DOCSLIB.ORG

Kalmyk-Oirat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Kalmyk-Oirat Approximately half a million Kalmyk-Oirat people live in them to return to China in 1771. Only a few survived the several different countries in Central Asia. The majority long journey to Xinjiang. ‘The rest died from famine or fell (210,000) live in Mongolia, followed by Russia (174,000), victim to the hostile raids of neighboring tribes.’3 Those and China (91,300). Smaller numbers of Kalmyk-Oirat live who stayed behind on the Russian side of the border are in Ukraine (700) and Uzbekistan (500), while scattered called Kalmyk, which means ‘to remain or stay behind’.4 communities can be found The Kalmyk-Oirat ‘burial in the fi elds’ is in the United States (800), unique. The corpse is placed on a wooden Germany, Kyrgyzstan and cart, which is pulled furiously by a horse Taiwan. until the body falls from the back of the In Russia the Kalmyk-Oirat cart. Wherever it falls, it is left to be are concentrated in devoured by beasts and birds of prey.5 Kalmykia, on the steppes The Kalmyk-Oirat have been unfl atteringly between the Don and described as ‘a squalid race, reputed never Volga rivers, north of the to change their clothes or wash. When one Caucasus Range and east coat wears out, a new one is put over it of the Caspian Sea. The and not until it rots off do they discard a Kalmyk-Oirat in China are garment.’6 concentrated in Qinghai The majority of Kalmyk-Oirat are followers Province, as well as parts of Tibetan Buddhism. Shamans still per- of Gansu and Xinjiang. In form many rituals and ceremonies. Some China many researchers Kalmyk-Oirat practise a crude form of black combine the Oirat and magic under the guise of Buddhism. Every Torgut groups, but they New Year the Kalmyk-Oirat devote their are profi led separately in prayers to Okeen Tenger, their female spirit this book. Although the protector. She is believed to have saved the Torgut and Kalmyk-Oirat world from evil by bearing, and later killing, are closely related and the offspring of the Lord of Evil, Erlik Khan. speak the same language, International Create The Kalmyk-Oirat are one of the least they view themselves evangelized Buddhist groups in the world. In Russia there as distinct tribes. The Kalmyk-Oirat are one of the main are a reported 1,700 Christians among them, but almost branches of Mongolian people. One expert described all of these are Orthodox believers who were converted the Kalmyk-Oirat as ‘physically smaller, more garrulous, under the infl uence of Russians. That number includes friendlier and more inquisitive than [other Mongols]’.1 only about 50 evangelical believers. Today there are no 2 The Kalmyk-Oirat have had a terrible history. From known believers among the Kalmyk-Oirat in China. The New 1755–57, the Chinese Qing armies crushed the Oirat, Testament was fi rst translated into Kalmyk-Oirat in 1827, forcing the survivors to fl ee to the northern Caucasus but it went out of print in 1894. Work is presently underway Mountains in Russia. Oppression there forced most of to produce an updated version.7 Overview of the Kalmyk-Oirat Status of Evangelization RUSSIA Other Names: Kalmuk, Kalmuck, Also in Germany, Taiwan, Kyrgyzstan Qalmaq, Kalmytskii, Jazyk, Language: Altaic, Mongolian, 61% MONGOLIA Khalmag, Oirat, Volga Oirat, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat- European Oirat, Western Mongolian, Kalmyk-Darkhat Xinjiang Gansu Xinjiang Mongol, Weilate, Durbet CHINA Dialects: 8 (Buzawa, Oirat, Dörböt, 38% Qinghai Population Sources: Kalmyk-Oirat Sart Qlamaq, Jakhachin, Bayit, 210,000 in Mongolia (2001, P Mingat, Khoshut) Population: Johnstone and J Mandryk [2000 Professing Buddhists: 85% 477,300 (2000) fi gure]) 538,700 (2010) 174,000 in Russia (1993, United Practising Buddhists: 40% 607,000 (2020) Bible Societies) Christians: 0.4% 1% Countries: Mongolia, 91,300 in China (2000, P Hattaway) Scripture: New Testament 1827 Russia, China, USA, 800 in USA (2001, Joshua Project (out of print); work in progress Ukraine, Uzbekistan, A B C II) 8 Germany, Taiwan, 700 in Ukraine (2001, Joshua Jesus fi lm: available A = Have never heard the gospel Kyrgyzstan B = Have heard the gospel but Project II) Gospel Recordings: Kalmyk have not become Christians Buddhism: Tibetan 500 in Uzbekistan (2001, Joshua Christian Broadcasting: none C = Are adherents to some form Christians: 1,800 Project II) of Christianity ROPAL code: KGZ 118–19 May, May,KALMYK-OIRAT KALMYK-OIRAT 120.
Recommended publications
  • Oirat Tobi Intonational Structure of the Oirat Language a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of H

