardinia 1. Place Based on the information University given on this map, what did London and Berlin have in com- 0 400 kilometers mon during the Enlightenment? 0 400 miles ✓Reading Check Sicily 2. Regions Pose and answer a Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection question about the geographic Answer: create a new and bet- distribution shown on this map. ter society by discovering and applying natural laws

Enlightenment thinkers began to believe laws, which could be uncovered through that if environments were changed and systematic investigation. people were exposed to the right influ- The Enlightenment thinkers reasoned ences, then people could be changed to that if Newton was able to discover the create a new—and better—society. natural laws that governed the physical world, then by applying his scientific methods, they would be able to discover W Isaac Newton the natural laws that governed human The ideas of Isaac Newton also greatly society. If all institutions would then follow influenced eighteenth-century intellectu- these natural laws, the result would be an als. As you read earlier, Newton believed ideal society. that the physical world and everything in it was like a giant machine. His “world- ✓ Reading Check Explaining What did machine” operated according to natural Enlightenment thinkers hope to accomplish? Hands-On

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 547 Chapter Project Step 2

Make a Revolution and Enlightenment on society as they read this Summarizing: Allow time for students to Enlightenment Poster section. Have students illustrate what they discuss what they have learned while creat- regard as the most important effects of the ing this section of the poster. They will use Step 2: Illustrating Enlightenment Enlightenment in the second quarter of information about the effects of the Ideas Pairs of students will add to the post- their posters. Text and images may include Enlightenment on politics in Section 3 to ers they began in Section 1 that illustrate information about specific Enlightenment illustrate the next section of their the impact of the Scientific Revolution. thinkers, or students may choose to illus- posters. OL Directions: Write the Big Idea on the board. trate the effects of Enlightenment ideas on (Chapter Project is continued in Section 3.) Tell students to evaluate the effects of the areas such as economics, religion, education, or women’s rights.

547 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 2 natural laws that govern the social and polit- Ideas of the Philosophes ical relationships of human beings. The philosophes wanted to create a Montesquieu identified three basic kinds Differentiated better society. of governments: (1) republics, suitable for D small states; (2) despotism, appropriate for Instruction HISTORY & YOU Do you remember what a monar- C chy is? Read to learn about two other forms of large states; and (3) monarchies, ideal for Advanced Learners Ask stu- government. moderate-sized states. He used England as dents to compare philosophes’ an example of a monarchy. Montesquieu stated that England’s gov- attitudes concerning direct The intellectuals of the Enlightenment ernment had three branches: the executive involvement and improvement were known by the French word (the monarch), the legislative (Parliament), of the world to later perceptions philosophe (FEE•luh•ZAWF), meaning and the judicial (the courts of law). The government functioned through a separation of of scholars as working in “ivory “philosopher.” Not all philosophes were French, however, and few were philoso- powers. In this separation, the executive, towers” with little involvement phers in the strict sense of the term. They legislative, and judicial powers of the gov- with the outside world. Ask stu- were writers, professors, journalists, econ- ernment limit and control each other in a dents to give an oral presentation omists, and above all, social reformers. system of checks and balances. By prevent- They came chiefly from the nobility and ing any one person or group from gaining contrasting the two views and the middle class. too much power, this system provides the share their own views about a Most leaders of the Enlightenment were greatest freedom and security for the state. scholar’s place and responsibilities French, although the English had provided The system of checks and balances in the world. AL the philosophical inspiration for the move- through separation of powers was Mon- ment. It was the French philosophes who tesquieu’s most lasting contribution to affected intellectuals elsewhere and cre- political thought. Translation of his work C Critical Thinking ated a movement that influenced the entire into English made it available to American Western world. philosophes, who worked his principles Making Inferences Ask: into the United States Constitution. Why do you think Montesquieu D The Role of Philosophy thought that different types of To the philosophes, the role of philosophy Voltaire government were appropriate for was to change the world. One writer said The greatest figure of the Enlightenment different sizes of states? (Larger that the philosophe is one who “applies was François-Marie Arouet, known simply himself to the study of society with the as Voltaire. A Parisian, Voltaire came from states were too complex and far- purpose of making his kind better and a prosperous middle-class family. His reaching to use anything but one- happier.” One conducts this study by using numerous writings brought him both fame person rule, while small states could reason, or an appeal to facts. A spirit of and wealth. rational criticism was to be applied to every- Voltaire was especially well known for manage a direct republic because of thing, including religion and politics. his criticism of Christianity and his strong the limited number of people and The philosophes often disagreed. Span- belief in religious toleration. He fought viewpoints.) O L ning almost a century, the Enlightenment against religious intolerance in France. In evolved over time. Each succeeding 1763 he penned his Treatise on Toleration, in generation became more radical as it built which he reminded governments that “all on the contributions of the previous one. A men are brothers under God.” few people, however, dominated the land- Throughout his life, Voltaire championed scape—Montesquieu (MAHN•tuhs• deism, an eighteenth-century religious phi- KYOO), Voltaire, and Diderot (dee•DROH). losophy based on reason and natural law. Deism built on the idea of the Newtonian world-machine. In the Deists’ view, a Montesquieu mechanic (God) had created the universe. Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron de To Voltaire and most other philosophes, the Montesquieu, was a French noble. His universe was like a clock. God, the clock- famous work The Spirit of the Laws (1748) was maker, had created it, set it in motion, and a study of governments. In it, Montesquieu allowed it to run without his interference Additional used the scientific method to try to find the and according to its own natural laws.

Support 548 SECTION 2 The Enlightenment

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Civics Divide the class into three groups the legislature to appoint judges and exec- Ask: How does the separation of powers and assign one branch of government to utives, or allowing an executive to ignore help prevent any branch of government each group. Ask each group to brainstorm a laws passed by the legislature. Then have from gaining too much power? (by making list of laws that would give their branch of each group share their lists and explain how each branch of government dependent on the government control over the other laws such as these could be balanced to others for approval or limiting their individual branches. Examples may include allowing promote freedom and security for a state. power to make or change laws) OL

548 (l) Musee de la Ville Paris, Car CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 2 Diderot New Social Sciences Denis Diderot went to the University of Paris. His father hoped Denis would pur- The belief in logic and reason pro- sue a career in law or the Church. He did moted the beginnings of social sciences. C Critical Thinking neither. Instead, he became a writer. He HISTORY & YOU What do you think is the purpose studied and read in many subjects and of punishing criminals? Read to learn about argu- Predicting Consequences languages. ments against extreme punishments. navalet, Paris/Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library Ask: How do you think the Diderot’s most famous contribution to Church and the French govern- the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and The philosophes, as we have seen, ment reacted to Diderot’s work? Trades, a 28-volume collection of knowl- believed that Newton’s methods could be (They opposed it and were against used to discover the natural laws underly- edge that he edited. Published between its publication and distribution.) O L 1751 and 1772, the Encyclopedia, according ing all areas of human life. This led to what to Diderot, was to “change the general way we would call the social sciences—areas of thinking.” such as economics and political science. R Reading Strategy

The Encyclopedia became a weapon , (r) Bettmann/CORBIS against the old French society. Many of its Smith on Economics Using Context Clues Ask stu- articles attacked religious superstition and The Physiocrats and Scottish philosopher dents to read the Voltaire feature supported religious toleration. Others C Adam Smith have been viewed as the and to provide examples of absur- called for social, legal, and political reforms. founders of the modern social science of Sold to doctors, clergymen, teachers, and economics. The Physiocrats, a French group, dities and atrocities in both the lawyers, the Encyclopedia spread Enlight- were interested in identifying the natural modern world and in the context enment ideas. economic laws that governed human soci- of Voltaire’s world. OL ety. They maintained that if individuals ✓ Reading Check Stating What ideas did were free to pursue their own economic ✓ Reading Check Montesquieu add to the Enlightenment? self-interest, all society would benefit. Answer: He identified three types of government and described a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers that helped Voltaire Adam Smith guide the U.S. Constitution. 1694–1778 French Philosopher 1723–1790 Scottish Economist and Philosopher

“Those who can make you believe absurdities “No society can surely be happy, of which the can make you commit atrocities.” Voltaire’s words far greater part of the members are poor and reflected his observations on history, and fore- miserable.” Someone reading this quote might shadowed atrocities yet to come. Outspoken think it originated with an American patriot against tyranny, ignorance, and the or a French revolutionary. However, it Answers: excesses of the Church, Voltaire never actually came from Adam Smith, held his tongue, even in the face of widely regarded as “the father of Voltaire: tyranny, ignorance, and threats. Forced to choose between exile capitalism.” Besides being the archi- excesses of the church; and imprisonment after insulting a tect of the laissez-faire doctrine of R Smith: government’s role powerful French nobleman, Voltaire government non-interference with chose exile in England. While there he commerce, and an opponent of should be minimal, with little befriended Jonathan Swift and Alexander heavy government taxation, Smith interference in business and lit- Pope and was influenced by John Locke was also an outspoken advocate and Sir Isaac Newton. He returned home for ethical standards in society. His tle taxation more radical than ever, and his ideas friends included Voltaire, Benjamin later influenced both American and Franklin, and David Hume, three of the French revolutionaries. Voltaire late eighteenth century’s most revolu- spoke out against what tionary thinkers. How did Adam Smith subjects of his day? feel about the role of government? Additional Support

Extending the Content

Voltaire and Smith Voltaire helped cities in France. Smith, on the other hand, while Smith was allowed to work and pub- spread Enlightenment views both through did not threaten the status quo in the same lish his thoughts? (Voltaire often challenged his writings, which were published across way, and spent his life teaching and writing the attitudes and actions of royalty and the Europe, and through his own personal trav- in Scotland and England. His writings were Church, the institutions that were most pow- els. Twice he was forced into exile because some of the first to attempt to analyze eco- erful at the time, while Smith presented a new of his criticisms of royalty. He resided in nomic issues and systems. Ask: Why do you analysis without specific criticism.) OL England and Berlin, as well as in a variety of think Voltaire inspired such opposition,

549 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 2 Laissez-Faire Economics Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776), inspired a R Reading Strategy major shift in economic theory and practice. In it, he Mercantilism argued that the desire for personal gain drives Making Connections Ask stu- A nation’s wealth is measured by: economic activity and that this leads to competition. He dents to research the economic pol- • the amount of gold and silver in its treasury believed that allowing this competition to operate icies of the major political parties in To increase wealth, government must: without government interference would benefit society • encourage exports to bring in gold and silver in several ways: the United States. Ask: In which • restrict imports to avoid draining away gold • Prices are kept lower. political party would Adam Smith and silver • Production is more efficient as businesses reduce have been comfortable? (Have stu- • grant monopolies and financial support to costs to increase profit. local businesses to give them an advantage • Labor and capital are directed to the most dents support their answers.) A L over foreign competition profitable industries. Unintentionally then, the pursuit of self-interest benefits all of society. In Smith’s words: C Critical Thinking “Every individual . . . neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much his is promoting Making Inferences Ask: How Laissez-Faire Economics A nation’s wealth is measured by: it. . . . [H]e intends only his own gain, and he is in this . can competition help increase • its annual output of goods and services . . led by an invisible hand to promote and end which was no part of his intention.” wealth? (Answers may include that To increase wealth, government must: competition allows the pursuit of • impose no restrictions on trade, allowing it C to operate freely self-interest which may lead to • provide no support or monopoly 1. Identifying According to Adam Smith, advantages for local businesses, so that wealth through increased efficiency, why do people produce and sell products? competition can occur freely lower prices, and the support of 2. Making Inferences What do you think profitable industries.) O L Smith means by “an invisible hand”? ✓ Reading Check Answer: letting people do as The state, then, should not interrupt the they want, especially in eco- Beccaria on Justice free play of natural economic forces by By the eighteenth century, most European nomic matters where the gov- imposing regulations on the economy. states had developed a system of courts to ernment should not interfere Instead, the state should leave the econ- deal with the punishment of crime. Punish- omy alone. This doctrine became known ments were often cruel. The primary reason laissez-faire by its French name, (LEH•SAY for extreme punishments was the need to FEHR), meaning “to let (people) do (what deter crime in an age when a state’s police they want).” force was too weak to capture criminals. The best statement of laissez-faire was One philosophe who proposed a new Adam Smith made in 1776 by in his approach to justice was Cesare Beccaria. In Answers: famous work, The Wealth of Nations. Like 1. for personal gain his essay On Crimes and Punishments (1764), R the Physiocrats, Smith believed that the Beccaria argued that punishments should 2. Responses may include that state should not interfere in economic mat- not be exercises in brutality. He also opposed the economic forces are not ters. Indeed, Smith gave to government capital punishment. He did not believe that only three basic roles. First, it should pro- visible to the participants, it stopped others from committing crimes. tect society from invasion (the function of Moreover, it set an example of barbarism: yet they guide participants the army). Second, the government should “Is it not absurd, that the laws, which pun- to act to benefit society. defend citizens from injustice (the func- ish murder, should, in order to prevent mur- tion of the police). And finally, it should der, publicly commit murder themselves?” keep up certain public works that private individuals alone could not afford—roads and canals, for example—but which are ✓ Reading Check Explaining What is the Differentiated necessary for social interaction and trade. concept of laissez-faire?

