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Feasibility Study of Modern Airships, Phase 11 - Executive Summary

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Feasibility Study of Modern Airships, Phase 11 - Executive Summary I NASA ContractorReport 2922 Feasibility Study of Modern Airships, Phase 11 - Executive Summary CONTRACT NASZ-8643 NOVEMBER 1977 I TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NY 0061675 NASA Contractor Report 2922 Feasibility Study of Modern Airships, Phase I1 - ExecutiveSummary Goodyear Aerospace Corporation Akron, Ohio Prepared for Ames ResearchCenter underContract NAS2-8643 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office 1977 t FOREWORD GoodyearAerospace Corporation (GAC) under a jointly sponsored NASA/Navy Contract (NAS2-8643) has conducted a two- phaseFeasibility Study of Modem Airships.References 1 through 6 summarize thedetails of thecontractual effort. This document is an overview of the entire study with emphasis upon the Phase I1 Study results. RalphHuston was the GAC ProgramManager of the Feasi- bility Study.Gerald Faurote was theProject Engineer for the Phase I1 Heavy Lift Airship investigation and Jon Lancaster was the Project Engineer for the Airport Feeder and Navy application studies . Dr. Mark Ardema, the NASA Project Monitor, provided valu- able technical guidance and direction to the entire study effort, as did the LTA Project Office of the Naval Air Development Center. The contractor wishes to acknowledge that NASA Ames ResearchCenter (ARC) providedthe use of the ARC 7 x 10-foot Wind Tunnel Facility for the purpose of an exploratory evalu- ation of the Phase I1 Heavy Lift Airship. Subcontractorsand other industry contributors supporting theGoodyear Study included: NeilsenEngineering and Research, Inc. Battelle Columbus Laboratories Piasecki Aircraft Corporation Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation General Electric Company RadioCorporation of America Summit ResearchCorporation NorthropResearch & TechnologyCenter I TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD............................ i LIST OF FIGURES ........................ V LIST OF TABLES ......................... vi LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................ vii SUMMARY ............................ 1 INTRODUCTION .......................... 1 PHASEIOVERVIEW ........................ 3 HEAVY LIFT AIRSHIP STUDY WSULTS ................ 7 Summary ......................... 7 Description of HLA andRelated Performance ........ 13 DesignAnalysis ..................... 14 Aerodynamics .................... 14 Flight Dynamics ................... 16 FlightControl System ................ 18 StructuralAnalysis and Materials .......... 20 Economic Analysis .................... 22 OperationalAnalysis ................... 24 TechnologyAssessment Analysis .............. 25 Conclusionsand Recommendations ............. 27 AIRPORT FEEDER STUDY RESULTS .................. 28 Summary ......................... 28 VehicleDesign Definition ................ 30 OperationalProcedures Analysis ............. 35 CostAnalysis and Comparison with Alternative Modes ... 36 Mission/VehicleFeasibility and Technology Assessment . 39 NAVY MISSION STUDY RESULTS ................... 41 MissionDescription ................... 41 Generalized Parametric AnalysisResults ......... 42 Mission SpecificResults ................. 48 Trail Mission .................... 48 SOSUS AugementationMission ............. 48 ASW Barrier Mission ................. 51 Convoy EscortMission ................ 51 -iii- TABLE OF CONTENTS OverallMission/Vehicle Conclusions ............ 52 OperationalConsiderations ................ 53 Ground Handling ................... 53 Weather ....................... 53 Wind ......................... 54 Vulzerability .................... 55 Conclusions ........................ 56 REFERENCES ........................... 57 . -iv- . " .. LIST OFFIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1. FeasibilityStudy of Modem Airships. 2 2. Phase I: General Approachand Overview. 4 3. Structural Efficiency of Modemand Historical Neutrally-BuoyantRigid Airships. 4 4. Basic Methods ofAnalysis (GASP ComputerProgram) 6 5. Specific Productivity of Fully Buoyant Airships . 6 6. Phase I1 Heavy LiftAirship Concept . 9 7. Military Payloads Beyond Helicopter Lift Capability. 10 8. Phase I1 General Arrangement andSelected Performance marateristics1 . 13 9. PoweredModel in ARC 7 x 10-Foot Wind Tunnel Facilityin Presence of Ground Plane. 15 10. Phase I1 HLA Response to Lateral Gust . 17 11. HLA Fly-By-Wire ControlSystem Block Diagram. 19 12. MajorStructural Components of HLA. 20 13. Frame AnalysisProcedure. 21 14. Comparison of S64F and HLA TotalOperating Cost PerPayload Ton Mile at Design Range of HLA . 