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Notesj 62 1Notes 1..183 2015 NOTES AND QUERIES 59 THE RANSOMING OF PRISONERS The document, which is comprised of TAKEN FROM THE ARMADA, 1589–1590 around 140 unnumbered pages, bears THE 2006 inventory made of parts of the de no exact date. However, it is clearly one of Bergeyck family archive, preserved in the fair copies made of Longin’s final expense Cortewalle Castle located in the village of account. At the end of 1589, Longin joined the Beveren near Antwerp, led to a startling dis- delegation that travelled via three flyboats covery. Quite unexpectedly, archivist Stefanie from Dunkirk to Dartmouth to take charge Audenaert found a list of 494 individuals taken of the prisoners. And indeed, a declaration captive by the English between early August at the top of the document states that it is ‘the list of prisoners that I, Carlos and early November of 1588, during and Downloaded from Longin ...in accordance with the orders of after the Spanish Armada’s operations in the the Duke of Parma and Plasencia, Governor- English Channel.1 With few exceptions, there General of the Netherlands, have redeemed’.4 were no officers or other prominent members From the dates given, it appears that the of the Armada among them. Essentially, the majority of the releases took place during roll is comprised of ordinary soldiers and the second half of January;5 only one captive sailors without the means to buy their own was set free much later, on 10 March 1590— http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/ release via a handy and substantial lump 6 2 the date noted next to his name. Around 1 sum. Instead, they were ransomed en masse February 1590, three ships carrying the pris- by Philip II in January of 1590, and it is in oners already ransomed sailed from this context that the list was compiled. Their Dartmouth for the Iberian Peninsula. A release was organized via the Spanish couple of weeks later they arrived in the Netherlands, under the supervision of Galician ports of La Corun˜a and Ferrol, thus Alexander Farnese. The governor-general bringing to an end their Armada adventure.7 charged Charles Longin, commissaire ordinaire This short essay explores what may be po- des monstres of Spain’s army in the Low tentially derived from the list, which consists of at Rijksuniversiteit Gent on June 28, 2015 Countries, with paying the ransom and much more than a simple series of names. expenses incurred, as well as the practical im- Other data were also included. Not consist- plementation of the entire operation.3 In 1615, ently, but often enough to aid in constructing Longin died childless and parts of his estate, a detailed picture of the individuals involved. It including his personal papers, ended up with is hoped that the examination and analysis of his sister Catharina, the spouse of Johannes this information will make a small contribu- de Visscher. Later, the de Visscher and de tion to the well-established history of the Bergeyck families were united in marriage, Armada, and the fate of its soldiers and sailors. and thus Longin’s papers, along with the list, were eventually bequeathed to the archive of 1 The Data Contained in the List the Counts of Bergeyck. In most cases, prisoners were listed with the following information: first and last name, the first and last name of his father, his place 1 Archive de Bergeyck Beveren [ABB], sub-fonds de Visscher de Celles, nr. 1214, s.f. of residence, and a brief physical description. 2 The only exceptions to this are a few officers who were The latter indicates that Longin prepared the aboard the Trinidad Valencera, such as captain Juan list in situ, and in the presence of the captives. Hidalgo. For some unknown reason, his attempt to pur- chase his own freedom failed. In the end, a ransom six times that asked for other captives was paid (ABB, sub- 4 ABB, sub-fonds de Visscher de Celles, 1214, s.f. (first fonds de Visscher de Celles, 1214, s.f.). page). 3 The muster-master was an official appointed by the 5 This was also confirmed in a letter from Philip II to king. All captains had to submit their levies to him, and Farnese of 30 January 1590; J. Lefe` vre, Correspondance de the muster-master examined the company’s list, scrutinized Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, III (Brussels, 1956), each name and every man to ensure that the recruit was an 466–7. actual soldier and not a page or a suborned peasant, and 6 ABB, sub-fonds de Visscher de Celles, 1214, s.f. finally signed a declaration at the end of the roll certifying 7 P. Martin, Spanish Armada Prisoners. The story of the the number of men present; G. Parker, The Army of Flanders Nuestra Sen˜ora del Rosario and her crew, and of other pris- and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659 (Cambridge, 1972), 37. oners in England, 1587–97 (Exeter, 1988), 56. 