DOCSLIB.ORG

Oirat Tobi Intonational Structure of the Oirat Language a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

OIRAT TOBI INTONATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE OIRAT LANGUAGE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS FEBRUARY 2009 By Elena Indjieva Dissertation Committee: Kenneth Rehg (UH, Linguistics Department), Co-chairperson Victoria Andersen (UH, Linguistics Department), Co-chairperson Stefan Georg (Bonn University, Germany) William O’Grady (UH, Linguistics Department) Robert Gibson (UH, Department of Second Language Studies) SIGATURE PAGE ii DEDICATIO I humbly dedicate this work to one of the kindest person I ever knew, my mother, who passed away when I was in China collecting data for this dissertation. iii ACKOWLEDGEMET Over several years of my graduate studies at the Linguistics Department of the University of Hawai’i at Manoa my knowledge in various field of linguistics has been enhanced immensely. It has been a great pleasure to interact with my fellow students and professors at this department who have provided me with useful ideas, inspiration, and comments on particular issues and sections of this dissertation. These include Victoria Anderson, Maria Faehndrich, Valerie Guerin, James Crippen, William O’Grady, Kenneth Rehg, and Alexander Vovin. Many thanks to them all, and deepest apologies to anyone whom I may have forgotten to mention. Special thanks to Maria Faehndrich for taking her time to help me with styles and formatting of the text. I also would like to express my special thanks to Laurie Durant for proofreading my dissertation. My sincere gratitude goes to Victoria Anderson, my main supervisor, who always had time to listen to me and comment on almost every chapter of this work. Victoria’s particular attention to the sound files and my labelling system are invaluable. Victoria’s comments and advice were extremely helpful and always inspiring. I can not thank enough Xinjiang Oirat shepherds for their incredible hospitality. During my fieldwork many families offered me the best they had, their yurts and home-made food. They were always willing to sacrifice their time and labor without expecting anything in return. I consider myself to be extremely lucky to experience such genuine hospitality. My deepest appreciation to all my language consultants for their endless patience and invaluable assistance. Without the data that they kindly provided me with, my dissertation would be impossible. Special thanks to Tsevig, my most dedicated language consultant, who not only helped me with the transcription of a substantial amount of utterances collected in the Xinjiang region (China), but who also served as a research assistant. I am grateful to Bain Dala, a teacher of Oirat at a Mongolian school in Heijin, who spent hours with me explaining the meanings of some undocumented Oirat morphemes. My deepest appreciation to Bair Tsetseg, Dava Bakshe, and Dorje for their dedication and encouragement. Aisa Bakshe and Gonchiq Bakshe at the Mongolian school in Urumqi helped me with accommodation and finding language consultants. Moenke Bakshe at the Xinjiang Pedagogical Institute helped me with the acquisition of some valuable statistics regarding the dwindling number of Mongolian schools in the Xinjiang region. I want to thank all my Oirat friends in China for teaching me my native language. Thanks to them, now I can proudly say that I can speak my native language, which gives me a feeling of greatest accomplishment. I would also like to thank Tamara Esenova and Petr Bitkeev (Elista) for sharing their knowledge about Kalmyk phonology and intonation. I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the Hans Rausing Foundation (Field Trip Grant 0020), the National Science Foundation (Dissertation Improvement Grant, solicitation 05-574 BCS, proposal # 0617695) and a grant from Graduate Students Organization at UH Manoa. My dear sisters Natalia and Toevkae have provided invaluable support for the successful completion of my dissertation. They not only helped me to verify some of the data but also provided spiritual support and strongly encouraged me to write my dissertation on our native language, Oirat. To all my friends in Hawai’i go special thanks for their encouragement, moral support, and kind patience. Last but not least are my very special thanks to my friend Mel for sacrificing her sleep to help me with graphs and endless tables. Many people have helped me during the research and writing of this dissertation. Although I might have missed mentioning some of their names in these acknowledgement, they all deserve my special thanks. Their contributions to this research were invaluable, and I am very grateful. iv TABLE OF COTETS Signature Page.....................................................................................................................ii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 I.1 Main points of the research.................................................................................1 I.1.1 O-ToBI as a primary goal................................................................................1 I.1.2 Fieldwork ........................................................................................................2 I.1.2.1 Researcher as a native speaker................................................................3 I.1.3 On the value of the present research ...............................................................3 CHAPTER II. OIRAT LANGUAGE..................................................................................5 II.1 On the classification of Oirat and Mongolic languages in general .....................5 II.2 Who speaks it and where it is spoken .................................................................5 II.3 Varieties of Oirat.................................................................................................6 II.3.1 Oirat vs. Kalmyk .........................................................................................6 II.3.1.1 A brief sketch of Oirat-Kalmyk history ..................................................6 II.3.2 Kalmyk varieties .........................................................................................8 II.3.3 Xinjiang Oirat varieties ...............................................................................9 II.4 Previous work....................................................................................................10 II.4.1 Previous work on the Oirat language in general .......................................10 II.4.2 Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Oirat and other Mongolic languages ..................................................................................................11 II.4.3 Previous work on intonation of Oirat and other Mongolic languages ......12 II.4.3.1 Yesenova’s studies................................................................................12 II.4.3.1.a Cross-linguistic analysis of AP s ....................................................13 II.5 Brief description of Oirat phonology ................................................................18 II.5.1 Vowels.......................................................................................................18 II.5.1.1 Diachronic description of Oirat vowels ................................................19 II.5.1.1.a Palatal breaking...............................................................................19 II.5.1.1.b Palatal prebreaking .........................................................................19 II.5.1.1.c Vowel rotation ................................................................................20 II.5.1.1.d Palatal umlaut .................................................................................20 II.5.1.1.e Origin of long vowels .....................................................................21 II.5.1.2 Palato-velar vowel harmony..................................................................21 II.5.1.2.a Short *i vs. long *ii........................................................................22 II.5.1.2.b Violation of vowel harmony...........................................................22 II.5.1.3 Non-initial vowel reduction ..................................................................22 II.5.1.3.a Causes of vowel reduction..............................................................24 II.5.1.3.b Non-initial vowel reduction in Kalmyk..........................................24 II.5.1.3.c Non-initial vowel reduction in Xinjiang Oirat................................25 II.5.1.4 Syllabification of non-initial syllables in Kalmyk ................................26 II.5.1.4.a Epenthesis.......................................................................................26 v II.5.1.4.b Syllabification of monosyllabic loanwords....................................27 II.5.2 1.4.2 Consonants .......................................................................................27 II.5.2.1 Palatal consonants .................................................................................27
Recommended publications
  • Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: an Annotated Bibliography

    Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: an Annotated Bibliography

    Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography Volume 11 Prosody and Intonation in Non- Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Article 1 Bibliography 2009 Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography Christopher R. Green Indiana University Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/ejab Part of the African History Commons, and the African Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Green, Christopher R. (2009) "Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography," Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography: Vol. 11 , Article 1. https://doi.org/10.17077/1092-9576.1010 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Volume 11 (2009) Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography Christopher R. Green, Indiana University Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Atlantic – Ijoid 4 Volta – Congo North 6 Kwa 15 Kru 19 Dogon 20 Benue – Congo Cross River 21 Defoid 23 Edoid 25 Igboid 27 Jukunoid 28 Mande 28 Reference Materials 33 Author Index 40 Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages Introduction Most linguists are well aware of the fact that data pertaining to languages spoken in Africa are often less readily available than information on languages spoken in Europe and some parts of Asia. This simple fact is one of the first and largest challenges facing Africanist linguists in their pursuit of preliminary data and references on which to base their research.
  • Downstep and Recursive Phonological Phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43) Fatima Hamlaoui ZAS, Berlin; University of Toronto Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso ZAS, Berlin

    Downstep and Recursive Phonological Phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43) Fatima Hamlaoui ZAS, Berlin; University of Toronto Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso ZAS, Berlin