Instruction 550 SECTION 2 The Enlightenment Bettmann/CORBIS

Name Date Class

History A n World ctivit People i y 17 Profile 2 Identifying Central Issues Adam Smith (1723–1790)

How can social order and human progress 23 years old. Two be possible in a society where people follow years later, he their own self-interests? This is the problem became a professor that Adam Smith set out to solve. at the University of Smith argued that people’s personal Edinburgh, where he interests lead to progress and order. To taught literature, law, CHAPTER make money, people make things that other and philosophy. In people want to buy. People spend money 1751, he was made a for the things they want the most. Buying professor of logic at and selling creates social harmony. Smith the University of Identify the problems that Adam Smith claimed that all this would happen without Glasgow. Later that 17 Objective: Dif erentiated Instruction Strategy control, as if by an “invisible hand.” This year Smith accepted belief came to be called laissez-faire eco- a post as professor in moral philosophy. nomics, the policy that a government At Glasgow, Smith wrote his first book, should impose the fewest possible restric- The Theory of Moral Sentiment (1759). He then tions on prices and trade. Laissez-faire is a was hired to tutor the Duke of Buccleuch. wanted to solve. French phrase meaning “let do” or “leave While accompanying the young duke on a BL Ask students to explain why “hands off” them alone.” As a result of his work with tour of France, Smith began his most impor- freedom and order, economic process, and a tant book, The Wealth of Nations. unified social theory, Adam Smith is con- When Smith returned to England in 1766,

sidered the founder of modern economics. the young duke’s stepfather provided him G © Copyright Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, to with a regular income. Freed from the need Focus: Read Smith’s view of market functions. is a good description of Smith’s beliefs. a distinguished family. His father was an to earn a living, Smith was able to leave

important lawyer and public official; his teaching and spend the next decade writing lencoe/M mother was a member of the upper class. and studying. He published the first edition

His college education was the best that of The Wealth of Nations in 1776 and revised cGraw-H could be had: first at Scotland’s University it five times during his life. The book of Glasgow and then at England’s Oxford became a major influence on economic pol- of division a ill, Teach: Ask students to write a paragraph from Smith’s AL Ask students to research and describe University. Smith left Oxford when he was icy in the early nineteenth century. The McThe REVIEWING THE PROFILE Graw-Hill Companies, I Graw-HillCompanies, Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. point of view responding to a request by a variety of ways that governments 1. What social dilemma did Smith address in The Wealth of Nations? 2. What is laissez-faire economics? nc. 3. Critical Thinking Recognizing Bias. What assumptions about human nature did Adam Smith make? American companies for protection against regulate economic affairs. 4. Critical Thinking Identifying Alternatives. What might be the advantage of a government that controls trade—“hands-on” as opposed to Smith’s “laissez-faire” ideal? foreign competition. 228 ELL Ask students to explain the meaning of People in World History Assess: Have students share and discuss their writings. “laissez-faire” and discuss ways in which Activity, URB p. 228 Close: Ask students if they believe more in laissez-faire governments can affect an economy. economics or in some government control. 550 Unlike many Enlightenment thinkers, CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 2 The Spread of Ideas Rousseau believed that emotions, as well From the upper classes to the middle as reason, were important to human devel- classes and from salons to pulpits, the ideas of the opment. He sought a balance between heart Reading Strategy Enlightenment spread. and mind, between emotions and reason. R HISTORY & YOU How would your life change if Rousseau did not necessarily practice Making Connections Ask stu- you had no way to communicate—no e-mail, no what he preached. His own children were dents to review Rousseau’s idea phone? Learn how newspapers and magazines spread sent to orphanages, where many children Enlightenment ideas. died at a young age. Rousseau also viewed that some people must be “forced women as being “naturally” different from to be free.” Ask: Are there men: “To fulfill her functions, . . . [a woman] instances in modern U.S. society By the late 1760s, a new generation of needs a soft life. . . . How much care and philosophes had come to maturity. Ideas tenderness does she need to hold her fam- where individuals are “forced to about liberty, education, and the condition ily together.” To Rousseau, women should be free” because their self-inter- of women were spread through an increas- be educated for their roles as wives and ests are in opposition to the ingly literate society. mothers by learning obedience and the “general will”? (Students should nurturing skills that would enable them to cite examples such as minimum The Social Contract provide loving care for their husbands and children. Not everyone in the eighteenth wage and workplace safety laws or The most famous philosophe of the later century agreed with Rousseau’s views civil rights laws.) AL Enlightenment was Jean-Jacques Rousseau about women, however. (ru•SOH). The young Rousseau wandered through France and Italy holding various Critical Thinking jobs. Eventually he made his way to Paris, Women’s Rights C where he was introduced into the circle of For centuries, male intellectuals had Comparing and Contrasting the philosophes. He did not like city life, argued that the nature of women made them Ask: In what ways did Rous- however, and often withdrew into long inferior to men and made male domination periods of solitude. of women necessary. By the eighteenth seau’s and Wollstonecraft’s views In his Discourse on the Origins of the century, however, female thinkers began to of women differ? (Rousseau Inequality of Mankind, Rousseau argued express their ideas about improving the C believed that women were funda- that people had adopted laws and govern- condition of women. Mary Wollstonecraft, mentally different from men and ment in order to preserve their private an English writer, advanced the strongest property. In the process, they had become statement for the rights of women. Many only required education as wives enslaved by government. What, then, see her as the founder of the modern Euro- and mothers. Wollstonecraft should people do to regain their freedom? pean and American movements for wom- believed men and women had In his major work The Social Contract, en’s rights. equal abilities and deserved equal published in 1762, Rousseau presented his In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, concept of the social contract. Through a Wollstonecraft identified two problems opportunities in education and eco- social contract, an entire society agrees to be with the views of many Enlightenment nomic and political life.) OL governed by its general will. Individuals thinkers. She noted that the same people who wish instead to follow their own self- who argued that women must obey men interests must be forced to abide by the gen- R also said that government based on the W Writing Support eral will. “This means nothing less than that arbitrary power of monarchs over their Personal Writing Ask students [they] will be forced to be free,” said Rous- subjects was wrong. Wollstonecraft pointed seau. Thus, liberty is achieved by being out that the power of men over women to write one or two paragraphs forced to follow what is best for “the gen- was equally wrong. describing their feelings about eral will” because the general will repre- Wollstonecraft further argued that the equal opportunities for men and sents what is best for the entire community. Enlightenment was based on an ideal of Another important work by Rousseau is reason in all human beings. Therefore, women and about their abilities Émile. Written in the form of a novel, the because women have reason, they are enti- W and roles in society. B L work is a general discussion “on the edu- tled to the same rights as men. Women, cation of the natural man.” Rousseau Wollstonecraft declared, should have equal argues that education should foster, and rights in education, as well as in economic not restrict, children’s natural instincts. and political life. Additional

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 551 Support

Extending the Content

Although most leading philosophes lived in that there is a realm of absolute but intuition is blind.” Have students discuss France and Britain, there were Enlightenment unknowable truth, thus opening the door the quotation and then as a class create a thinkers in other European countries, too. to mystery. Attempting to balance the paraphrase of the quotation using ideas One very important contributor was the value of observation with the value of faith, and opinions expressed by students during German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Unlike Kant famously stated: “Intuition without the discussion. typical Enlightenment figures, Kant asserted sensation is empty, and sensation without

551 CHAPTER 17 • Art Archive/City Temple, London/Eileen T SECTION 2 The Growth of Reading The first daily newspaper was printed in London Of great importance to the Enlighten- in 1702. Newspapers were rela- ment was the spread of its ideas to the lit- tively cheap and were even provided free Skill Practice erate elite of European society. Especially in many coffeehouses. S noticeable in the eighteenth century was Diagramming Ask students to the growth of both publishing and the The Salon create two bar graphs that show weedy reading public. The number of titles issued Enlightenment ideas were also spread the growth of publishing in the each year by French publishers rose from through the salon. Salons were the elegant 300 in 1750 to about 1,600 in the 1780s. drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class’s 1700s. The first graph should illus- Books had previously been aimed at small great urban houses. Invited guests gath- trate the increased number of S groups of the educated elite. Now, many ered in these salons and took part in con- books published in France in 1750 books were directed at the new reading versations that were often centered on the public of the middle classes, which new ideas of the philosophes. The salons and the 1780s. The second graph included women and urban artisans. R brought writers and artists together with should show the increase in peri- An important aspect of the growth of aristocrats, government officials, and odicals in England from 1700 to publishing and reading in the eighteenth wealthy middle-class people. 1789. OL century was the development of magazines The women who hosted the salons were and newspapers for the general public. In in a position to sway political opinion and Great Britain, an important center for the influence literary and artistic taste. For Reading Strategy new magazines, 25 periodicals were pub- example, Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin, wife R lished in 1700, 103 in 1760, and 158 in 1780. of a wealthy merchant, hosted salons. Making Connections Ask students to review the description of salons during the Enlightenment. Ask: How does the Internet allow John Wesley Brings a New Message of Salvation greater access to debates but lessen the importance of each one? (Internet forums allow every- John Wesley (1703–1791), the founder of Methodism, who believed that God had already determined who would be brought religious revival to the people of England. Wesley often saved and who would not. one access to a debate, while only a preached outdoors, drawing thousands of people. His preach- Wesley emphasized religion of the heart, not the mind. He few were invited to a salon. The ing style made his message understandable to the uneducated urged his followers to seek Christian perfection, or holiness of lower classes. heart and life, by leading a life of piety and good works: salons were few in number, while The Church of England considered Wesley an extremist, “In every thought of our hearts, in every word of our tongues, Internet debates are so numerous exciting people to hysterical outbursts. Wesley taught that any- in every work of our hands, to show forth his praise, who hath that few gain widespread one can be saved. This idea conflicted with some Anglicans, called us out of darkness into his marvelous light.” attention.) O L

Answers: 1. Wesley: Anyone can be saved. Church of England: Salvation is predetermined. 2. He emphasized the heart, not the mind. 1. Contrasting How did Wesley’s view of salvation conflict with the view of some members of the Church of England? 2. Making Connections In what way Additional was Wesley’s message a reaction to Support Enlightenment thinking?

Did You Know?

