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InSearchofaKingdom_9780062875358_Final_CL1218_CC19.indd 4 12/18/20 InSearchofaKingdom_9780062875358_Final_CL1218_CC19.indd 12:30 PM 5 12/18/20 12:30 PM in search of a kingdom. Copyright © 2021 by Laurence Bergreen. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permis- sion except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address HarperCollins Publishers, 195 Broadway, New York, NY 10007. HarperCollins books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. For information, please email the Special Markets Depart- ment at [email protected]. first edition Maps by Jeffrey L. Ward

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bergreen, Laurence, author. Title: In search of a kingdom : Francis Drake, Elizabeth I, and the perilous birth of the British Empire / Laurence Bergreen. Other titles: Francis Drake, Elizabeth I, and the perilous birth of the British Empire Description: First edition. | New York, NY : Custom House, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020039354 (print) | LCCN 2020039355 (ebook) | ISBN 9780062875358 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780062875365 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9780063062979 | ISBN 9780062875389 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Drake, Francis, approximately 1540-1596. | Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1533-1603. | Privateering—History—16th century. | Voyages around the world—History—16th century. | Explorers—Great Britain—Biography. | Admirals—Great Britain—Biography. | Great Britain—History, Naval—Tudors, 1485-1603. | Great Britain—History—Elizabeth, 1558-1603. Classification: LCC E129.D7 B47 2021 (print) | LCC E129.D7 (ebook) | DDC 942.05/50922 [B]—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020039354 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020039355 ISBN 978-0-06-287535-8

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England Burroughs, William (1536–1599). Naval commander. Hanged ten masters of pirate ships in 1583. Vice admiral during Francis Drake’s raid on Cádiz in 1587. Tried and acquitted on charges of mutiny. Carder, Peter. Escaped ship’s boy who claimed to walk across Brazil before catching a boat to England. Cecil, William, Baron Burghley (1520–1598). Queen Elizabeth’s chief minister. Appointed Lord High Treasurer in 1572. Died in his London home in 1598. Dee, John (1527–1608). Mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, alchemist. Influential adviser to Queen Elizabeth. Formulated the concept of the “British Empire.” Devereux, Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565–1601). Late-life inti- mate of Queen Elizabeth. When he ran afoul of her, she had him executed. Doughty, Thomas. Nobleman. Mutineer. Condemned to death by Drake in Port Saint Julian, Argentina, 1578. Drake, Sir Francis (1540–1596). Eldest of twelve sons of Edmund Drake. Second cousin of Sir John Hawkins, with whom he sold

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slaves in the Caribbean. Led the first successful circumnavigation, 1577–1580. Vice admiral of the English fleet during the Armada period. Died of dysentery and buried at sea near Portobello, Panama, in January 1596. Drake, John. Francis Drake’s nephew. Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester (1532–1588). Fifth son of John Dudley, the executed Duke of Northumberland. Suspected of mur- dering his first wife, Amy Robsart. Elizabeth I (1533–1603). Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bo- leyn, his second wife. Fletcher, Francis. Drake’s chaplain during the circumnavigation, maintained a journal of the voyage, which formed the basis of The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake. Frobisher, Sir Martin (1539–1595). Navigator. Led three voyages to the New World. Commanded Triumph in Battle of the Spanish Armada. Died at Plymouth. Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595). Privateer, slaver, Drake’s men- tor. Treasurer of the navy. Commanded Victory in Armada battle. Knighted. Died off Puerto Rico during a campaign with Drake. Howard, Charles, Second Baron Effingham (1536–1624). Eldest son of William Howard. Appointed Lord High Admiral of England, 1585. Led the English fleet against the Armada in 1588. Fought in the Battle of Gravelines. Mary I (1516–1558). The sole surviving child of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon, his first wife. Married King Philip of Spain in 1554. Died childless in London. Newman, Mary (m. 1569, d. 1583). Francis Drake’s first wife. Norreys, Sir John (1547–1597). Military commander involved in the notorious massacre of Scots at Rathlin Island. Knighted by Leicester. Led unsuccessful campaign with Drake to install Dom António, the Portuguese pretender to the throne, in 1589.

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Oxenham, John. First non-Spanish explorer to traverse the Isth- mus of Panama (1575). Fought with Drake against the Spanish in two early campaigns in Central America, captured by the Spanish in 1578, executed in Lima on September 30, 1580. Pretty, Francis. Drake’s gentleman-at-arms. Sydenham, Elizabeth (1540–1596). Francis Drake’s second wife. Walsingham, Sir Francis (1532–1590). Queen Elizabeth’s spymaster and minister. Knighted in 1577. Died in London deeply in debt.

Scotland James VI of Scotland (1566–1625). Son of Mary, Queen of Scots. Succeeded Queen Elizabeth. Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587). Only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, who died six days after she was born. Heir presumptive to English crown as a descendant of Henry VIII’s elder sister, Margaret. She fled Scotland in 1568, and was detained by Elizabeth I for nineteen years until she was executed.

Spain de Antón, San Juan. Captain of Cacafuego, captured by Drake off Brazil. de Figueroa, Gómez Suárez, Fifth Count de Feria (1520–1571). The Duke of Feria, as he was later known, served as Philip’s representa- tive in England from 1557 to 1559. de Mendoza, Bernardino (1540–1604). Spanish ambassador and spy to London from 1578 to 1584. de Zúñiga-Sotomayor, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia (1550–1615). Commander of the Spanish Armada that was to attack the south of England in 1588. Farnese, Alexander, Duke of Parma (1545–1592). His mother was King Philip’s half sister. Failed to carry out a planned rendezvous with Medina Sidonia during the battle of the Spanish Armada.

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Philip II of Spain (1527–1598). Philip the Prudent ascended to the throne after his father, Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Empire, abdicated in 1556. At various times, he was king of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, England, and Ireland. He died at the Palace of El Escorial.

Vatican Gregory XIII (1502–1585). Pope 1572–1585. A reformer who tried to discourage the spread of Protestantism by founding new colleges for priests. He celebrated the massacre of the Protestant Huguenots in Paris in 1572 with a mass in Rome. Pius V (1504–1572). Pope 1566–1572. Excommunicated Elizabeth I on February 25, 1570. Sixtus V (1520–1590). Pope 1585–1590. Although fond of Eliz- abeth, he renewed the excommunication and promised to grant Philip II a generous subsidy after the Spanish Armada arrived in England.

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