    Chapter 9 Downstep and recursive phonological phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43) Fatima Hamlaoui ZAS, Berlin; University of Toronto Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso ZAS, Berlin This paper identifies contexts in which a downstep is realized between consecu- tive H tones in absence of an intervening L tone in Bàsàá (Bantu A43, Cameroon). Based on evidence from simple sentences, we propose that this type of downstep is indicative of recursive prosodic phrasing. In particular, we propose that a down- step occurs between the phonological phrases that are immediately dominated by a maximal phonological phrase (휙max). 1 Introduction In their book on the relation between tone and intonation in African languages, Downing & Rialland (2016) describe the study of downtrends as almost being a field in itself in the field of prosody. In line with the considerable literature on the topic, they offer the following decomposition of downtrends: 1. Declination 2. Downdrift (or ‘automatic downstep’) 3. Downstep (or ‘non-automatic downstep’) 4. Final lowering 5. Register compression/expansion or register lowering/raising Fatima Hamlaoui & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso. 2019. Downstep and recursive phonological phrases in Bàsàá (Bantu A43). In Emily Clem, Peter Jenks & Hannah Sande (eds.), Theory and description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 155–175. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3367136 Fatima Hamlaoui & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso In the present paper, which concentrates on Bàsàá, a Narrow Bantu language (A43 in Guthrie’s classification) spoken in the Centre and Littoral regions of Cameroon by approx. 300,000 speakers (Lewis et al. 2015), we will first briefly define and discuss declination and downdrift, as the language displays bothphe- nomena.
  • Prosody – Introductory

    Prosody – Introductory

    THE PHONOLOGY OF RHONDDA VALLEYS ENGLISH. (Rod Walters, University of Glamorgan, 2006) 4. PROSODY – INTRODUCTORY (Readers unfamiliar with the prosodic terms used will find explanations in the Glossary.) 4.1 Aims of RVE Research Prosody (stress, rhythm, intonation etc) contributes strongly towards the ‘melody’ of Welsh English accents. Chapter 5 will attempt to describe the main features of RVE prosody. Like t'Hart, Collier, and Cohen of the Institute for Perception Research in Eindhoven (1990: 2-6), the approach will be primarily ‘from the phonetic level of observation’.35 Comments will be made concerning the functions / meanings of the prosodic forms identified, but the researcher is very aware that the links between meaning and prosody are seldom straightforward: (1) discerning the meaning of an utterance is a matter of pragmatic interpretation in which many factors beside prosody need to be taken into account (propositional content of the lexis-grammar, full context of the situation, speakers’ body language etc) (2) several prosodic features, e.g. voice quality, loudness and intonation, may be operative at the same time and therefore difficult to disentangle (3) the same prosodic feature may be involved in ‘doing’ more than one thing at the same time – for example a given pitch movement may be simultaneously involved in accentuation and demarcation (4) nearly all prosodic features – including pitch level – are subject to gradient variation and can be used to carry signals that many analysts would consider paralinguistic rather than linguistic (cf discussion in Ladd 1996: 33-41). Due to such factors, suggestions as to the meanings of RVE prosodic forms will be tentative and restricted to discourse functions such as the segmenting, structuring and highlighting of information.
  • CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern

    CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern

    CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty.
  • Joint Civil Society Report Submitted to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

    Joint Civil Society Report Submitted to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

    Joint Civil Society Report Submitted to The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination for its Review at the 96th Session of the combined fourteenth to seventeenth periodic report of the People’s Republic of China (CERD/C/CHN/14-17) on its Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Submitters: Network of Chinese Human Rights Defenders (CHRD) is a coalition of Chinese and international human rights non-governmental organizations. The network is dedicated to the promotion of human rights through peaceful efforts to push for democratic and rule of law reforms and to strengthen grassroots activism in China. [email protected] https://www.nchrd.org/ Equal Rights Initiative is a China-based NGO monitoring rights development in Western China. For the protection and security of its staff, specific identification information has been withheld. Date of Submission: July 16, 2018 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary Paras. 1-2 II. Recommendations Para. 3 III. Thematic Issues & Findings A. Legislation underpinning discriminatory counter-terrorism policies Paras. 4-7 [Articles 2 (c) and 4; List of Themes para. 8] B. Militarized policing, invasive surveillance, and constant monitoring Paras. 8-21 [Articles 3, 4, and 5 (a-b); LOT para. 22] C. Extrajudicial detention, forced disappearances, torture, and other abuses Paras. 22-28 in “Re-education” camps [Article 5 (a)(b)(d); LOT para. 21] D. Counter-terrorism used to justify arbitrary detention and discriminatory Paras. 29-34 punishment of ethnic minorities [Articles 4 and 5 (a)(b)(d); LOT paras. 6 and 21] E. Discrimination and restrictions on religious freedom Paras.
  • Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: a Brief History and Current Issues Maria E

    Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: a Brief History and Current Issues Maria E

    Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: A Brief History and Current Issues Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship at Colorado State University. She received her PhD at the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 and has conducted research in Mongolia since 1993. Her current areas of research include pastoral development policy; community-based natural resource management; traditional and local ecological knowledge; and monitoring and adaptive management in rangeland ecosystems. strategies have not changed greatly; mobile and flexible grazing Abstract—This essay argues that an awareness of the historical relation- ships among land use, land tenure, and the political economy of Mongolia strategies adapted to cope with harsh and variable production is essential to understanding current pastoral land use patterns and policies conditions remain the cornerstone of Mongolian pastoralism. in Mongolia. Although pastoral land use patterns have altered over time in Similarly, although land tenure regimes have evolved towards response to the changing political economy, mobility and flexibility remain increasingly individuated tenure over pastoral resources, hallmarks of sustainable grazing in this harsh and variable climate, as do the communal use and management of pasturelands. Recent changes in Mongolia’s pasturelands continue to be held and managed as common political economy threaten the continued sustainability of Mongolian pastoral property resources in most locations, although these institutions systems due to increasing poverty and declining mobility among herders and have been greatly weakened in the past half century. The most the weakening of both formal and customary pasture management institu- recent changes in Mongolia’s political economy threaten the tions.
  • Japanese Companies' Links to Forced Labor in Xinjiang Uyghur

    Japanese Companies' Links to Forced Labor in Xinjiang Uyghur

    8 April 2021 [original Japanese text] 6 May 2021 [English translation] Japanese Companies’ Links to Forced Labor in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Corporate Responsibility1 Human Rights Now Japan Uyghur Association We are greatly concerned that Japanese companies have not yet taken sufficient measures to completely eliminate the possibility that they are involved through their supply chains in the Chinese government's mass detention, abuse, forced labor, and destruction of Muslim culture in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It has also been revealed that under the Chinese government's "Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Extremism," there are serious and widespread abuses and violations of basic human rights such as freedom of expression, association and privacy and freedom from torture and inhumane treatment, forced labor, unfair trial, discrimination, and violations of minority rights. In the report "Japanese Companies’ Links to Forced Labor in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" dated 28 August 2020,2 we proposed that companies should fulfill their responsibilities in accordance with The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights ("Guiding Principles")3 in response to forced labor, which is a serious human rights violation, referred to in the report, “Uyghurs for sale: ‘Re-education’, forced labour and surveillance beyond Xinjiang” by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI).4 Based on the Guiding Principles, Japanese companies are required to conduct human rights due diligence covering their supply chains and value chains, not only in cases where their business activities cause human rights violations, but also in cases where they may be involved in or contribute to human rights violations, or where their business, products or services directly link to business partners which violate human rights.
  • Genetic Variation of Mitochondrial Genes Among Echinococcus