Methodism and the Wesleys Charles religious practices, including visiting pris- to religion, although Charles himself did not and John Wesley were two of at least 17 ons and the sick. This approach was given want to break away from the Anglican children born into the family of an English the derisive nickname “Methodists.” Charles church. Often remembered as the poet of clergyman, 10 of whom lived to maturity. had experienced a religious conversion the Methodist movement, Charles com- After John went to college, he became a three days before John, and the brothers posed more than 6,000 hymns, many of member of the Holy Club that took what joined together to establish a new approach which are still popular in churches today. others saw as a “methodical” approach to

552 These gatherings at her fashionable home in Paris became CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 2 the talk of France and of all Europe. Distinguished foreigners competed to receive invita- tions to the salons. These gatherings helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment. R Reading Strategy Vocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: John Locke, Summarizing Ask students to Religion in the Enlightenment philosophe, generation, Montesquieu, write a sentence summarizing Although many philosophes attacked the Christian separation of powers, Voltaire, deism, each paragraph under the head- churches, most Europeans in the eighteenth century were Denis Diderot, laissez-faire, Adam Smith, still Christians. Many people also sought a deeper per- Cesare Beccaria, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ing on this page. ELL sonal devotion to God. Paris, social contract, Mary Wollstonecraft, The Catholic parish church remained an important cen- arbitrary, London, salon, John Wesley. ✓ Reading Check ter of life. How many people went to church regularly is unknown, but 90 to 95 percent of Catholic populations Main Ideas Answer: Since the Enlighten- went to mass on Easter Sunday. 2. Explain the influence of John Locke and ment ideals involved reason in After the initial religious fervor that created Protestant- Isaac Newton on Enlightenment thinkers. all beings and since women ism in the sixteenth century, Protestant churches settled into 3. Name the social classes to which most have reason like men, women well-established patterns often controlled or influenced by philosophes belonged. state authorities. Many Protestant churches were lacking in 4. Identify factors that helped spread are entitled to the same rights religious enthusiasm. The desire of ordinary Protestants for Enlightenment ideas through Europe by as men. greater depths of religious experience led to new religious using a diagram like the one below. movements. In England, the most famous new religious and evan- Factors that Spread gelical movement—Methodism—was the work of John Enlightenment Wesley, an Anglican minister. Wesley had a mystical experience in which “the gift of God’s grace” assured him of Assess salvation. This experience led him to become a missionary Critical Thinking 5. The BIG Idea Evaluating What did to the English people to bring them the “glad tidings” of Rousseau mean when he stated that if salvation. R individuals wanted to pursue their own (ISTORY /.,).% Since many Anglican churches were closed to him, Wes- self-interests at the expense of the ley preached to the masses in open fields, in halls, or in common good, they “will be forced to be Study Central provides summa- cottages. He preached wherever an assembly could gather. free”? Do you agree or disagree? Why? ries, interactive games, and online Wesley traveled constantly, generally on horseback, and 6. Comparing and Contrasting How are the graphic organizers to help stu- often preached two or three times a day. He appealed branches of the U.S. government similar to dents review content. especially to the lower classes. He tried, he said, “to lower the branches Montesquieu identified? How religion to the level of the lowest people’s capacities.” are they different? His sermons often caused people to have conversion 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the painting experiences. Many converts then joined Methodist societ- of John Wesley on page 552. Explain why ies to do good works. One notable reform they influenced the painting shows Wesley preaching Close was the abolition of the slave trade in the early 1800s. outdoors. Christian reformers were also important in the American Analyzing Information movement to abolish slavery. Writing About History Ask: How do you think you Wesley’s Methodism gave the lower and middle classes 8. Persuasive Writing Mary Wollstonecraft would have reacted to in English society a sense of purpose and community. argued that women are entitled to the Enlightenment ideas if you Methodists stressed the importance of hard work and same rights as men. Do you believe this to spiritual contentment rather than demands for political be true? Do you believe women are were living in the 1700s? equality. After Wesley’s death, Methodism became a sepa- accorded equal rights today? Present your (Responses should show an under- argument in an essay with evidence. rate Protestant group. Methodism proved that the need for standing of Enlightenment ideas.) spiritual experience had not been eliminated by the eighteenth-century search for reason. (ISTORY /.,).%

✓ Reading Check Evaluating How did Mary Wollstonecraft use For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. the Enlightenment ideal of reason to advocate rights for women? SECTION REVIEW

553

Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 4. growth of publishing and reading; writings 7. Answers may include that preaching out- found in the section and the Glossary. of philosophers and other Enlightenment doors meant that many people (including 2. Locke: People are molded by experience; thinkers; discussion in salons the uneducated) could attend and hear Newton: World operates according to 5. Answers should show an understanding of Wesley’s message. natural laws Rousseau’s ideas. 8. Answers should demonstrate an under- 3. nobility and middle class 6. Similarity: Same three branches; standing of women’s rights. Differences: In U.S., executive branch is president, not monarch, and the legislative branch is Congress, not parliament

553 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 Focus The Impact of the Enlightenment

Enlightenment ideas had an impact on the politics and arts Bellringer GUIDE TO READING of eighteenth-century Europe. While they liked to talk about Daily Focus Transparency 17.3 enlightened reforms, most rulers were more interested in the Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. 4 2. Peter III 3. 1762–1796 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 17 TRANSPARENCY 17-3 Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Europe’s power and stability of their nations. Their desire for balancing

The Impact of the Enlightenment 1 How many female individual nations were chiefly guided by the self- czars are shown in RULERS OF RUSSIA this table? power, however, could also lead to war. The Seven Years’ War 2 Which czar was PERIOD OF RULE CZAR murdered by nobles? 1689–1725 Peter I, the Great interest of their rulers. 3 When was Catherine 1725–1727 Catherine I II, the Great, czar? 1727–1730 Peter II became global as war broke out in Europe, India, and North 1730–1740 Anna 1740–1741FPO Ivan VI 1741–1762 Elizabeth Content Vocabulary 1762 Peter III America. 1762–1796 Catherine II, the Great 1796–1801 Paul • enlightened absolutism (p. 554) 1801–1825 Alexander I 1825–1855 Nicholas I 1855–1881 Alexander II • rococo (p. 562) 1881–1894 Alexander III 1894–1917 Nicholas II Enlightenment and Absolutism Academic Vocabulary • rigid (p. 556) • unique (p. 562) Philosophes believed that, in order to reform society based on Enlightenment ideals, people should be governed by enlightened rulers. GUIDE TO READING People and Places HISTORY & YOU Have you ever ignored good advice? Why? Read to learn why • Frederick the Great • Johann Sebastian European rulers considered but ultimately ignored the advice of the philosophes. (p. 556) Bach (p. 563) Answers to Graphic: • Maria Theresa (p. 556) • George Handel British and Prussians fought against the Austrians, • Catherine the Great (p. 563) Enlightenment thought influenced European politics in the Russians, and French; Britain and France fought in (p. 557) • Joseph Haydn (p. 563) eighteenth century. The philosophes believed in natural rights India; Britain and France fought over the waterways • Balthasar Neumann • Wolfgang Mozart for all people. These rights included equality before the law; free- (p. 562) (p. 563) of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Ohio River Valley dom of religious worship; freedom of speech; freedom of the • Antoine Watteau • Henry Fielding (p. 563) (p. 562) press; and the rights to assemble, hold property, and pursue hap- • Giovanni Battista piness. As the American Declaration of Independence expressed, Tiepolo (p. 562) “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalien- Section Spotlight Video Reading Strategy able rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of Describing As you read, use a chart like the happiness.” To generate student interest and one below to list the conflicts of the Seven Years’ To establish and preserve these natural rights, most philosophes War. Include the countries involved and where the provide a springboard for class believed that people needed to be governed by enlightened rul- conflicts were fought. ers. Enlightened rulers are monarchs who allow religious tolera- discussion, access the Chapter 17, Conﬂ icts of the Seven Years’ War tion, freedom of speech and of the press, and the rights of private Section 3 video at glencoe.com or property. They nurture the arts, sciences, and education. Above on the video DVD. all, enlightened rulers obey the laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects. Only strong, enlightened monarchs could reform society. Enlightened Absolutism Many historians once assumed that a new type of monarchy, which they called enlightened absolutism, emerged in the later eighteenth century. In the system of enlightened absolutism, rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers. Did Europe’s rulers, however, actually follow the advice of the philosophes and become enlightened? To answer this question, we examine three states—Prussia, Austria, Resource Manager and Russia.

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Read. Pri. Sources, p. 555 • Ident. Cent. Issues, p. 556 • Verbal/Linguistic, p. 557 • Persuasive Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, pp. 555, • Summarizing, p. 556 • Pred. Consequences, • Visual/Spatial, p. 558 p. 556 559, 560 • Inferring, p. 557 p. 558 • Narrative Writing, • Taking Notes, p. 559 • Analyzing Info., p. 560 Additional Resources p. 561 Additional Resources • Act. Prior. Know., p. 561 • Compare/Contrast, • Diff. Instr. Act., URB • Descriptive Writing, • Mapping Hist. Act., URB • Making Connections, p. 563 p. 207 p. 562 p. 219 p. 562 • Read. Strat. for SS, p. 65 Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Guid. Read. Act., URB • Time Line Act., URB • Skills Reinforc. Act., p. 238 p. 225 URB p. 215 • Read. Ess. & Note- • Section Quiz, p. 207 Taking Guide, p. 190 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM 10°W 0° 10°E

Russia Catherine the Great considered abolishing serfdom, but political realities Teach NORWAY made her abandon this plan. SWEDEN 60°N

20°E 40°E Prussia Frederick II granted limited St. Petersburg Stockholm Reading Strategy Europe, 1795: freedom of speech and press but kept R SCOTLAND serfdom and a rigid social structure. Austria Reading Primary Sources a Prussia e S Moscow Russia North Sea Ask students to read Frederick Wil- i c t Boundary of Holy DENMARK a l liam’s quotation again. Then com- Roman Empire, 1780 UNITED B PROVINCES D n pile a list on the board of all the i 0 400 kilometers ENGLAND e p e London Hamburg r things that he thought belonged to 0 400 miles POLAND R R Berlin i Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Brussels h v i e a Prussian King, what belonged to n Warsaw r Aix-la-Chapelle e R i Kiev 50°N v Frankfurt an individual, and what belonged e r (Kyiv) N Paris Prague Kraków to God. O L ATLANTIC ube Ri Dan ve W r S OCEAN FRANCE HUNGARY E Vienna S Buda S Skill Practice Using Geography Skills er Riv Black Ask: What approximate time O Danube T Sea T period does this map reflect? Corsica O Rome M A How do you know? (The map Austria Joseph II abolished serfdom N and the death penalty and enacted E M 40°N shows the time period around 1780 P I 1. Place How did the serfs fare under reforms which alienated the nobility R E and the Church. Successors undid because the map key states that the Sardinia the enlightened rulers represented on many of his reforms. the map? boundary of the Holy Roman 2. Regions What evidence in the map Empire is for 1780.) suggests that the Austrian Empire Sicily might be difficult to rule? Crete M e d i t e r r a See StudentWorks™ Plus n e a n S e a or glencoe.com. Answers: 1. The serfs made no gains. Only Joseph II abolished Prussia: Army and Bureaucracy Frederick William’s other major concern serfdom, but his successors Two able Prussian kings, Frederick Wil- was the army. By the end of his reign in restored it. liam I and Frederick II, made Prussia a 1740, he had doubled the army’s size. 2. The empire includes many major European power in the eighteenth Although Prussia was tenth in physical century. Frederick William I maintained a size and thirteenth in population in nonadjacent territories with highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service Europe, it had the fourth-largest army various nationalities spread workers. They observed the supreme after France, Russia, and Austria. The Prus- over a wide area. values of obedience, honor, and, above all, sian army, because of its size and its repu- service to the king. As Frederick William tation as one of the best in Europe, was the asserted: “One must serve the king with life R most important institution in the state. and limb, . . . and surrender all except salva- Members of the nobility, who owned tion. The latter is reserved for God. But large landed estates with many serfs, everything else must be mine.” were the officers in the Prussian army. Hands-On

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 555 Chapter Project Step 3

Make a Revolution and Directions: Write the Big Idea on the Summarizing: Allow time for students to Enlightenment Poster board. Tell students to consider the impact discuss what they have learned while creat- of Enlightenment ideas on politics and cul- ing this section of the poster. They will use Step 3: Illustrating Enlightenment ture as they read this section. Have students information about the effects of the Effects on Politics Pairs of students will illustrate this impact in the third quarter of Enlightenment on the American Revolution add to the posters they worked on in Sections their posters. Text and images may focus on in Section 4 to illustrate the next section of 1 and 2 that illustrate impact the Scientific specific regions, individuals, or ideas. their posters. OL Revolution and the Enlightenment. (Chapter Project is continued in Section 4.)