    Oirat Tobi Intonational Structure of the Oirat Language a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of H

    OIRAT TOBI INTONATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE OIRAT LANGUAGE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS FEBRUARY 2009 By Elena Indjieva Dissertation Committee: Kenneth Rehg (UH, Linguistics Department), Co-chairperson Victoria Andersen (UH, Linguistics Department), Co-chairperson Stefan Georg (Bonn University, Germany) William O’Grady (UH, Linguistics Department) Robert Gibson (UH, Department of Second Language Studies) SIGATURE PAGE ii DEDICATIO I humbly dedicate this work to one of the kindest person I ever knew, my mother, who passed away when I was in China collecting data for this dissertation. iii ACKOWLEDGEMET Over several years of my graduate studies at the Linguistics Department of the University of Hawai’i at Manoa my knowledge in various field of linguistics has been enhanced immensely. It has been a great pleasure to interact with my fellow students and professors at this department who have provided me with useful ideas, inspiration, and comments on particular issues and sections of this dissertation. These include Victoria Anderson, Maria Faehndrich, Valerie Guerin, James Crippen, William O’Grady, Kenneth Rehg, and Alexander Vovin. Many thanks to them all, and deepest apologies to anyone whom I may have forgotten to mention. Special thanks to Maria Faehndrich for taking her time to help me with styles and formatting of the text. I also would like to express my special thanks to Laurie Durant for proofreading my dissertation. My sincere gratitude goes to Victoria Anderson, my main supervisor, who always had time to listen to me and comment on almost every chapter of this work.
  • The Rise of Steppe Agriculture

    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture

    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture The Social and Natural Environment Changes in Hetao (1840s-1940s) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Yifu Wang aus Taiyuan, V. R. China WS 2017/18 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sabine Dabringhaus Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Joachim Grage Datum der Disputation: 01. 08. 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 1 1. Prologue 3 1.1 Hetao and its modern environmental crisis 3 1.1.1 Geographical and historical context 4 1.1.2 Natural characteristics 6 1.1.3 Beacons of nature: Recent natural disasters in Hetao 11 1.2 Aims and current state of research 18 1.3 Sources and secondary materials 27 2. From Mongol to Manchu: the initial development of steppe agriculture (1300s-1700s) 32 2.1 The Mongolian steppe during the post-Mongol empire era (1300s-1500s) 33 2.1.1 Tuntian and steppe cities in the fourteenth century 33 2.1.2 The political impact on the steppe environment during the North-South confrontation 41 2.2 Manchu-Mongolia relations in the early seventeenth century 48 2.2.1 From a military alliance to an unequal relationship 48 2.2.2 A new management system for Mongolia 51 2.2.3 Divide in order to rule: religion and the Mongolian Policy 59 2.3 The natural environmental impact of the Qing Dynasty's Mongolian policy 65 2.3.1 Agricultural production 67 2.3.2 Wild animals 68 2.3.3 Wild plants of economic value 70 1 2.3.4 Mining 72 2.4 Summary 74 3.
  • Y-Chromosomal Analysis of Clan Structure of Kalmyks, the Only European Mongol People, and Their Relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia

    Y-Chromosomal Analysis of Clan Structure of Kalmyks, the Only European Mongol People, and Their Relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia

    European Journal of Human Genetics (2019) 27:1466–1474 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0 ARTICLE Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia 1 2,3 2 2 2 Natalia Balinova ● Helen Post ● Alena Kushniarevich ● Rodrigo Flores ● Monika Karmin ● 2,4 2 2 5 6 Hovhannes Sahakyan ● Maere Reidla ● Ene Metspalu ● Sergey Litvinov ● Murat Dzhaubermezov ● 5 5,6 2,7 5 8 9 Vita Akhmetova ● Rita Khusainova ● Phillip Endicott ● Elza Khusnutdinova ● Keemya Orlova ● Elza Bakaeva ● 10 11 1 2,3 2 Irina Khomyakova ● Nailya Spitsina ● Rena Zinchenko ● Richard Villems ● Siiri Rootsi Received: 2 October 2018 / Revised: 8 March 2019 / Accepted: 26 March 2019 / Published online: 11 April 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract Kalmyks, the only Mongolic-speaking population in Europe, live in the southeast of the European Plain, in Russia. They adhere to Buddhism and speak a dialect of the Mongolian language. Historical and linguistic evidence, as well a shared clan names, suggests a common origin with Oirats of western Mongolia; yet, only a limited number of genetic studies have focused on this 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: topic. Here we compare the paternal genetic relationship of Kalmyk clans with ethnographically related groups from Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and China, within the context of their neighbouring populations. A phylogeny of 37 high-coverage Y-chromosome sequences, together with further genotyping of larger sample sets, reveals that all the Oirat-speaking populations studied here, including Kalmyks, share, as a dominant paternal lineage, Y-chromosomal haplogroup C3c1-M77, which is also present in several geographically distant native Siberian populations.
  • Analysis of the Shamanic Empire of the Early Qing, Its Role in Inner Asian

    Analysis of the Shamanic Empire of the Early Qing, Its Role in Inner Asian

    THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE AND THE HEAVENLY ASTUTE KHAN: ANALYSIS OF THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE OF THE EARLY QING, ITS ROLE IN INNER ASIAN HEGEMONY, THE NATURE OF SHAMANIC KHANSHIP, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANCHU IDENTITY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY May 2020 By Stephen Garrett Thesis Committee: Shana Brown, Chairperson Edward Davis Wensheng Wang Keywords: Qing Dynasty, Manchu, Mongol, Inner Asia, Shamanism, Religion and Empire Acknowledgments: I would like to first and foremost show my deepest gratitude to my master’s thesis advisor, Dr. Shana Brown, whose ongoing uplifting support and instrumental advice were central to my academic success, without which I couldn’t have reached the finish line. I would also like to extend deepest thanks to my master’s thesis committee members Dr. Edward Davis and Dr. Wensheng Wang, who freely offered their time, efforts, and expertise to support me during this thesis project. Additionally, I would like to extend thanks to Dr. Mathew Lauzon and Dr. Matthew Romaniello, who both offered a great deal of academic and career advice, for which I am greatly appreciative. Special thanks to my peers: Ryan Fleming, Reed Riggs, Sun Yunhe, Wong Wengpok, and the many other friends and colleagues I have made during my time at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. They have always been a wellspring of academic advice, discussion, and support. While writing my master’s thesis, I have had the pleasure of working with the wonderful professional staff and faculty of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, whose instruction and support were invaluable to my academic success.
  • Empires of the Silk Road: a History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze

    Empires of the Silk Road: a History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze

    EMPIRES OF THE SILK ROAD A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present 5 CHRISTOPHER I. BECKWITH PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS Princeton and Oxford Copyright © 2009 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cata loging- in- Publication Data Beckwith, Christopher I., 1945– Empires of the Silk Road : a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present / Christopher I. Beckwith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 691- 13589- 2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Asia, Central–History. 2. Europe, Eastern—History. 3. East Asia—History. 4. Middle East—History. I. Title. DS329.4.B43 2009 958–dc22 2008023715 British Library Cata loging- in- Publication Data is available Th is book has been composed in Minion Pro. Printed on acid- free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 CONTENTS 5 preface vii a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s x v abbreviations and sigla xvii introduction xix prologue: The Hero and His Friends 1 1 Th e Chariot Warriors 29 2 Th e Royal Scythians 58 3 Between Roman and Chinese Legions 78 4 Th e Age of Attila the Hun 93 5 Th e Türk Empire 112 6 Th e Silk Road, Revolution, and Collapse 140 7 Th e Vikings and Cathay 163 8 Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Conquests 183 9 Central Eurasians Ride to a Eu ro pe an Sea 204 10 Th e Road Is Closed 232 11 Eurasia without a Center 263 12 Central Eurasia Reborn 302 epilogue: Th e Barbarians 320 appendix a: Th e Proto- Indo- Eu ro pe ans and Th eir Diaspora 363 appendix b: Ancient Central Eurasian Ethnonyms 375 endnotes 385 bibliography 427 index 457 This page intentionally left blank PREFACE 5 Th is book presents a new view of the history of Central Eurasia and the other parts of the Eurasian continent directly involved in Central Eurasian history.
  • Kalmyk Culture (2011)

    Kalmyk Culture (2011)

    37th w Jer e se N y Folk Festival Celebrating Kalmyk Saturday,Folk Culture th Saturday,April April 24 30th, 2011 2 New Jersey Folk Festival • April 2011 NEW JERSEY FOLK FESTIVAL April 2011 4 Welcome Letter from the Festival Manager 5 Welcome Letter from the Mayor 6 Welcome Letter from the Governor 7 About the Festival: A Student Run Event History of the Festival 8 Heritage Spotlight Kalmykia 11 Heritage Area Exhibitors 13 Presenting our Performers 20 Singer-Songwriter Showcase Winners 22 Jam Sessions 23 Awards & Honorees 25 Emcees & Facilitators 26 NJFF 2011 Committee 27 For Your Information 28 Sponsors & Donors 30 Craft Market Vendors 32 Loree Building Presentations 34 Narrative Stage 36 Food Vendors 37 Children’s Area 38 Stage Schedule Back Cover Site Map 732-932-5775 [email protected] http://njfolkfest.rutgers.edu OFFICIAL PROGRAM BOOK OF THE NEW JERSEY FOLK FESTIVAL Table of Contents 3 Dear Friends, I would like to welcome you all to the 37th annual New Jersey Folk Festival! The festival has been the most important part of my undergraduate career and I take much pride in sharing it with you. To all the first time festival-goers, my fellow committee members and I hope that you enjoy the exciting performances and activi- ties we have to offer. To all our returning visitors, I hope this festival experience is the best yet! The New Jersey Folk Festival is the largest and oldest continually held festival of its kind in New Jersey. The event is the result of the hard work put in by fifteen undergraduate students throughout the fall and spring se- mesters.
  • Marginalisation at China's Multi-Ethnic Frontier: the Mongols of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province Wallenböck, Ute

    Marginalisation at China's Multi-Ethnic Frontier: the Mongols of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province Wallenböck, Ute

    www.ssoar.info Marginalisation at China's Multi-Ethnic Frontier: The Mongols of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province Wallenböck, Ute Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Wallenböck, U. (2016). Marginalisation at China's Multi-Ethnic Frontier: The Mongols of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 45(2), 149-182. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-9673 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-ND Lizenz (Namensnennung- This document is made available under a CC BY-ND Licence Keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu (Attribution-NoDerivatives). For more Information see: den CC-Lizenzen finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/deed.de Journal of Current Chinese Affairs China aktuell Topical Issue: Marginalisation and State Intervention in China Guest Editor: Armin Müller Wallenböck, Ute (2016), Marginalisation at China’s Multi-Ethnic Frontier: The Mongols of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 45, 2, 149–182. URN: http://nbn-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-9673 ISSN: 1868-4874 (online), ISSN: 1868-1026 (print) The online version of this article and the other articles can be found at: <www.CurrentChineseAffairs.org> Published by GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Institute of Asian Studies and Hamburg University Press.
  • Shiyuan Hao China’S Solution to Its Ethno-National Issues China Insights

