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Standardization of Spanish Shipbuilding: Ordenanzas Para La STANDARDIZATION OF SPANISH SHIPBUILDING: ORDENANZAS PARA LA FÁBRICA DE NAVÍOS DE GUERRA Y MERCANTE – 1607, 1613, 1618 A Thesis by BLANCA MARGARITA RODRÍGUEZ MENDOZA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2008 Major Subject: Anthropology STANDARDIZATION OF SPANISH SHIPBUILDING: ORDENANZAS PARA LA FÁBRICA DE NAVÍOS DE GUERRA Y MERCANTE – 1607, 1613, 1618 A Thesis by BLANCA MARGARITA RODRÍGUEZ MENDOZA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Filipe Vieira de Castro Committee Members, Kevin Crisman Hilaire Kallendorf Head of Department, Donny L. Hamilton December 2008 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Standardization of Spanish Shipbuilding: Ordenanzas para la fábrica de navíos de guerra y mercantes - 1607, 1613, 1618. (December 2008) Blanca Margarita Rodríguez Mendoza, B.A., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Filipe Vieira de Castro During the first two decades of the 17th century King Philip III (1598-1621) of Spain and Portugal launched an effort to standardize all shipbuilding in the Iberian Peninsula. These efforts of standardization constitute an important collection of information about Iberian shipbuilding practices of that period. This thesis will analyze the content of the three sets of ordinances, issued in 1607, 1613 and 1618, in the context of the history of the Iberian Peninsula, the regulation of the Carrera de Indias (Indies Trade), and Spanish shipbuilding practices based on written sources of that period. iv DEDICATION To Wayne and Helen (and Petrus and Kuro) v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Castro, for his guidance and advice, and my committee members Dr. Crisman and Dr. Kallendorf for their useful suggestions on how to improve this work. I am very grateful to Dr. Dewolf and Dr. Smith for their support, because they were always there when I needed advice (or anything else!). Thanks to Donna and Bill Wilder for their never ending support and for the marvelous Wilder 3-D lab, where I spent countless hours learning amazing things. I would also like to thank Dr. Ma. Isabel Vicente Maroto and her family, and the personnel at the Archivo General de Simancas and the Museo Naval de Madrid for making my research in Spain such a pleasant experience. Thanks to my parents for their unconditional support, to my sister for her encouragement, and to my brother Alvaro, who acted as my thesis representative. Special thanks to my friends Carlos, Elvis, and Itza for giving me a hand while in College Station. vi NOMENCLATURE AGI: Archivo General de Indias AGS: Archivo General de Simancas BNM: Biblioteca Nacional Madrid MNM: Museo Naval de Madrid vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................ v NOMENCLATURE ....................................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 II SPAIN AND THE CARRERA DE INDIAS .................................................................. 6 The Carrera de Indias in a Period of Maritime Reconnaissance .................... 6 The Carrera de Indias in a Period of Conquests............................................. 9 Regulation of the Fleet System .................................................................... 12 The Pacific Routes ....................................................................................... 30 The Armadas of Philip II.............................................................................. 35 Philip III’s Shipbuilding Policies ................................................................. 38 III SPANISH SHIPBUILDING DURING THE LATE 16th AND EARLY 17th CENTURIES ................................................................................................................. 46 Typology of the Spanish Ships..................................................................... 50 Measurements............................................................................................... 58 Proportions ................................................................................................... 60 Treatises ....................................................................................................... 61 Itinerario de navegación de las tierras y mares occidentales ..................... 64 Escalante de Mendoza on Shipbuilding ....................................................... 66 Instrucción náutica para el buen uso, y regimiento de las naos, su traza y gobierno conforme a la altura de México.................................................... 69 García de Palacio on Shipbuilding ............................................................... 72 viii CHAPTER Page Arte para fabricar, aperajar naos de guerra y mercantes........................... 77 Tomé Cano on Shipbuilding ........................................................................ 79 Diálogo entre un Vizcaíno y un Montañés sobre la fábrica de navíos ........ 87 Written Sources: Contracts and Correspondence ........................................ 89 Medidas y orden que suelen tener cuando se hacen las naos ca. 1560......... 90 Apuntamiento de Rodrigo de Vargas ca. 1570 ............................................ 92 Cristóbal de Barros’ Method for Calculating Tonnage - 1580..................... 94 Galleons for the Armada de la Guarda de la Carrera de Indias -1581 ......... 95 Six Galleons by Captain Juan de Veas ca. 1613 .......................................... 97 IV ORDENANZAS PARA LA FÁBRICA DE NAVÍOS DE GUERRA Y MERCANTES – 1607, 1613, 1618............................................................................. 104 Ordenanzas para la fábrica de navíos de guerra y mercantes – 1607......... 109 Ordenanzas para la fábrica de navíos de guerra y mercantes – 1613......... 123 Ordenanzas para el arqueamiento de navíos – 1613 .................................. 144 Ordenanzas para la fábrica de navíos de guerra y mercantes – 1618......... 147 V CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 156 WORKS CITED....................................................................................................................... 161 APPENDIX A: TABLES ......................................................................................................... 168 APPENDIX B: SELECTED TRANSCRIPTIONS.................................................................. 181 VITA ..................................................................................................................................... 195 ix LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 2- 1. Map of the winds and currents of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that helped delineate the Spanish trade routes .......................................................................... 13 2- 2. Spanish viceroyalties. .............................................................................................. 15 2- 3. Sixteenth-century Seville with the Indies Fleet preparing to sail............................. 16 2- 4. Spanish trade routes. ................................................................................................ 19 2- 5. Detail of the Caribbean routes. ................................................................................ 21 2- 6. Drawing of the city of Veracruz and the castle of San Juan de Ulúa....................... 23 2- 7. Map of Portobelo Harbor in 1626............................................................................ 24 2- 8. Map of the city of Cartagena de Indias ca. 1692...................................................... 26 2- 9. Port of Havana in 1673 according to an anonymous Dutch engraving.................... 27 2- 10. Archipelago of the Azores ...................................................................................... 29 2- 11. Lines of demarcation stipulated by the treatises of Tordesillas and Zaragoza ....... 33 3- 1. Proportional methods used for pre-designing the central frames of the vessel: a) mezzaluna b) triangle.......................................................................................... 48 3- 2. Engraving of an armed nao by Franz Huis based on the work by Brueghel The Elder, 1550-60.........................................................................................................52 3- 3. Galeón de Utrera ca. 1550. Replica, made in 1931, of the model found at the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación de Utrera, Seville.
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