555 CHAPTER 17 • (l) Kurpfalzisches Museum, Heidelber SECTION 3 These officers, too, had a strong sense of The Austrian Empire service to the king or state. As Prussian The Austrian Empire had become one of nobles, they believed in duty, obedience, the great European states by the start of and sacrifice. the eighteenth century. It was hard to rule, C Critical Thinking Frederick II, or Frederick the Great, was however, because it was a sprawling one of the best educated and most cultured Identifying Central Issues empire composed of many nationalities, g, Germany/Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library monarchs of the time. He was well versed languages, religions, and cultures. Empress Ask: Why was it important that in Enlightenment ideas and even invited Maria Theresa, Frederick the Great “kept a strict the French philosophe Voltaire to live at his who inherited the throne court for several years. in 1740, worked to centralize and strengthen watch over the bureaucracy?” the state. She was not open to the philos- (Without oversight, the bureaucracy Frederick was a dedicated ruler. He, too, enlarged the Prussian army by actively ophes’ calls for reform, but she worked to could grow large and cost money recruiting the nobility into civil service. improve the condition of the serfs. that would need to be raised Frederick kept a strict watch over the Her son, Joseph II, believed in the need R to sweep away anything standing in the through taxes.) OL bureaucracy. , (r) Art Archive/Museum der Stadt, Vienn For a time, Frederick seemed quite will- path of reason: “I have made Philosophy ing to make enlightened reforms. He abol- the lawmaker of my empire.” Joseph’s R Reading Strategy ished the use of torture except in treason reforms were far-reaching. He abolished and murder cases. He also granted limited serfdom and eliminated the death penalty. Summarizing Ask students to freedom of speech and press, as well as He established the principle of equality of write one or two sentences sum- greater religious toleration. However, all before the law and enacted religious marizing the attitude of Joseph II Frederick kept Prussia’s serfdom and rigid reforms, including religious toleration. In a/Dagli Orti social structure intact and avoided any his effort to change Austria, Joseph II toward Enlightenment reforms additional reforms. issued thousands of decrees and laws. and Austrian society. B L W Writing Support Persuasive Writing Note that many leaders challenged Maria Theresa’s inheritance because she Frederick II (Frederick the Great) Maria Theresa 1712–1786 King of Prussia 1717–1780 Ruler of the Austrian Empire was a woman. Ask students to write a persuasive essay arguing When Napoleon visited the tomb of Frederick the Great in Maria Theresa married at age 18. She remained devoted to her 1807, he remarked, “Gentlemen, if this man were still alive, I husband, Francis Stephen, throughout their 29-year marriage. She for Theresa’s right to rule. Students would not be here.” This was high praise, especially consid- bore 16 children, many of whom would later become rulers of may reference Enlightenment ering that Prussia’s Frederick II cared more about the arts, European nations or spouses of rulers. When her father, Charles VI music, and philosophy than about warfare. Frederick was a of Austria, died in 1740, she became the only woman to rule during ideals to strengthen their case. O L flute player and composer who liked to surround the 650-year Hapsburg dynasty. She enacted some reforms during himself with French intellectuals. Although cul- W her reign, but she never wavered from her belief in the legitimate tural and intellectual pursuits remained his right of monarchs to rule. Throughout her life, major interests, Frederick’s leader- Maria Theresa showered her children with ship qualities began to emerge early practical advice—especially her young- Answers: in his reign. Under his 46-year rule, est daughter. This daughter would later Prussia became a major military fall victim to the anti-royalty hysteria of Frederick II: Prussia became a power with brilliantly executed victo- the French Revolution. Her name was military power ries that thwarted the expansion of Marie Antoinette. What form of Maria Theresa: monarchy the powerful Hapsburg Empire. How government did Maria did Prussia change under the Theresa support? leadership of Frederick II?

Additional

Support 556

Extending the Content

Frederick II and Maria Theresa Unhappy Many leaders challenged Maria Theresa’s Ask: What belief did Frederick II and Maria at age 18, Frederick planned to run away to ascension to the throne because she was Theresa share? (power of monarchs to rule England, but was caught by his father and not a male heir. She considered abdicating absolutely) OL imprisoned. After he became king at age 28, in her later years to allow her son Joseph to he supported the improvement of agricul- rule on his own, but she thought he was too tural land, and codified laws that could be willing to make Enlightenment reforms. more uniformly applied.

556 (l) Art Archive/Russian Historical Museum, Moscow/Dagli Orti, (r) Louvr Joseph’s reform program largely failed. favor enlightened reforms. She invited the CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 He alienated the nobles by freeing the French philosophe Denis Diderot to Russia serfs. He alienated the Catholic Church and urged him to speak frankly “as man to with his religious reforms. Even the serfs man.” Diderot did so, outlining an ambi- Differentiated were unhappy because they could not tious program of reform. Catherine, how- D understand the drastic changes. Joseph ever, was skeptical. Diderot’s impractical R Instruction realized his failure when he wrote his own theories, she said, “would have turned Verbal/Linguistic Ask stu- epitaph for his gravestone: “Here lies D everything in my kingdom upside down.” dents to consider the epitaph Joseph II who was unfortunate in every- She did consider the idea of a new law code thing that he undertook.” His successors that would recognize the principle of the written by Joseph II. Discuss the undid almost all of Joseph II’s reforms. equality of all people in the eyes of the law. difficulties of describing a person’s In the end, however, Catherine did noth- life in a brief statement. Then ask e, Paris/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library ing because she knew that her success Catherine the Great depended on the support of the Russian students to write epitaphs for In Russia, Peter the Great was followed nobility. Catherine’s policy of favoring the Frederick II, Maria Theresa, and by six weak successors who were often put landed nobility led to worse conditions for Catherine the Great based on the in power and deposed by the palace guard. the Russian peasants and eventually to information in the text. AL A group of nobles murdered the last of rebellion. Led by an illiterate Cossack (a these six successors, Peter III. His German Russian warrior), Yemelyan Pugachov, the wife emerged as ruler of all the Russians. rebellion spread across southern Russia, R Reading Strategy Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, but soon collapsed. Catherine took stron- ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796. She was an ger measures against the peasants. All Inferring Ask students to con- intelligent woman who was familiar with rural reform was halted; serfdom was sider Catherine’s suggestion that the works of the philosophes and seemed to expanded into newer parts of the empire. Diderot speak “as man to man.” Ask: What did Catherine assume would limit Diderot’s suggestions for reform? (Because she was a monarch, most people would be hesitant to speak frankly in fear that Catherine II (Catherine the Great) Denis Diderot 1729–1796 Ruler of Russia 1713–1784 French Philosopher and Writer they might anger or offend her.) O L

Catherine was an obscure German princess in 1744 when “The good of the people must be the great purpose of Elizabeth of Russia chose her to be the wife of Russia’s future government. . . . And the greatest good of the people is king, Peter III. Peter’s foolish acts as king made him many ene- liberty.” With liberal ideas like this one expressed in his mies. Catherine, however, was popular among her husband’s Encyclopedia, Denis Diderot challenged prevailing views opponents, who overthrew Peter in 1762 and proclaimed of government and society. Yet his ideas intrigued Catherine queen. Catherine became a strong ruler, working to Catherine II of Russia. She supported Diderot by Answers: increase Russia’s power and influence. She extended Russian buying his library but allowing the books to Catherine II: the radicalism of territory by partitioning Poland. She tried to break up remain with him. She paid him an annual the Ottoman Empire in a series of wars, salary to serve as the librarian for the rest of the French Revolution made attempting to gain its lands for Russia. She his life. Diderot traveled to St. Petersburg in her fearful of change and more annexed the Crimea, gaining territory on 1773 to thank his patron. He stayed conservative the northern coast of the Black Sea. at Catherine’s court five Catherine enjoyed discussing political months, long enough to Diderot: to support him and social issues, but her attitude conclude that because his ideas intrigued her changed after the French Revolution enlightened when she no longer tolerated critics absolutism of her empire. Why did the would not lead French Revolution change to liberty, as he Catherine’s attitude toward had hoped. Why criticism of her empire? did Catherine II buy Diderot’s library? Additional Support

Extending the Content

Catherine the Great and Diderot education and establishment of a school for (Responses may include that some see the Catherine the Great inspired several differ- girls and a medical college as proof of her improvements she made as important steps ent views by historians. She is seen by some Enlightenment goals. Some believe that toward the modernization of Russia, while as only interested in talking of Enlighten- Diderot and others such as Voltaire flattered others see her as not following up on her ment reforms but doing nothing substan- her to gain a bit of her wealth and her sup- grand ideas and words.) OL tial and actually making life worse for port. Ask: Why do you think Catherine Russian serfs. Others point to her interest in inspired such differing views of her reign?

557 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 Catherine proved to be a worthy succes- sor to Peter the Great in her policies of The Seven Years’ War territorial expansion. Russia spread south- The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) Differentiated ward to the Black Sea by defeating the became global as new alliances were formed and as D Instruction Turks under Catherine’s rule. To the west, war broke out in Europe, India, and North America. Russia gained about 50 percent of Poland’s HISTORY & YOU Do you and your classmates form Visual/Spatial Ask students to territory. friendship groups based on common interests? Read consider the use of the phrase to learn about the changing alliances among European powers. “balance of power.” Then ask stu- Enlightened Absolutism? dents to illustrate the balance of Of the rulers we have discussed, only Jo- power among the powerful seph II sought truly radical changes based The stage was set for the Seven Years’ European states at the time. They on Enlightenment ideas. Both Frederick II War, when, in 1740, a major war broke out and Catherine II liked to talk about enlight- in connection with the succession to the might choose some type of scale ened reforms. They even attempted some, Austrian throne. or balance mechanism and use but their interest in strengthening the state symbols for arms or territory to and maintaining the existing system took Austrian Succession illustrate what gave these coun- priority. When the Austrian emperor Charles VI In fact, all three of these enlightened tries power. BL died without a male heir, his daughter, absolutists—Frederick, Joseph, and Cathe- Maria Theresa, succeeded him. King rine—were guided primarily by their inter- Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of C Critical Thinking est in the power and welfare of their state. the confusion surrounding the succession When they did manage to strengthen their of a woman to the throne by invading Aus- Predicting Consequences position as rulers, they did not use their trian Silesia. By this action, Frederick Ask: What would happen if all rul- enhanced position to undertake enlight- clearly stated that he did not recognize the ened reforms to benefit their subjects. ers followed Frederick the Great’s legitimacy of the empress of Austria. Rather, their power was used to collect France then entered the war against Aus- statement concerning “the funda- more taxes and thus to create armies, to tria, its traditional enemy. In turn, Maria mental rule of governments”? wage wars, and to gain even more power. Theresa allied with Great Britain. The philosophes condemned war as a The War of the Austrian Succession (1740 Then ask students to write a para- foolish waste of life and resources. Despite graph explaining their answer. OL to 1748) was fought in three areas of the their words, the rivalry among states that world. In Europe, Prussia seized Silesia led to costly struggles remained unchanged while France occupied the Austrian Neth- in eighteenth-century Europe. Europe’s erlands. In Asia, France took Madras (today ✓ Reading Check self-governing, individual states were called Chennai) in India from the British. chiefly guided by the self-interest of their In North America, the British captured the Answer: Enlightened reforms rulers. French fortress of Louisbourg at the had little effect and rulers col- The eighteenth-century monarchs were entrance to the St. Lawrence River. concerned with the balance of power. This After seven years of warfare, all parties lected more taxes to create concept proposed that states should have larger armies, wage war, and were exhausted and agreed to the Treaty D equal power in order to prevent any one of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. This treaty gain more power. from dominating the others. This desire for guaran-teed the return of all occupied ter- a balance of power, however, did not imply ritories except Silesia to their original a desire for peace. Large armies created to owners. Prussia’s refusal to return Silesia defend a state’s security were often used to meant yet another war between Prussia conquer new lands as well. As Frederick II and Austria. C of Prussia remarked, “The fundamental Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss rule of governments is the principle of of Silesia. She rebuilt her army while work- extending their territories.” ing diplomatically to separate Prussia from its chief ally, France. In 1756 her hopes ✓ Reading Check Evaluating What effect did were realized when a diplomatic revolu- enlightened reforms have in Prussia, Austria, and tion reversed two longstanding alliances. Differentiated Russia? How did this change come about?