    Shiyuan Hao China’S Solution to Its Ethno-National Issues China Insights

    China Insights Shiyuan Hao China’s Solution to Its Ethno-national Issues China Insights Chairman of Editorial Board Wang Weiguang Vice Chairman of Editorial Board Li Yang (Standing Executive), Li Peilin, Cai Fang Editorial Board Bu Xianqun, Cai Fang, Gao Peiyong, Hao Shiyuan, Huang Ping, Jin Bei, Li Lin, Li Peilin, Li Yang, Ma Yuan, Wang Weiguang, Wang Wei, Wang Lei, Yang Yi, Zhou Hong, Zhao Jianying, Zhuo Xinping This book series collects and presents cutting-edge studies on various issues that have emerged during the process of China’s social and economic transformation, and promotes a comprehensive understanding of the economic, political, cultural and religious aspects of contemporary China. It brings together academic endeavors by contemporary Chinese researchers in various social science and related fields that record, interpret and analyze social phenomena that are unique to Chinese society, its reforms and rapid transition. This series offers a key English-language resource for researchers and students in China studies and related subjects, as well as for general interest readers looking to better grasp today’s China. The book series is a cooperation project between Springer and China Social Science Press of China. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13591 Shiyuan Hao China’s Solution to Its Ethno-national Issues 123 Shiyuan Hao Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing, China Translated by Jianping Zhang Mingxing Ke Faculty of Foreign Studies Faculty of Foreign Studies Jiangxi University of Science & Technology Jiangxi University of Science & Technology Ganzhou, China Ganzhou, China Sponsored by Chinese Fund for the Humanities and Social Sciences (本书获中华社会科学 基金资助).

  • Based on Kalmyk and Xinjiang Oirat) Elena Indjieva

    W O R K I N G P A P E R S I N L I N G U I S T I C S The notes and articles in this series are progress reports on work being carried on by students and faculty in the Department. Because these papers are not finished products, readers are asked not to cite from them without noting their preliminary nature. The authors welcome any comments and suggestions that readers might offer. Volume 37(4) 2006 (April) DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MÂNOA HONOLULU 96822 An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution ii DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS FACULTY 2006 Victoria B. Anderson Byron W. Bender (Emeritus) Benjamin Bergen Derek Bickerton (Emeritus) Robert A. Blust (Chair) Robert L. Cheng (Adjunct) Kenneth W. Cook (Adjunct) Kamil Deen (Co-Graduate Chair) Patricia J. Donegan Emanuel J. Drechsel (Adjunct) Michael L. Forman George W. Grace (Emeritus) John H. Haig (Adjunct) Roderick A. Jacobs (Emeritus) Paul Lassettre P. Gregory Lee Patricia A. Lee Howard P. McKaughan (Emeritus) William O’Grady Yuko Otsuka Ann Marie Peters (Emeritus, Co-Graduate Chair) Kenneth L. Rehg Lawrence A. Reid (Emeritus) Amy J. Schafer Albert J. Schütz, (Emeritus, Editor) Ho Min Sohn (Adjunct) David L. Stampe Laurence C. Thompson (Emeritus) Andrew Wong AN ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMATIC RELATIVE CLAUSES IN THE YOUNG VARIETY OF OIRAT (BASED ON KALMYK AND XINJIANG OIRAT) ELENA INDJIEVA With respect to the range of permissible relative clauses, there are two varieties of Oirat: Young and Old.1 There are certain types of relative clauses that are assessed as grammatical by the Old speakers of Oirat, while the Young speakers consider them marginally grammatical or ungrammatical.