60 NOTES AND QUERIES 2015 It may be that these descriptions were included [Domingo Herna´ndez, son of Lorenzo in order to prove that the individuals in ques- Herna´ ndez, born and raised in Salamanca, tion were actually being held, and that all the solidly built and with a large scar above the funds disbursed were used to redeem genuine right eyebrow, beardless, 26 years old, of the prisoners. In addition, their age was noted, as company of Don Pedro de Leo´ n. For his was their tercio, or regiment, and the company ransom, 51 fl. For his food, 120 fl and 10 to which the prisoner belonged. The name of placcas. Short jacket, breeches, shirt, a pair their ship was often included as well, and this of shoes, 6 fl and 10 placcas. Stockings: 1 fl. plus the general muster taken just before the Afterwards I gave him: a doublet, 3 fl; a shirt, 1 fl 10 placcas; stockings, 15 placcas; Armada left La Corun˜a in July 1588 showing Downloaded from which craft carried which company,8 means shoes, 1 fl.] that it is possible to determine the vessel of The release of Domingo Herna´ ndez cost a total most of the individual crew members. Other of 185 fl and 5 placcas, which covered his data are also included on occasion, such as ransom, food, and garb provided during his the soldier’s rank, or the sailor’s duties. captivity, and the clothing he was given for After these biographical details came a sum- the trip home. The expenses incurred by http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/ mary of the amounts spent on each captive. almost all of the redeemed individuals were First the ransom was noted, which was a gen- listed in this fashion, and to cover the entire eral tariff of 17 pounds sterling per individ- operation, Longin had 80,000 Brabant guil- ual—or the equivalent of 51 Brabant guilders ders—approximately 27,000 pounds sterling— (fl)9—then the maintenance expenses incurred at his disposal, or an average of 160 fl per during captivity such as food and, if necessary, prisoner.11 clothing. Rations were reckoned at 5 placcas, or a quarter of a guilder, per day. The amount 2 Age and Origin spent on food varied from around 90 to 125 fl, The ages of the 447 captives are given with at Rijksuniversiteit Gent on June 28, 2015 depending upon the provisions found on the remarkable precision, and therefore some cau- captured ships that could be fed to the pris- 10 tion is advisable. Yet even if the specified age is oners, and the length of their captivity (cf. not entirely accurate, it is still possible to as- below). Lastly, Longin noted the value of any semble a reasonable picture of the age struc- new apparel he provided to those who required ture of this population of prisoners. The it upon their release. One example of such an youngest is listed as being just 12 years old, entry reads as follows: while two at the other extreme are said to be Domingo Hernandez, h[ijo] de Lorenco 60, while another is simply noted as ‘viejo’, or Hernandez, n[atural] de Salamanca, de ‘old’. However, as Table 1 demonstrates, the buen cuerpo, con una sen˜al grande encima majority of the captives were between twenty de la ceja derecha, desbarvado, de 26 an˜os, and thirty years of age. de la compa[gni]a de Don Pedro de Leon. With regard to their origins, the lion’s share of the ransomed prisoners hailed from the Por su rescatte: 51 florines. Por su comida: Crowns of Castile and Aragon, the two king- 120 florines 10 placcas. Ropilla, calcones, doms that constitute contemporary Spain. camisa, un par de c¸apatos: 6 florines 10 plac- There were still around thirty captives from cas. Medias: 1 florin. Despues le he dado other parts of Europe, however all non- jubon: 3 florines; camisa, 1 florin 10 placcas; Spanish prisoners of the Armada had been medias, 0 florines 15 placcas; c¸apatos, 1 ordered set free in November of 1588.12 florin. These captives on the list coming from other 8 C. Martin and G. Parker, The Spanish Armada,2nd 11 One Brabant guilder was the equivalent of 20 placcas edn (Manchester, New York, 1999), 19. or pattars, and was worth 4 reales at that time; one Spanish 9 See the notation ‘17 libras de a tres florines, que son 51 escudo de oro was worth 3 Brabant guilders or 12 reales.See florines’; ABB, sub-fonds de Visscher de Celles, 1214, s.f.
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