Instruction 558 SECTION 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment

Leveled Activities B L Guided Reading Activity, O L Time Line Activity, URB AL Mapping History ELL Reading Strategies for URB p. 238 p. 225 Activity, URB p. 219 SS, p. 65

Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class OUTLINING Guided Reading Activity 17-3 Time Line Activity 17 Mapping History Activity 17 Teaching Strategy 8

The Impact of the Enlightenment OBJECTIVES Revolution and Enlightenment The Age of Revolution • To answer questions based on a partial outline DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3. DIRECTIONS: During the Scientific Revolution, ideas changed the world. Look at the events Between 1500 and 1830, a revolution in scientific thinking spread across Europe. • To create an outline of a textbook lesson or chapter listed on the time line. Write each event in the box next to the field of study it affected. Then This Scientific Revolution affected politics, religion, philosophy, and the arts. I. Enlightenment thought influenced European in the eighteenth describe the significance of the event. Events may be placed in more than one box. WHY IS THIS SKILL IMPORTANT? capital letters, Arabic numerals, lowercase DIRECTIONS: The map below of present-day Europe shows places where signifi- letters, and numbers in parentheses for century. cant developments in the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment Outlining can provide a structured format subtopics. Explain that each subtopic need A. Frederick II of was well-versed in the ideas of the 1687 Newton publishes his 1690 Locke publishes his Two 1750 Rousseau’s Discourse on the Sciences and occurred. Use the map to answer the questions and complete the activity that book Principia. Treatises of Government. the Arts seeks to balance emotion and reason. for note taking. It can help students iden- not have further subtopics, but that when follows. Enlightenment. tify and understand the connections they do, at least two items must be listed. between details and larger concepts. Help students understand that to use an B. Joseph II of Austria said, “Philosophy is the of my empire.” 1751 Diderot begins publishing the Encyclopedia. 17 1. Identify three nations shown Present-Day Europe 17 However, outlining only becomes an effec- outline as a review tool, they should think C. Catherine II of Russia said Diderot’s theories “would have on the map that did not exist about key points and details and be sure 10°W100° °E20°E tive study skill for reading in a content 1776 The American Revolution begins. in the Age of Enlightenment. to show them at the appropriate point in turned everything in my kingdom upside down.” SWEDEN area when students actively process and organize the information on their own. the outline. II. The philosophes war as a foolish waste of life and resources. 1600 1700 1800 1900 IRELAND DENMARK Using headings and subheadings in the Assign Activity 8 for students to complete CHAPTER A. In 1740 a major war broke out in connection with the succession to the UNITED CHAPTER text can help students put names to key independently. You may wish to have all c. 1690–1778 The Enlightenment occurs. 50 KINGDOM SECTION °N topics and subtopics, but if students do students outline the same lesson for the throne. 1790–1850 Romantic movement occurs. London NETHERLANDS Berlin not stop to reflect on links between topics Applying the Skill activity. After students B. The Years’ War had three major areas of conflict: Europe, India, 1740–1780 Maria Theresa rules Austria. Warsaw and the meaningful details that support 1740–1786 Frederick II rules Prussia. finish, have them share their answers to BELGIUM POLAND those topics, the value of outlining is and North America. GERMANY the Practicing the Skill questions and then Paris Kraków minimal. compare the outlines they created in 17-3 C. The struggle between Britain and France in the rest of the world, known as the LUXEMBOURG CZECH Significance of Historical Events 2. Identify three or more cities ATLANTIC REPUBLIC Applying the Skill with those of other class- , was fought in India and North America. OCEAN SLOVAKIA mates who outlined the same lesson. on the map that existed FRANCE SWITZER- Field Event Significance AUSTRIA III. The Enlightenment brought important changes in art, , and when the Scientific Revolu- LAND Copyright © G © Copyright HUNGARY nc. Science/Mathematics nc. tion began, around 1500. SLOVENIA literature. CROATIA TEACHING THE SKILL SPAIN A. By the 1730s, a new artistic style known as had spread over BOSNIA- lencoe/M 40 Madrid N HERZEGOVINA YUGO- °N SLAVIA Choose a short textbook passage or lesson Europe. W ITALY with which students are familiar. With stu- raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I cGraw-Hill, a division of division cGraw-Hill,a CTIVITY raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I E MONTE- EL A To help English B. Rome dents, create an outline of the text. Ask Eighteenth-century Europe produced some of the world’s most enduring S NEGRO Learners identify main topics ALBANIA students to scan the lesson to note the

The McG M . Government/Politics The McG edi and subtopics in the Applying the Skill terra heads and subheads. If needed, read aloud nean activity, have students write each main 1. Sea GREECE or have students reread the lesson to iden- Johann Sebastian was one of the greatest composers of all topic on a separate sheet of paper. Then 0 150 300 miles tify the main ideas. Help students choose time. McG The have students review the lesson to find 0300150 kilometers several main ideas to list as main topics in Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection key words or phrases that belong under 2. Wolfgang Amadeus was a true child prodigy of the age. the outline. Record them on the board or cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of raw-Hill Companies, I Companies, raw-Hill cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of each main topic. Have students list 3. On the map, mark and label on an overhead transparency. C. European began to choose realistic social themes over the past Philosophy/Religion them as subtopics on the appropriate the city or country where the lencoe/M 558 lencoe/M Have students identify subtopics for the pages, leaving plenty of space between century’s focus on heroic deeds and the supernatural. following developments in the Scientific Revolution and the Age of main topics, and then subtopics under items, and then review the passage Enlightenment occurred: by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. subtopics. As you write their ideas on the again to find the details that belong nc. Copyright © G Copyright © G Copernicus begins his scientific career; board, point out the placement and use of under each subtopic. Galileo stands trial for his heretical ideas; Roman numerals for main topics, and The Arts Copyright © Charles II establishes the Royal Society; Madame de Pompadour draws together enlightened thinkers in salons.

238 225 219 65 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR, 1756–1763 R Reading Strategy The Seven Years’ War in India The Seven Years’ War in Europe Taking Notes Ask students to 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E a take notes on previous alliances e British victory North SWEDEN S RUSSIA c over the French lti GREAT Sea Ba N and how they changed after the BRITAIN Berlin 1760 HANNOVER PRUSSIA E War of Austrian Succession. They Plassey Minden 1759 Zorndorf 1758 W 1757 Krefeld 1758 Kunersdorf 1759 S might use a simple two-column Torgau 1760 Leuthen 1757 Bay of Prague 1757 50°N SAXONY chart such as the one shown. BL Bengal SILESIA INDIA N Rossbach 1757 Kolin 1757 Arabian Maxen 1759 S Sea W E FRANCE BOHEMIA AUSTRIA Wandiwash S Prev. Alliances New Alliances 1760 0 400 kilometers Black Pondicherry SPAIN 1761 0 400 miles Sea Two-Point Equidistant projection INDIAN 40°N 80°E OCEAN Me diterranea Austria and allies n Sea Prussia and allies 0 1. Regions Identify the countries 400 kilometers Austrian victory that belonged to each of the two 0 400 miles Prussian victory 70°E European alliances. Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection S Skill Practice 2. Regions What two nations were Using Geography Skills Ask: battling for control of India? Which of Prussia’s allies was located farthest to the west? (Great Britain) OL The War in Europe directions, however, and were gradually French-Austrian rivalry had been a fact of worn down. European diplomacy since the late sixteenth Frederick faced disaster until Peter III, a century. However, two new rivalries now new Russian czar who greatly admired replaced the old one: the rivalry of Britain Frederick, withdrew Russian troops from Answers: and France over colonial empires and the the conflict and from the Prussian lands 1. Prussia, Hanover, and Great that the Russians had occupied. This with- R rivalry of Austria and Prussia over Silesia. Britain allied against Austria, France abandoned Prussia and allied drawal created a stalemate and led to the with Austria. Russia, which saw Prussia as desire for peace. The European war ended France, Russia, Spain, and a major threat to Russian goals in central in 1763. All occupied territories were Sweden returned to their original owners, except Europe, joined the new alliance with France 2. Britain and France and Austria. In turn, Britain allied with Silesia. Austria officially recognized Prus- Prussia. This diplomatic revolution of 1756 sia’s permanent control of Silesia. led to another worldwide war. The war had three major areas of conflict: Europe, The War in India India, and North America. The struggle between Britain and France Europe witnessed the clash of the two that took place in the rest of the world had major alliances: the British and Prussians more decisive results. Known as the Great against the Austrians, Russians, and War for Empire, it was fought in India and French. Frederick the Great of Prussia was North America. The French had returned admired as a great tactical genius. His Madras to Britain after the War of the Aus- superb army and military skill enabled trian Succession, but the struggle in India Frederick to defeat the Austrian, French, continued. The British ultimately won out, and Russian armies for a time. His forces not because they had better forces but were under attack from three different because they were more persistent. Additional

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 559 Support

Activity: Economics Connection

Discussing Economics of Imperialism the following questions. Ask: Why did Brit- do you think led to India’s independence Note that the Seven Years’ War ended with ain want colonies? (to gain power and enrich movement? (Colonies greatly benefited the the British in full control of India. India its treasury through strictly controlled trade ruling country and left native workers and the remained under British rule for almost 200 policies) Ask: How could a colony such as colonial economy relatively poor, while the years until organized resistance forced Brit- India benefit Britain? (by allowing access to British economy continued to grow stronger.) ain to grant the people of India indepen- trading ports and supplying exotic goods and O L dence. Have students form groups to discuss raw materials) Ask: What economic issues

559 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 R With the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French fortress of Louisbourg and by forts that withdrew and left India to the British. guarded French Quebec. The other area they fought over was the unsettled Ohio River valley. The French began to move C Critical Thinking The War in North America down from Canada and up from Louisiana Analyzing Information The greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’ to establish forts in the Ohio River valley. War took place in North America. On the This French activity threatened to cut off Ask: Why would French traders North American continent, the French and the British settlers in the thirteen colonies be seen as less hostile than British colonies were set up differently. The from expanding into this vast area. The British settlers? (Traders did less to French government administered French French were able to gain the support of the disrupt the Indians’ way of life and North America (Canada and Louisiana) as Native Americans who lived there. As a vast trading area. It was valuable for its traders and not settlers, the French were served as an economic resource. fur, leather, fish, and timber. Because the viewed by Native Americans with less Settlers encroached on native land C French state was unable to get people to hostility than the British. and were more of a threat.) OL move to North America, its colonies were The French scored a number of victories, thinly populated. at first. British fortunes were revived, how- British North America consisted of thir- ever, by the efforts of William Pitt the Elder, S Skill Practice teen prosperous colonies on the eastern Britain’s prime minister. Pitt was con- coast of what is now the United States. vinced that the French colonial empire Using Geography Skills Ask: Unlike the French colonies, the British col- would have to be destroyed for Britain to In which area were most battles onies were more populated, containing create its own colonial empire. Pitt’s policy fought? (in the Indian Reserve or more than one million people by 1750. focused on doing little in the European The British and French fought over two theater of war while putting resources into nearby) OL main areas in North America. One con- the colonial war, especially through the sisted of the waterways of the Gulf of St. use of the British navy. The French had Lawrence, which were protected by the more troops in North America but not

The Seven Years’ War in North America

The rivalry between France and Britain for territories brought the Seven Years’ War to North America. Known here as the French and Indian War, it The French and Indian War, 1754–1763 began in the Ohio River valley. When the French built a 60°W fort in an area claimed by Virginia, the governor of Louisbourg Virginia sent 21-year-old George Washington to warn 90°W 80°W 70°W 1758 Nova the French to leave. Quebec 1759 Scotia Ft. Beauséjour ATLANTIC 50°N 1755 St. Lawrence River Maine OCEAN “They [the French] told me it was their Montreal 1760 (part of Mass.) Ft. Frontenac absolute Design to take Possession of the 1758 Ft. Ticonderoga 1759 Ohio. . . . They pretended to have an undoubted L. Ontario N.H. Ft. William Henry 1757 right to the river from a Discovery made by Mass. Ft. Niagara 1759 N.Y. R.I. one La Sol [La Salle] 60 Years ago, & the use L. Conn. Pa. Erie N.J. of this Expedition is to prevent our Settling on Ft. Duquesne 1755/ S Ft. Pitt 1758 the River or Waters of it. . . .” Md. Del. Ft. Necessity 1754 — George Washington, Diaries of George River The Thirteen Colonies 40°N Va. Washington, 1753 io Oh Other British territories