    Genetic Variation of Mitochondrial Genes Among Echinococcus

    Wu et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:265 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2172-y RESEARCH Open Access Genetic variation of mitochondrial genes among Echinococcus multilocularis isolates collected in western China Chuanchuan Wu1,2, Wenbao Zhang1, Bo Ran3, Haining Fan4, Hui Wang1, Baoping Guo1, Canlin Zhou1, Yingmei Shao3, Wei Zhang1, Patrick Giraudoux5,6, Jenny Knapp5,7, Hao Wen1,3, Ling Kuang2* and Jun Li1* Abstract Background: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening human disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis transmitted between rodents and dogs/foxes in the Northern Hemisphere. The study aims to identify the genetic variation of the parasite in AE patients from China. Methods: E. multilocularis isolates were collected from wild small mammals (n = 6) and AE patients (n = 56) from western China. Genomic DNA was extracted from different tissue samples including paraffin tissue blocks, ethanol fixed tissues and frozen tissues surgically removed. Two mitochondrial gene fragments (526 bp for cob and 474 bp for nad2) of E. multilocularis were amplified and sequenced. Results: The parasite fragment sequences of cob fragments from AE patients showed two haplotypes, and nad2 gene fragment sequences had four haplotypes. The gene sequences from Microtus sp. were 100% identical to the sequences of some isolates from AE patients. These haplotypes were distributed in both Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces. Alignment analysis with the sequences from the GenBank databases showed five genotypes including three Asian genotypes, one from Europe and one from North America. Conclusions: Most AE patients harbored the Asian genotype 1 which may be an indication of its relative frequency in the definitive hosts and the environment or of its pathogenicity to humans, which calls for further research.
  • Morphological Sources of Phonological Length

    Morphological Sources of Phonological Length

    Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha B.A. (Brown University) 1993 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2004 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Sharon Inkelas (chair) Professor Larry Hyman Professor Keith Johnson Professor Johanna Nichols Spring 2008 Abstract Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Sharon Inkelas, Chair This study presents and defends Resizing Theory, whose claim is that the overall size of a morpheme can serve as a basic unit of analysis for phonological alternations. Morphemes can increase their size by any number of strategies -- epenthesizing new segments, for example, or devoicing an existing segment (and thereby increasing its phonetic duration) -- but it is the fact of an increase, and not the particular strategy used to implement it, which is linguistically significant. Resizing Theory has some overlap with theories of fortition and lenition, but differs in that it uses the independently- verifiable parameter of size in place of an ad-hoc concept of “strength” and thereby encompasses a much greater range of phonological alternations. The theory makes three major predictions, each of which is supported with cross-linguistic evidence. First, seemingly disparate phonological alternations can achieve identical morphological effects, but only if they trigger the same direction of change in a morpheme’s size. Second, morpheme interactions can take complete control over phonological outputs, determining surface outputs when traditional features and segments fail to do so.
  • I Am a Linguist Therefore I Am Kalmyk Reclaiming My Ethnic Identity

    I Am a Linguist Therefore I Am Kalmyk Reclaiming My Ethnic Identity

    I am a linguist therefore I am Kalmyk Reclaiming my ethnic identity Elena Indjieva March 13, 2009 Linguistics Department University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Focus Reclaiming my ethnic identity The value of the linguistic heritage Oirat is a Western Mongolian language spoken in China, Russia, and Mongolia In Russia it’s called Kalmyk [xal’mg] In China and Mongolia it’s Oirat [oerd] Oirat = Kalmyk 400 years between Oirats in Russia and Oirats in China Causes of Kalmyk language and culture loss Soviet policies • Fight with illiteracy (early 20s) • Introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet (1924) (Losing touch with the written heritage) • Eradication of the religion (killing of about 2000 Buddhist monks) • Deportation to Siberia as a major blow (13 years of humiliation) • Decidedly assimilationist policies (Drastic cuts in native language education (1960-70s) the last Kalmyk national school was closed in 1963) In 1980s about 98% of Kalmyk pupils entering school at the age of seven don't speak their mother tongue. CPR for the Kalmyk language Revitalization policies • Russian and Kalmyk languages are declared the state languages of the Republic of Kalmykia (1991) • The Concept of the National System of Education (1993) • National schools are opened again (30 years later) • New Terminology Committee As a result we have it all • Oriental architecture, sculpture • Billboards with scenes from the traditional epic • Signs written in the old Kalmyk vertical writing • CDs with national folklore songs • National dance ensemble • Traditional celebrations •
  • On the Features of the Sedentary Constructions of Zunghars and Defensive Sistem

