Introducing Focus Revolution and MAKING CONNECTIONS Enlightenment 1550 –1800 How did the Section 1 The Scientific Revolution Enlightenment influence Section 2 The Enlightenment art and society? Section 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment Ask students to look at the photo- Section 4 The American Revolution graph and examine the details on the building. Ask them to com- ment on the style. Is this type of architectural style common in MAKING CONNECTIONS buildings in their community? The How did the Enlightenment original baroque style was intended to emphasize power and influence art and society? The brightly painted, lavish Catherine Palace in St. Petersburg is grandeur. However, subsequent an example of Russian baroque architecture. It was named for the rulers had renovations made to Russian empress Catherine I, who commissioned the grand palace reflect more current styles. For during her reign. In this chapter you will learn about the effects of the Enlightenment. example, Catherine II emphasized • Do any buildings in your community feature baroque architecture? the neoclassical style that domi- Name some examples. nated the seventeenth century • Describe the emotions that these grand buildings are designed to create. and continued into the eigh- teenth century. The new ideas conceived in the Enlightenment gave architects the freedom to use older styles, but also to use innovative new styles. Teach 1633 EUROPE, 1543 Galileo’s teachings Copernicus publishes ORTH MERICA are condemned The Big Ideas N A , his proposal of a by the Church As students study the chapter, AND INDIA sun-centered universe remind them to consider the 1550 1600 1650 section-based Big Ideas included THE WORLD 1566 1636 in each section’s Guide to Süleyman I Manchus Reading. The Essential Questions dies invade Korea in the activities below tie in to the 536 Big Ideas and help students think Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library, Scott Gilchrist/Masterfile about and understand important chapter concepts. In addition, the Hands-On Chapter Projects with The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment their culminating activities relate Essential Question: How did scientific discover- Essential Question: How did new patterns of the content from each section to ies change people’s attitudes towards natural thought affect the ways that people studied the Big Ideas. These activities events and religious faith? (Discoveries promoted social problems? (Thinkers believed that if the build on each other as students a view of the universe as a machine with natural universe was subject to laws, then institutions such progress through the chapter. laws that weren’t supported by religious teachings as governments and economies must be subject to Section activities culminate in the based on faith.) Point out that in Section 1 stu- natural laws as well.) Point out that in Section 2 wrap-up activity on the Visual dents will learn how new approaches to science students will learn about thinkers who studied Summary page. changed people’s beliefs about the universe and governments, economies, and other institutions institutions such as the church. O L as well as new directions in religion. O L 536 Introducing More About the Photo Visual Literacy Catherine Palace sits atop a hill fifteen miles south of St. Petersburg in the town of Pushkin, formerly Tsarskoye Selo, or Tsar’s Village. The original struc- ture began as a small, two-story summer residence commissioned by Catherine I. Under the Empress Elizabeth, architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli dramatically expanded the building to a length of 985 feet and guilded its exterior and interior with more than 220 pounds of gold. In reaction against the excesses of this baroque style, Catherine II ordered architect Charles Cameron to carry out extensive renovations reflecting her neoclassical taste. Today the palace and surrounding park and structures represent the work of hundreds of architects, artists, and designers and attract thousands of tourists each year. Dinah Zike’s Revolu tion Breakthroughs Organizing Make a in in Medicine Astro and nomy Foldables 1702 Four-Door Book to orga- Chemistry First daily 1756 nize significant facts on Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three- news paper The Seven 1776 astronomy, medicine and Desc chemistry, Descartes, artes The and is printed Years’ War American colonies declare Rea Scientifc dimensional, interactive graphic and the scientific method son Method in London begins independence from Britain during the Scientific organizers that help students Revolution. 1700 1750 1800 practice basic writing skills, review vocabulary terms, and 1795 identify main ideas. Instructions Rule of Emperor Qianlong ends (ISTORY /.,).