LOUISIANA N.C. Indian Reserve In May 1754, George Washington, commanding a TERRITORY Spanish territory small force of Virginians, surprised French troops on r INDIAN N e v i S.C. R RESERVE Boundary of the Thirteen the eastern side of the Ohio River and drove them out.

i E p W Colonies, 1756 p Washington’s men built a fort there, which they named i

s Ga. S

i Proclamation Line of 1763 s

s N Fort Necessity. The French soon regrouped, however.

i WEST 30° M British victory FLORIDA They captured Fort Necessity in July 1754. The French French victory and Indian War was underway. New Orleans EAST Additional FLORIDA 0 400 kilometers Gulf of Mexico 0 400 miles Support Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

Activity: Technology Connection

Plan a Web Page Have students work in they might provide links on their web pages. design their web pages. They should discuss small groups to plan a web page about the Next, have students search the Internet for what types of images they would use, how to French and Indian War. Students should possible sites that their web page might link incorporate links, and the general layout. To begin by using the text and Internet or library to for more information. They should decide complete the activity, students should create resources to write an entry about the war. on one Web site for each key term. Finally, thumbnail sketches that include text and They should then list key terms for which have students discuss how they would sample images. O L

560 enough naval support. The defeat of French CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 fleets in major naval battles gave the Enlightenment and Arts British an advantage. Without their fleets, The eighteenth century was a great the French could not easily reinforce period in the history of European architecture, art, Writing Support their forts. music, and literature. W A series of British victories soon fol- HISTORY & YOU What style of music is most popu- Narrative Writing Ask stu- lowed. In 1759 British forces under Gen- lar with your friends? Which musicians are the best dents to write a short newspaper eral Wolfe defeated the French under examples of this style? Read to learn about popular General Montcalm on the Plains of Abra- music and musicians of the eighteenth century. article for a British newspaper ham, outside Quebec. Both generals died announcing the Treaty of Paris. in the battle. The British went on to seize The article should summarize the Montreal, the Great Lakes area, and the The ideas of the Enlightenment also had Ohio River valley. The French were forced an impact on the world of culture. Eigh- results of the war and celebrates to make peace. W teenth-century Europe witnessed both tra- the triumph of Great Britain. OL By the Treaty of Paris, the French trans- ditional practices and important changes ferred Canada and the lands east of the in art, music, and literature. Mississippi to England. Spain, ally of the R Reading Strategy French, transferred Spanish Florida to Brit- Architecture and Art Activating Prior Knowledge ish control. In return, the French gave their The palace of Louis XIV at Versailles, in Discuss with students what they Louisiana territory to the Spanish. By 1763, France, had made an enormous impact on Great Britain had become the world’s Europe. The Austrian emperor, the Swedish know about the palace of Versailles greatest colonial power. king, and other European rulers also built R and its beauty and size. Then dis- grand residences. These palaces were mod- cuss why other nobles might eled more on the Italian baroque style of the ✓ Reading Check Explaining How did Great 1500s and 1600s than on the late seventeenth- choose to build large palaces. BL Britain become the world’s greatest colonial power? century French classical style of Versailles. ✓ Reading Check Answer: By fighting the Seven Years’ War, Great Britain added a great deal of land to its world-

In 1754, as war with France loomed, Benjamin Franklin realized wide empire. that the American colonies must band together for their mutual defense. Franklin published this cartoon—America’s first political cartoon—to gain support for an association among the colonies called the Albany Congress. Although the Albany Plan of Union drawn up by the congress was never formally adopted, it was the forerunner of the first constitution Answers: of the United States. Although the war ended their empire in North America, the French would later take their revenge by fighting on the 1. to try to convince the French American side in the American Revolution. to leave the Ohio Valley 2. Washington became a military leader in the revolution. 1. Explaining Why did the governor of Franklin became a political To show the danger of disunity, Franklin drew an image of Virginia send George Washington to talk to a snake cut into eight sections. The sections represented the French? leader and diplomat. the eleven colonies that had joined the Albany Congress (the New England colonies were combined). 2. Predicting Based on their activities in the French and Indian War, what roles do you think Washington and Franklin would play in the American Revolution?

Additional

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 561 Support CORBIS

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Debating Ask: Why did Franklin think it loyalty to one another or significant com- uniting the colonies. Have members of each was important for the colonies to unite? mon interests. Talk about reasons why colo- group speak as colonists, British officials, (Individual colonies did not have military or nists might want to remain separate and and representatives of Native American economic resources to defend themselves how unity might pose a threat to Britain as tribes. Students should conduct additional against the French.) Discuss the diversity of well as Native Americans. Divide the class research as needed to find out more infor- the colonies at the time and the fact that into two groups and have students stage mation surrounding the issue. OL they operated as individual units without a debate between those for and against

561 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 3 Rococo Style

W Writing Support In this painting, Watteau created a The soft shades of gold and ivory and the graceful curves are typical of Rococo style. Descriptive Writing Ask stu- dreamlike world in an outdoor setting. dents to find an image of a building from the eighteenth century. Though well-dressed, the people play gracefully, After studying the image, stu- free of the stiffness of formal society. dents should write two descriptive paragraphs which focus on the detail of the architecture. AL R Reading Strategy Making Connections Ask students to consider the rococo style This painting, by Antoine Watteau (1684–1721), is called La Fête as “a reaction against” the heavi- Champêtre, meaning a rural feast or open-air entertainment. ness of the baroque style. Ask: Are 1. Identifying What details in the painting represent rococo style? there recent instances in which a 2. Contrasting In what ways does the painting differ from baroque style? style has overridden a previous style in music, clothing, or art?

(Possible answers: hair styles which Thus, a unique architectural style was cre- spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happi- are opposite of previous styles, bright ated. Architects might choose traditional, ness, and love. clothing which is opposite of black classical, or any combination, but usually on Rococo’s appeal is evident in the work of or dark-colored clothing) O L a grand scale. Antoine Watteau. In his paintings, gentle- One of the greatest architects of the eigh- men and ladies in elegant dress reveal a teenth century was Balthasar Neumann. world of upper-class pleasure and joy. Neumann’s two masterpieces are the Church Underneath that exterior, however, is an of the Fourteen Saints in southern Germany element of sadness. The artist suggests and the Residence, the palace of the prince- such sadness in his paintings by depicting bishop of Würzburg. In these buildings, sec- the fragility and passing nature of plea- Answers: ular and spiritual become one, as lavish and sure, love, and life. One of his masterpieces, 1. soft, delicate style; curves; fanciful ornament, light, bright colors, and the Embarkation for Cythera, shows French History elaborate detail greet the visitor. Inside the rococo at its peak. shades of ivory, white, and ONLINE church, a pilgrim in search of holiness is Another aspect of rococo was a sense of gold Student Web Activity— struck by the incredible richness of detail. R enchantment and enthusiasm, especially 2. Baroque is heavy and formal. Visit glencoe.com and The baroque and neoclassical styles that evident in the work of Giovanni Battista This painting has a more deli- complete the activity had dominated seventeenth-century art Tiepolo. He brought fresco painting to new cate feel. It shows an informal on rococo style. continued into the eighteenth century. By heights of dramatic effect with numerous the 1730s, however, a new artistic style, active figures that are ranged in vivid pas- setting (outdoors) and people known as rococo, had spread all over tels across vast, airy spaces. Many of Tiepo- enjoying themselves with Europe. lo’s paintings came to adorn the walls and graceful movements. W Unlike the baroque style, which stressed ceilings of churches and palaces. His mas- grandeur and power, rococo emphasized terpiece, Allegory of the Planets and Conti- grace, charm, and gentle action. Rococo nents, adorns the ceiling of the bishop’s made use of delicate designs colored in residence at Würzburg. This painting is the gold with graceful curves. The rococo style largest ceiling fresco in the world at 7,287 Additional was highly secular. Its lightness and charm square feet (677 sq. m).

Support 562 SECTION 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment Erich Lessing/Private Collection/Art Resource, NY

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Art Lead a class discussion about the when the formal organizations of church style might be used, such as an outdoor baroque and rococo styles and how each and society were being questioned. Ask: concert or other gathering. Then ask them reflected society. Note that the baroque What elements of the rococo style reflected to sketch the scene incorporating the style reflected a period of strong govern- a less formal society? (images of people in rococo elements of graceful curves, delicate ment and religious institutions with formal motion rather than posed and still, outdoor lines, soft colors. Ask volunteers to share lines of power and class, while rococo scenes, lighter colors) Ask students to imag- their work and explain the style. AL became popular in a time of new ideas ine a modern scene in which the rococo

562 CHAPTER 17 Music • SECTION 3 Eighteenth-century Europe produced some of the world’s most enduring music. In the first half of the century, two composers—Johann Sebastian Bach and George C Critical Thinking Frideric Handel—stand out as musical geniuses. Vocabulary Bach, a renowned organist as well as a composer, spent 1. Explain the significance of: enlightened Comparing and Contrasting his entire life in Germany. While he was music director at absolutism, Frederick the Great, Maria Ask: How are the novels of Theresa, Catherine the Great, Balthasar the Church of Saint Thomas in Leipzig, he composed his Fielding different from the work Mass in B Minor and other works that gave him the reputa- Neumann, rococo, Antoine Watteau, tion of being one of the greatest composers of all time. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Johann Sebastian of previous novelists? (portray Handel was a German who spent much of his career in Bach, George Handel, Joseph Haydn, realistic people and situations, Wolfgang Mozart, Henry Fielding. England. He is probably best known for his religious describe a variety of settings) OL music. Handel’s Messiah has been called a rare work that Main Ideas appeals immediately to everyone and yet is a masterpiece Reading Check of the highest order. 2. Summarize the reforms of Joseph II of ✓ Austria, Frederick II of Prussia, and Bach and Handel perfected the baroque musical style. Catherine II of Russia by using a chart like Answer: grace, charm, and Two geniuses of the second half of the eighteenth century, the one below. gentle action; graceful curves; Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, were innovators who wrote music called classical rather Joseph II Frederick II Catherine II secular subjects than baroque. Haydn spent most of his adult life as musical director for wealthy Hungarian princes. Visits to England introduced him to a world where musicians wrote for public 3. List all the countries in the world that concerts rather than princely patrons. This “liberty,” as he fought in the Seven Years’ War. Which Assess called it, led him to write two great works, The Creation country gained the most territory? and The Seasons. 4. Identify two composers who led the shift Mozart was truly a child prodigy. His failure to get a from baroque to classical music. regular patron to support him financially made his life (ISTORY /.,).% miserable. Nevertheless, he wrote music passionately. His Critical Thinking Study Central provides summa- works The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don 5. The BIG Idea Analyzing Why were Giovanni are three of the world’s greatest operas. Haydn Enlightenment ideals never fully practiced ries, interactive games, and online remarked to Mozart’s father, “Your son is the greatest by eighteenth-century rulers? graphic organizers to help stu- composer known to me.” 6. Drawing Conclusions Describe the dents review content. characteristics of an ideal enlightened ruler. Did any of the eighteenth-century rulers Literature discussed in this section have these traits? In the eighteenth century, European novelists began to 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the painting Close choose realistic social themes over the past century’s focus by Watteau on page 562. What choices do on heroic deeds and the supernatural. Novels were espe- you think the artist made to incorporate Summarizing Ask: In what rococo style into the scene? cially attractive to a growing number of middle-class ways did Enlightenment ideas readers. The English writer Henry Fielding wrote novels about Writing About History change European society? people without morals who survive by their wits. Field- 8. Expository Writing Listen to a selection (changed conditions in some coun- ing’s best-known work is The History of Tom Jones, a Found- of medieval religious music and of Mozart’s The Magic Flute. Write an essay describing tries for serfs for a short time and ling, which describes the adventures of a young scoundrel. C In a number of hilarious episodes, Fielding presents scenes how the two pieces are similar and influenced culture such as art, of English life from the slums of London to the country different. What kind of emotion does each architecture, and music) piece convey? houses of the English aristocracy. His characters reflect real types in eighteenth-century English society. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World ✓Reading Check Identifying What are the characteristics of the History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. rococo style of art? SECTION REVIEW

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Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 3. Britain and Prussia against Austria, Russia, 7. Answers may include that Watteau set the found in the section and the Glossary. and France; Britain scene outside, used light colors, showed 2. Joseph II: Abolished serfdom and death 4. Haydn and Mozart people moving, and showed graceful penalty, supported religious reform; 5. They did not want to lose power, and they curves. Frederick II: Abolished torture, granted wanted to maintain the existing systems. 8. Students should use descriptive details to limited freedom of speech and press; 6. allows religious toleration and freedom of compare and contrast each selection. Catherine II: Favored the nobility and speech, nurtures arts, sciences, and educa- expanded serfdom tion, obeys the laws and enforces them fairly for all; Most students will say no.