    On the Features of the Sedentary Constructions of Zunghars and Defensive Sistem

    JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 08, 2020 ON THE FEATURES OF THE SEDENTARY CONSTRUCTIONS OF ZUNGHARS AND DEFENSIVE SISTEM Dordzhi G. Kukeev1, Nina V. Shorvaeva2 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State university named after B.B. Gorodovikov, 358000, Pushkin Street, 11. Elista, Russia. 2Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State university named after B.B. Gorodovikov, 358000, Pushkin Street, 11. Elista, Russia. E-mail:1 [email protected] Received: 11.03.2020 Revised: 12.04.2020 Accepted: 28.05.2020 ABSTRACT: Because of the importance of studying the history of relations of the Qing dynasty with the peoples of Central Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the existence of the phenomenon referred to as the “Zunghar heritage”, it is appropriate to study its background in the defensive systems of Zunghar and Qing Empires in Central Asia. There is a recent tendency to mention the so-called “Zunghar legacy” in the works of modern historiography on the history of Central Eurasia. It means like as a combination of political traditions, administrative and economic activities and methods of contacts, which were adopted by the Qing authorities from the Oirats. The researchers, actively using Manchu sources, explain the nature of the using of this “legacy” by the Qing through the model of “North Asian policy”, the “Qing world order” or the “Central Eurasian tradition”. In this regard and according to the logic, a comparative method and an attempt to make clear the genesis of a phenomenon, which had related to the Qing-Oirat relations before the contact of the Qing with Central Asia, west of Xinjiang, should also cause some interest in Qing and Central Asian studies, especially in the area of sedentary constructions of Zunghars and defensive system, named “Karul” or “Karun”.
  • PRESENT SITUATION of KAZAKH-MONGOLIAN COMMUNITY Ts.Baatar, Ph.D

    PRESENT SITUATION of KAZAKH-MONGOLIAN COMMUNITY Ts.Baatar, Ph.D

    The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Number 8-9, 2002 PRESENT SITUATION OF KAZAKH-MONGOLIAN COMMUNITY Ts.Baatar, Ph.D (Mongolia) The name and identity “kazakh” emerged in the sixteenth century, when a Kazakh Khanate was founded in today’s Kazakhstan. The Kazakh aristocrats trace their origin directly to Chinggis Khan or his sons. In the sixteenth century, ethnic Kazakhs were historically divided into three clans or zhuzes: The senior zhuz, the middle zhuz, and the junior zhuz. Once under the rule of the Oirad Mongols in the seventeenth to eighteen centuries, some middle zhuz Kazakhs later moved into Jungaria. The Kazakhs in Mongolia are mostly Abak-kerei and Naiman Kazakhs who settled in the Altai and Khovd regions, where they rented pasture from the lords of Mongolia during the 1860s according to Tarbagatai Protokol between Russia and Qing Dynasty. The nomads came to graze their sheep on the high mountain pastures during the summer, and spent the winter in Kazakhstan or Xinjiang province in China. After the Mongolian revolution in 1921, a permanent border was drawn by agreement between China, Russia and Mongolia, but the Kazakhs remained nomadic until the 1930s, crossing the border at their own will.1 The word kazakh is said to mean ‘free warrior’ or ‘steppe roamer’. Kazakhs trace their roots to the fifteenth century, when rebellious kinsmen of an Uzbek Khan broke away and settled in present-day Kazakhstan. In Mongolia, more than in Kazakhstan, Kazakh women wear long dresses with stand-up collars, or brightly decorated velvet waistcoats and heavy jewelry. The men still wear baggy shirts and trousers, sleeveless jackets, wool or cotton robes, and a skullcap or a high, tasseled felt hat.2 In 1923 the Mongolian Kazakh population numbered 1,870 households and 11,220 people.3 Subsequently, many more have come to Mongolia from 3 Paul Greenway, Robert Story and Gobriel Lafitte (1997), Mongolia (Lonely Planet Publications), p.231.