% for creating and using Foldables Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 17. can be found in the Appendix at Scott Gilchrist/Masterfile, (t) Joseph Sohm/Jupiter Images, (b) Hu Weibiao/Panorama/The Image Works the end of this book and in the Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Skills Foldables booklet. OL The Impact of the Enlightenment The American Revolution Essential Question: Do you think Essential Question: How did the American Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of Revolution reflect Enlightenment ideals? European rulers at the time? (Some students (Enlightenment beliefs in self-government and (ISTORY /.,).% may believe the ideas changed rulers’ actions, the use of reason in constructing governments Introduce students to chapter but others won’t.) Point out that in Section 3 were reflected in the American Revolution, content and key terms by hav- students will learn about the impact of the Declaration of Independence, and Constitution.) ing them access the Chapter 17 Enlightenment on European politics and the Point out that in Section 4 students will learn Overview at glencoe.com. mixed legacy of Enlightenment ideas. OL how the American struggle for independence was influenced by Enlightenment ideals. OL 537 CHAPTER 17 • SECTION 1 Focus The Scientific Revolution Of all the changes that swept Europe in the sixteenth and Bellringer GUIDE TO READING seventeenth centuries, the most widely influential was the Daily Focus Transparency 17.1 Scientific Revolution. We often associate this revolution with Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. observation 2. change it, discard it, or let it stand as is 3. an unproven theory 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 17 TRANSPARENCY 17-1 New Technologies The Scientific the various scientific and technological changes made during The Scientific Revolution 1 What is the first step in the 2 What are the possibilities 3 What is a hypothesis? Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view scientific process? following the testing of a hypothesis? this time. However, the Scientific Revolution was also about the ŀ ŀ ŀ 3 humankind’s place in the universe. 2 Test the Formulate Hypothesis Hypothesis changes in the way Europeans looked at themselves and their ŀ ŀ FPO 4 Change 1 Observation Hypothesis, Content Vocabulary world. Discard It, or Let It Stand As Is • geocentric (p. 540) • scientific method • heliocentric (p. 540) (p. 545) • universal law of • inductive reasoning Causes of the Scientific Revolution gravitation (p. 541) (p. 545) • rationalism (p. 545) The development of new technology and scientific theories became GUIDE TO READING the foundation of the Scientific Revolution. Academic Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU How would you feel if you had to share the school’s only text- • philosopher (p. 538) • sphere (p. 540) book with everyone in your school? Learn how new tools such as the printing Answers to Graphic: press contributed to scientific knowledge. People and Places Copernicus Heliocentric universe • Nicolaus Copernicus • Maria Winkelmann (p. 540) (p. 543) In the Middle Ages, many educated Europeans took great inter- Kepler Laws of planetary motion • Johannes Kepler • René Descartes est in the world around them. However, these “natural philoso- (p. 540) (p. 544) phers,” as medieval scientists were known, did not make • Galileo Galilei (p. 540) • Francis Bacon (p. 545) observations of the natural world. Instead they relied on a few Galileo Planets’ substance like earth • Isaac Newton (p. 541) ancient authorities—especially Aristotle—for their scientific • Margaret Cavendish knowledge. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a num- Newton Laws of motion, gravity (p. 543) ber of changes occurred that caused the natural philosophers to Reading Strategy abandon their old views and to develop new ones. Summarizing Information As you read, use a table like the one below to chart the Impact of the Renaissance contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as Latin. Newton to a new concept of the universe. Section Spotlight Video These language skills gave them access to newly discovered works Copernicus by Ptolemy (TAH•luh•mee), Archimedes, and Plato. These writ- Kepler To generate student interest and ings made it obvious that some ancient thinkers had disagreed with Aristotle and other accepted authorities of the Middle Ages. provide a springboard for class discussion, access the Chapter 17, New Technology and Mathematics Section 1 video at glencoe.com or Other developments also encouraged new ways of thinking. on the video DVD. Technical problems that required careful observation and accurate measurements, such as calculating the amount of weight that ships could hold, served to stimulate scientific