563 Focus Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resour The 18th-Century Salon Introducing Social History The French word salon refers to a parlor or living room, a main gathering Ask: Where do you meet your space in a private home. In the 18th century, the salons became gathering C friends and what do you talk places for intellectual conversation. Writers, scientists, and philosophers met about? Discuss settings and topics weekly to discuss important discoveries and new works of poetry and theater. of conversation popular today. In eighteenth-century France, a popu- ce, NY lar kind of gathering called a salon attracted great writers and thinkers to the homes of French hostesses.

The most trusted Teach courtiers stood near the king.

The king’s private space was separate C Critical Thinking from most courtiers. Drawing Conclusions Have students read the description of a salon. Ask: How did salons foster the spread of ideas? (Guests shared ideas with each other and spread those ideas through later conversation or writing.) OL R Reading Strategy Making Connections Discuss the restrictions of royal salons. Molière, a French Ask: How would you feel as a playwright, meets with guest at one of these functions? his patron, Louis XIV. (Students should understand the ▲ Molière received by Louis XIV, pressure of being in the king’s pres- by Jean Hégesippe Vetter ence, even at a salon. Guests felt THE SHORTCOMINGS OF LIFE AT COURT compelled to be witty and enter- The king’s court was a very formal place. There were strict rules about taining, yet had to watch what they how courtiers had to dress, when and where they could sit, and when and said very carefully.) OL R where they could speak to certain people. Even courtiers who had the privi- lege of joining a conversation chose their words carefully. Some topics were objectionable to Church authorities or high-ranking nobility. Court gossip Additional and intrigue often dominated discussion.

Support 564

Background

French Salons Madame de Rambouillet, and clever writers, scholars, and nobles, set of conversation. Ironically, these women who lived from 1588 to 1665, is credited a standard for refined language and behav- were frequently not very educated them- with the institution of the salon. She was ior that influenced literature and etiquette selves, but instead possessed natural intelli- appalled at the crassness of noble life and and began a tradition that was to continue gence, charm, wit, and knowledge of other the pervasiveness of political corruption for over two hundred years. Later hostesses people that enabled them to command under Henry IV. In reaction, she established emulated her example, often banning dis- their drawing rooms. a salon that emphasized conversation and cussion of politics and religion from their literature. Her salon, which drew talented salons in order to maintain a high standard

564 The salon of Madame de R Reading Strategy Geoffrin, an early, but not the Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resour original, gathering of thinkers. Inferring Ask: Based on this Most salon hosts were women, while guests were mostly men. description of Madame Geoffrin, what were the characteristics of a good salon hostess? (She needed to be a good listener who was also able to bring out the best ce, NY in her guests.) OL

Participants came from the middle class as well as the aristocracy. Assess/Close Comparing and Contrasting Have students work in small groups to identify advantages and disadvantages of salons as social occasions and channels of communication. Ask: Is there anything comparable to a salon today? (Students should give specific examples to support their answers.) OL

In the salon, a guest’s Answers: good manners and original ▲ Reading of Voltaire’s tragedy, thought were highly prized 1. There was a distinct hier- “L’Orphelin de la Chine” at the displays of the guest’s salon of Madame de Geoffrin, by wealth and standing. archy. The king was the Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier supreme ruler. ANALYZING VISUALS 2. Answers may include that 1. Expressing What ideas participants were inspired about government in France can you form by to greater heights of looking at this representa- accomplishment. A GOLDEN AGE OF CONVERSATION tion of the king? 2. Speculating In Madame Madame de Geoffrin (1699–1777) made two important salon innova- de Geoffrin’s salon, many tions. She focused on an early afternoon meal, instead of a late dinner, specialties and interests were represented by the allowing an entire afternoon of conversation. She also introduced a participants. Do you think regular weekly schedule of themes, with days devoted to the visual R such wide-ranging discus- arts and literature. She was remembered as a generous listener, and sions helped or distracted she had a talent for saying just enough, at the right time, to keep a each participant in his conversation moving. studies and writing?

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Activity: Collaborative Learning Learning The activ- Modeling a Salon Gathering Ask: How a topic of conversation, such as a new film Collaborative ws students with different lev- did salon hostesses, such as Madame or a book or play that they have all read. ity allo ces els of academic skills and intelligen Geoffrin, ensure interesting and relevant Or, they might choose a philosophical students to to work together. Remind topics of conversation at their gather- question to consider, such as the nature of e skills needed think carefully about th ings? (They established themes and set spe- existence. Have groups perform role plays f a salon. Using to be hostess or host o cific discussion topics.) Have students work that reflect what might have transpired in choose this in formation, th ey can in small groups. Ask groups to assign the a salon. After the performances, ask stu- er for the job. the best group memb role of host or hostess to one of their mem- dents what they thought about the salon bers. The rest of the group will be guests format. OL at the salon. Then have students decide on 565 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 4 Focus The American Revolution

The ideas of the Enlightenment had clearly made an impact Bellringer GUIDE TO READING on the colonies in North America. In response to unfair Daily Focus Transparency 17.4 taxation and other issues, the colonists revolted against British Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. Treaty of Paris 2. 1774 3. ratification of the United States Constitution 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 17 TRANSPARENCY 17-4 Self-Determination The American rule, formed their own army, and declared their independence.

The American Revolution 1 What treaty ended the 2 When did the First 3 Which came first— Revolution and the formation of the United States Revolutionary War? Continental Congress meet? ratification of the United States Constitution or the Many Europeans saw the American Revolution as the Bill of Rights? of America seemed to confirm premises of the From Colony to Democratic Nation 1760 1770 1780 1790 Enlightenment. embodiment of the Enlightenment’s political dreams. 1765 1766 1776 1788 Parliament The Stamp FPODeclaration of United States imposes Act is Independence Constitution the Stamp repealed. is approved. is ratified. Act on the colonies. 1775 1783 Battles of Lexington Treaty of and Concord Paris ends 1774 Content Vocabulary Revolutionary First 1781 War. Continental Articles of Congress 1791 Confederation • federal system (p. 569) meets. go into effect. Bill of Rights is approved. Britain and the American Revolution

Academic Vocabulary Drawing on the theory of natural rights, the Declaration of • amendment (p. 569) • guaranteed (p. 569) Independence declared the colonies to be independent of Britain. GUIDE TO READING HISTORY & YOU What comes to mind when you celebrate the Fourth of July? People, Places, and Events Learn why the colonists declared their independence. • Hanoverians (p. 566) Answers to Graphic: • Robert Walpole (p. 566) New American Government: central federal • George Washington (p. 568) The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in government superior to governments of • Declaration of Independence (p. 568) 1707, when the governments of England and Scotland were united. individual states; divided into three branches • Thomas Jefferson (p. 568) The term British came to refer to both the English and the Scots. (executive, legislative, judicial); Constitution • Yorktown (p. 568) In eighteenth-century Britain, the monarch and the Parliament the supreme law of the land; Bill of Rights • Bill of Rights (p. 569) shared power, with Parliament gradually gaining the upper hand. guarantees specific rights The monarch chose ministers, who were responsible to the Crown. Reading Strategy These ministers set policy and guided Parliament. Having the Summarizing Information As you power to make laws, levy taxes, and pass the budget, Parliament read, use a chart like the one below to identify key indirectly influenced the ministers of the monarch. aspects of the government created by the American In 1714 a new dynasty—the Hanoverians—was established Section Spotlight Video colonists. when the last Stuart ruler, Queen Anne, died without an heir. The crown was offered to her nearest relatives, Protestant rulers of the New German state of Hanover. The first Hanoverian king, George I, To generate student interest and American Government did not speak English. Neither the first nor the second George provide a springboard for class knew the British system well, so their chief ministers were allowed discussion, access the Chapter 17, to deal with Parliament. Section 4 video at glencoe.com or Robert Walpole served as head of cabinet (later called prime minister) from 1721 to 1742. Walpole pursued a peaceful foreign on the video DVD. policy. However, growing trade and industry led to an ever- increasing middle class. The middle class favored expansion of trade and of Britain’s world empire. They found a spokesman in William Pitt the Elder, who became head of cabinet in 1757. He expanded the British Empire by acquiring Canada and India in the Seven Years’ War. In North America, then, Britain controlled Canada as well as the thirteen colonies on the eastern coast of what is now the United States. The British colonies were well populated, containing more than one million people by 1750. They were also prosperous. The Resource Manager British Board of Trade, the Royal Council, and Parliament

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Sequencing • Making Inferences, • Auditory/Musical, p. 568 • Persuasive Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 567 Information, p. 569 p. 567 p. 568 Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Academic Vocab. Act., Additional Resources • Hist. Analysis Skills Act., • Cont. Vocab. Act., URB • World Art & Music Act., URB p. 213 • Hist. Sig. Act., URB URB p. 206 p. 211 URB p. 231 p. 220 • Read, Strat. for SS p. 81 • Guid. Read. Act., URB • Section Quiz, p. 208 p. 239 • Chapter Test, p. 209 • Read. Ess. & Note- Taking Guide, p. 193 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 4 LAND CLAIMS AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1783

110°W 90°W 80°W 50°N 70°W 100°W Teach Claimed by Quebec Claimed by U.S. N.Y & N.H. & Great Britain CANADA Part of Mass. Montreal (Maine) 60°W Claimed by N.H. U.S. & Great Boston 40°N C Critical Thinking Britain M N.Y. Mass. Claimed by is Great Britain, si R.I. N Making Inferences Have stu- ss Spain & Russia ip Conn. p Pa. E i N.J. New York City dents review the text about rais- W Joliet Baltimore Philadelphia Del. S ing revenues through taxes. Ask: San Francisco Md. Vincennes UNITEDVirginia How does this conflict reflect San Jose ATLANTIC St. Louis STATES Monterey SPANISH R modern conflicts over raising i v OCEAN e North LOUISIANA r Carolina Santa Barbara revenues? (People often object to Los Angeles Santa Fe South Claimed by Carolina 30°N both the amount of taxes paid to a U.S. & Spain 0 400 kilometers San Diego government and what that money Georgia 0 400 miles Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Natchez is used for.) OL R i St. Augustine 60°N o ANI S SP SH F LO New Orleans R I G San Antonio D r A Skill Practice a S Alaska n d e Using Geography Skills 160°W C Gulf of Mexico A Ask: What territory was directly 50 N °N A ER D TROPIC OF CANC west of the boundary of the PACIFIC A 1. Location What natural land- OCEAN NEW mark formed the western United States? (Spanish Louisiana) 140°W 120°W SPAIN boundary of the United States? 2. Regions Which country United States territory claimed the most land in British territory North America in 1783? The least land? Spanish territory PACIFIC Answers: Russian territory OCEAN 1. Mississippi River Disputed territory 2. Most: Spain; Least: Russia in theory controlled the colonies. In actual- In 1765 Parliament imposed the Stamp ity, the colonies had legislatures that tended Act on the colonies. The act required cer- to act independently. Merchants in port tain printed materials, such as legal docu- cities such as Boston, New York City, and ments and newspapers, to carry a stamp Charleston did not want the British gov- showing that a tax had been paid to Brit- C ernment to run their affairs. ain. Opposition was widespread and often violent. The act was repealed in 1766, end- ing the immediate crisis, but the cause of The American Revolution Begins the dispute was not resolved. After the Seven Years’ War, British lead- Crisis followed crisis in the 1770s. To ers wanted to get new revenues from the counteract British actions, the colonies colonies. These revenues would then be organized the First Continental Congress, used to cover war costs. They would also which met in Philadelphia in September pay for the expenses of maintaining an 1774. Members urged colonists to “take up army to defend the colonies. arms and organize militias.” Hands-On

CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment 567 Chapter Project Step 4

Make a Revolution and Directions: Write the Big Idea on the Ask them to consider whether they think Enlightenment Poster board. Tell students to consider the impact their posters reflect the most important of Enlightenment ideas on the American changes that occurred as a result of the Sci- Step 4: Illustrating Enlightenment Revolution and the formation of the United entific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Effects on the American Revolution States as they read this section. Have stu- Allow students time to make any final Student pairs will add to the posters they dents illustrate this impact in the fourth adjustments to their posters before display- worked on in Sections 1, 2, and 3 that illus- quarter of their posters. ing them to the class. OL trate the impact of the Scientific Revolution Summarizing: Ask student pairs to ana- (Chapter Project is continued in Visual Summary.) and the Enlightenment. lyze their completed projects as a whole.