  • Central Asian Sources and Central Asian Research

    n October 2014 about thirty scholars from Asia and Europe came together for a conference to discuss different kinds of sources for the research on ICentral Asia. From museum collections and ancient manuscripts to modern newspapers and pulp fi ction and the wind horses fl ying against the blue sky of Mongolia there was a wide range of topics. Modern data processing and Göttinger data management and the problems of handling fi ve different languages and Bibliotheksschriften scripts for a dictionary project were leading us into the modern digital age. The Band 39 dominating theme of the whole conference was the importance of collections of source material found in libraries and archives, their preservation and expansion for future generations of scholars. Some of the fi nest presentations were selected for this volume and are now published for a wider audience. Central Asian Sources and Central Asian Research edited by Johannes Reckel Central Asian Sources and Research ISBN: 978-3-86395-272-3 ISSN: 0943-951X Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Johannes Reckel (ed.) Central Asian Sources and Central Asian Research This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Published as Volume 39 of the series “Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften” by Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2016 Johannes Reckel (ed.) Central Asian Sources and Central Asian Research Selected Proceedings from the International Symposium “Central Asian Sources and Central Asian Research”, October 23rd–26th, 2014 at Göttingen State and University Library Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften Volume 39 Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2016 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

  • Study on the Administrative Divisions in China's Border Areas from the Perspective of Nation-State Building

    Asian Social Science; Vol. 14, No. 6; 2018 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Study on the Administrative Divisions in China’s Border Areas from the Perspective of Nation-state Building --- Changes to the Administrative Divisions in Inner Mongolia in the 20th Century Sun Jing1 1 School of Literature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China Correspondence: Sun Jing, No. 6 Students Dormitory, Shipai Campus, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China. E-mail: [email protected] Received: April 1, 2018 Accepted: April 24, 2018 Online Published: May 28, 2018 doi:10.5539/ass.v14n6p98 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n6p98 Abstract From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, when Inner Mongolia was still a special administrative region of the Qing Empire, the Mongolian nomad's territory went through numerous significant changes. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the administrative divisions in Inner Mongolia underwent three major changes and after continuous integration they were incorporated into the administrative territory of the People's Republic of China in a manner that was compatible with the behavior of a modern nation-state. Such changes can neither be ascribed to the natural process of national development and it’s accompanying fissions nor to the sinocization of Inner Mongolian initiated by Han migrants. Instead, it is derived from the game of power played in the region by various forces, from the Manchu and Han peoples, to the Mongolians, Russians and Japanese, and the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party in the period of surging modern nationalism.
  • Investment and Employment Opportunities

    Investment and Employment Opportunities

    INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA Systems Evaluation, Prediction, and Decision-Making Series Series Editor Yi Lin, PhD Professor of Systems Science and Economics School of Economics and Management Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Grey Game Theory and Its Applications in Economic Decision-Making Zhigeng Fang, Sifeng Liu, Hongxing Shi, and Yi Lin ISBN 978-1-4200-8739-0 Hybrid Rough Sets and Applications in Uncertain Decision-Making Lirong Jian, Sifeng Liu, and Yi Lin ISBN 978-1-4200-8748-2 Investment and Employment Opportunities in China Yi Lin and Tao Lixin ISBN 978-1-4822-5207-1 Irregularities and Prediction of Major Disasters Yi Lin ISBN: 978-1-4200-8745-1 Measurement Data Modeling and Parameter Estimation Zhengming Wang, Dongyun Yi, Xiaojun Duan, Jing Yao, and Defeng Gu ISBN 978-1-4398-5378-8 Optimization of Regional Industrial Structures and Applications Yaoguo Dang, Sifeng Liu, and Yuhong Wang ISBN 978-1-4200-8747-5 Systems Evaluation: Methods, Models, and Applications Sifeng Liu, Naiming Xie, Chaoqing Yuan, and Zhigeng Fang ISBN 978-1-4200-8846-5 Systemic Yoyos: Some Impacts of the Second Dimension Yi Lin ISBN 978-1-4200-8820-5 Theory and Approaches of Unascertained Group Decision-Making Jianjun Zhu ISBN 978-1-4200-8750-5 Theory of Science and Technology Transfer and Applications Sifeng Liu, Zhigeng Fang, Hongxing Shi, and Benhai Guo ISBN 978-1-4200-8741-3 INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest • Tao Lixin CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S.