567 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 4 Fighting finally erupted between colo- British. The French supplied arms and nists and the British army in April 1775 in money to the rebels. French officers and Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. soldiers also served in Washington’s army. Differentiated Meeting soon afterward, the Second Conti- In February 1778, following a British defeat, D nental Congress set up an army, called the the French granted diplomatic recognition Instruction Continental Army. George Washington to the new United States. When Spain and Auditory/Musical Have served as its commander in chief. the Dutch Republic entered the war, the stu dents prepare a dramatic read- More than a year passed before the colo- British faced war with the Europeans as nies declared independence from the British well as the Americans. ing from the Declaration of Inde- Empire. On July 4, 1776, the Second Conti- When General pendence. Have students explain nental Congress approved the Declaration Cornwallis was Pennsylvania D New why they chose their selections. O L of Independence written by Thomas forced to surrender Jersey Jefferson. With this stirring political docu- to the American and Maryland ment, the American Revolution had for- French forces under Delaware Writing Support mally begun. Washington at W Virginia The war against Great Britain was a huge Yorktown in 1781, ATLANTIC Persuasive Writing Ask stu- gamble. Britain was a strong military the British decided OCEAN dents if they think today’s fight power with enormous financial resources. to end the war. The Yorktown against terrorism should affect The Continental Army of the Americans Treaty of Paris, was made up of undisciplined civilians signed in 1783, rec- North Carolina Americans’ individual liberties. who agreed to serve for only a short time. ognized the inde- Have students explain their point pendence of the American colonies. The of view in a brief essay. AL treaty also granted the Americans control of British Defeat the western territory from the Appalachians Of great importance to the colonies’ to the Mississippi River. cause was support from foreign countries. ✓ Reading Check These nations were eager to gain revenge ✓ Reading Check Explaining Why did foreign for earlier defeats at the hands of the countries support the Americans? Answer: to gain revenge for earlier defeats by the British

• Freedom of Religion After the American Revolution, the founders of the new United States set up a system whereby its citizens could Answers: • Freedom of Speech govern themselves. They created the Bill of Rights to ensure 1. Students may discuss cur- • Freedom of Peaceable assembly individual liberties for future generations. Today, in the wake W of terrorist attacks on U.S. soil, security has become a top rent debates about conflicts priority for many Americans. Will new security measures between security and indi- encroach on the liberties that our revolutionary ancestors vidual freedoms, such as fought for and guaranteed in the Bill of Rights? suspicion leveled at Muslim Americans or wire tapping, and so on. 2. Responses may include 1. Analyzing How has the search for terrorists impacted allowing expression of American liberty? unpopular ideas. 2. Applying In a 1929 case, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Holmes stated his understanding of free speech: “. . . the principle of free thought—not free thought for those who agree with us, but freedom for the thought that we hate.” Differentiated Give an example that applies this principle to today. Instruction

Joel Page/AP Images

Name Date Class Historical Significance Activity 17 ! The First Amendment Analyzing Primary Sources The basic freedoms enjoyed by Americans billions of people in countries around the for more than 200 years—freedom of world do not enjoy the freedoms that speech, freedom of the press, freedom of Americans have considered sacred for more religion, and freedom of assembly—come than 200 years. from the Bill of Rights, which became part The Bill of Rights contains ten amend- of the Constitution in 1791. These freedoms ments to the Constitution. The First are such a basic part of American life that Amendment reads as follows: sometimes we take them for granted. Yet CHAPTER ongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or Cprohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech Describe the meaning of the First 17 Objective: Dif erentiated Instruction Strategies or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

DIRECTIONS: In the space below, describe the story from your life that best expresses the Amendment. meaning of the First Amendment to you. BL Review the main ideas of each

Copyright © G © Copyright Focus: Have students read and discuss the paragraph with students. lencoe/M cGraw-H ill, a division of division a ill, introductory paragraph. AL Have students research and report on a The McThe Graw-Hi ll Companies, I Companies, ll Teach: Have students highlight or underline recent First Amendment case that has nc. important thoughts in the passage. been featured in the news.

220 Assess: Ask students to complete the writing after the ELL Have students work in pairs to define Historical Significance passage. unfamiliar terms in the amendment. Activity, URB p. 220 Close: Discuss how the First Amendment applies to students. 568 CHAPTER 17 • The Birth of a New Nation SECTION 4

The formation of the United States convinced many eighteenth-century philosophes that a new age and a better world could R Reading Strategy be created. Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU Recall the philosopher Rousseau’s concept of the 1. Explain the significance of: Hanoverians, Sequencing Information social contract. Read to learn how the new United States set up govern- Robert Walpole, George Washington, Have students list the important ment by the general will of the people. Declaration of Independence, Thomas events in this section in the order Jefferson, Yorktown, federal system, amendment, Bill of Rights, guaranteed. in which they occurred. B L After throwing off oppressive rule, the former colonies, now states, feared a strong central government. Thus, their ✓Reading Check first constitution, the Articles of Confederation (1781), cre- Main Ideas ated a government that lacked the power to deal with the 2. Explain why England wanted revenues from the American colonies. Answer: It lacked the power to nation’s problems. In 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia deal with the nation’s problems. at the Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles of 3. Explain the purpose of the Stamp Act. Confederation. The delegates decided to write a plan for 4. Summarize the rights and freedoms an entirely new government. guaranteed by the American Bill of Rights by using a chart like the one below. The Constitution Guarantees of the Bill of Rights The proposed Constitution created a federal system in Assess which the national government and the state governments shared power. Based on Montesquieu’s ideas, the national, or federal, government was separated into three Critical Thinking (ISTORY /.,).% branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch 5. The BIG Idea Making Inferences Why had some power to check, or restrain, acts of the other did many Europeans see the American Study Central provides summa- branches. Revolution as the embodiment of the ries, interactive games, and online A president served as the chief executive in the execu- Enlightenment’s political dreams? graphic organizers to help stu- tive branch. The legislative branch consisted of elected 6. Analyzing If going to war with the British dents review content. representatives in two houses—the Senate and the House was such a huge gamble, why then did the of Representatives. The Supreme Court and other courts colonists win? formed the judicial branch. After ratification, or approval, 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the photograph by 9 of the 13 states, the Constitution took effect. on page 568. What does the body language of the people in the photograph suggest Close The Bill of Rights to you? Summarizing Ask: How did As promised during negotiations over ratification, the new Congress proposed 12 amendments to the Constitu- Writing About History the American victory over the tion. The states approved 10 of the amendments. Together, 8. Expository Writing Do further research on British and the new American these amendments became known as the Bill of Rights. how the French supported the colonies republic confirm Enlightenment during the American Revolution. Then write These 10 amendments guaranteed freedom of religion, ideas? (American victory confirmed speech, press, petition, and assembly. They gave Americans an essay analyzing the importance of the French assistance to the colonists. the right to bear arms and to be protected against unreason- the belief in natural rights to self- able searches and arrests. They guaranteed trial by jury, due government; the new republic process of law, and the protection of property rights. established Enlightenment ideas Many of the rights in the Bill of Rights were derived from the natural rights proposed by the eighteenth-century phi- in the Constitution.) losophes. Many European intellectuals saw the American R Revolution as the embodiment of the Enlightenment’s political dreams. The premises of the Enlightenment seemed confirmed. A new age and a better world could be achieved. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of ✓Reading Check Glencoe World Identifying What was the main weakness of the History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. Articles of Confederation? SECTION REVIEW

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Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are from unreasonable searches and 6. Answers may include: support of foreign found in the section and the Glossary. arrests; trial by jury; due process of law; pro- nations; British soldiers fighting far from 2. to cover war costs; to pay for maintaining tection of property rights home and on unfamiliar ground; desire for an army to protect the colonies 5. Answers may include these results of the freedom was a strong and unifying force 3. means for Britain to collect taxes from the revolution: government by the will of the 7. Answers may include that the soldier’s facial colonists people with separation of powers and expression and stance suggest confidence, 4. freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, checks and balances; protection of natural strength, and determination. and assembly; right to bear arms; protection rights; freedom from oppression. 8. Essays should accurately describe France’s role in the American Revolution.

569 Chapter 17 • Visual Summary Visual Summary You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes Determining Importance As and flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com. a class, read through the Visual Summary. Ask: How does the Copernicus Studies the Night Sky information in this Visual THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Summary help you review the • The Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans chapter? (Students’ responses will viewed their world. vary, but should emphasize that the • Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided new explanations of the universe. Visual Summary highlights impor- • Breakthroughs in chemistry and medicine changed the tant information from the chapter.) understanding of human anatomy. Have students copy one or more • Women scientists made important advances, but faced many obstacles. sentences from each section of the Visual Summary. Ask each student to search through the chap- Catherine the Great Invites Philosophe Denis Diderot to Russia Niclaus Copernicus ter to find and record important proposed a heliocentric details that help illustrate or sup- explanation of port the information in the the universe. sentence(s). Have student volunteers share the details that they chose and discuss why the details THE ENLIGHTENMENT contain important information. • Philosophes applied the scientific method to examine You may also want to discuss why government, justice, and religion. • The ideas of the Enlightenment became a force for some details are not as important social reform. to understanding the major ideas • Some rulers considered governing by Enlightenment principles but ultimately were more interested in found in the chapter. OL maintaining power. • Architecture, art, music, and literature were influenced Summarizing Choose a few by Enlightenment ideas. sentences from the Visual Like most rulers of her time, Catherine the Great outwardly Summary, and have students supported Enlightenment ideas paraphrase the information in but did not always act upon them. The British Surrender at Yorktown, Virginia them. BL British Lord Cornwallis surrenders to George THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Washington. • American colonists revolted against British rule. • France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic helped the American colonies win independence. • Many believed the American Revolution confirmed Enlightenment principles.

Hands-On

Chapter Project 570 CHAPTER 17 Revolution and Enlightenment Step 5: Wrap-Up (t b) North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images, (c) Bettmann/CORBIS

Make a Revolution and Directions: Have student pairs present (Students may cite specific scientific advances, Enlightenment Poster their posters to the class. They should explain changes in religion, new approaches to govern- each illustration and tell why it was chosen. ment and economics, and the American Step 5: Evaluating the Impact of the Sci- Allow classmates to comment on and ask Revolution.) Ask students to write a brief essay entific Revolution and Enlightenment questions about each poster. Ask: What that explains and supports their opinion. O L Students will synthesize what they have were the most long-lasting effects of the learned in Steps 1–4. Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

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