23 15. FinalPhase I1 BaselineAirport Feeder Configuration . 29 16. AirportFeeder Concept of Operations. 30 17. Two-Segmented Payload ModuleCabin Layout (6Abreast Seating) . 32 18. Buoyancy Ratio Trends for Maximum Productivity Phase I andPhase I1 Study. 34 19. Comparison of RepresentativeVehFcle Concepts . 44 20. StructuralEfficiency Comparison. 45 21. 11 MCF RigidDesign Characteristics . 46 22. HoverCapable Non-Rigid Airship . 47 -V- LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) FIGURE NO. TITLE - ~~~~ PAGE 23. Trail Mission ParametricPerformance Results (Neutrally Buoyant Rigid). ............. 49 24. Trail Mission ParametricPerformance Results (Construction Concepts). .............. 49 25. TOS Versus ROA for 11 MCF Rigid Airship. ...... 50 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE I BASELINE CONFIGURATIONWEIGHT SLJ"ARY. ....... 33 . I1 BASELINE DOC/ASSMCOSTBREAKDOWN .......... 37 I11 SUMMARYOF DOC SENSITIVITY ANALYSISRESULTS. .... 38 IV REQUIRED R&D AREAS ................. 40 LIST OFACRONYMS A/F AirportFeeder AFCS AutomaticFlight Control System APU Auxilliary Power Unit ARC Ames ResearchCenter ASL AverageStage Length AS SM Available Seat Statute Mile ASW Anti Submarine Warfare Static Lift/Gross Weight CER Cost Estimating Relationship CTOL ConventionalTake Off andLanding DOC Direct OperatingCost DOF Degree of Freedom Ew Empty Weight FAA Federal Aviation Administration F BW Fly By Wire FRV Flight Research Vehicle GAC GoodyearAerospace Corporation GASP Goodyear AirshipSynthesis Program Gw Gross Weight HLA Heavy Lift Airship LERTA Lake Erie RegionalTransportation Authority MCF MillionCubic Feet MQ4 Million Cubic Meter NADC Naval Air DevelopmentCenter nm Nautical Mile PAX Passenger PHS Precision HoverSensor pNdB Perceived Noise Decibels PV/E SpecificProductivity, Payload Times Velocity over Empty Weight R Range RABH Revenue Aircraft BlockHours RDTU Research,Development , Test and Evaluation vii LIST OF ACRONYMS (Continued) ROA Radius of Action RPV Remotely Piloted Vehicle sosus Sound Surveillance System STU Steward(ess) SURTASS Surveillance TASS TAA Technology Assessment Analysis TAS S Towed Array Sonar System TOC Total Operating Cost TOS Time on Station UL Useful Load VC Cruise Velocity VTOL Vertical Takeoff and Landing WER Weight Estimating Relationship viii I A feasibilitystudy of modern airshipshas been completed. In the secondhalf of this study, summarized herein,three promising modern airshipsystem concepts and theirassociated missions were studied: (1) a heavy-liftairship, employing a non-rigidhull and a significant amount of rotor lift, usedfor short-range transport and positioning of heavy military and civilpayloads; (2) a VTOL (verticaltake-off and landing), metalclad,partially buoyant airship used as a short-haulcommercial trans- port; and (3) a classof fully-buoyant airships used for long-endurance Navy missions. The heavy-liftairship concept offers a substantialincrease in vertical lift capability over existing systems and is projectedto have lower totaloperating costs per ton-mile. The VTOL airshiptransport conceptappears to be economicallycompetitive with other VTOL aircraft conceptsbut can attain significantly lower noise levels. The fully- buoyantairship concept can provide an airborne platform with long endur- ance that satisfies manyNavy missionrequirements. INTRODUCTION In the fall of 1974,Goodyear Aerospace Corporation (GAC) was awarded oneof two identical contracts by NASA Ames ResearchCenter to study the feasibility ofmodern airshipsunder certain ground rules. Figure 1 summarizesthe tasks that were to beaccomplished in this two-phase study. At theend of the four-month Phase I, promisingconcepts were identified onthe basis of competitivemission value (The GoodyearPhase I results aredetailed in Reference 1). Phase 11, performedsolely by Goodyear,focused on the design features ofthe selected concepts, with lesser attentionpaid to cost and opera- tionalfactors. This summary reportconcentrates on the results ofPhase I1 -1- e-- PHASE I &PHASE 11 __* ---"--------- r-._"""""" 1 I NAVl STUDY I I I PA,RAHETRIC CONCEPTUAL i c VEHICLE 1 TO 3 VEHICLES VEHICLE I DEFINITION b DEFllllTION I IA I"-!"! "_""_" II I SURVEY PROCEDURES ;"L"- """"I COST CORETlIdG CORETIIVENESS T MODES Figure 1. FeasibilityStudy of Modern Airships ofthe study as reported in References 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. An abbreviated summary was givenin Reference 7. Of necessity,only the highlights of thestudy are given herein, and the reader is referredto the above referencesfor details. WhereasPhase I was limitedto civil applications, the Phase I1 effort was broadenedto include missions of potential military worth for the Navy. Forthe NASA portionof Phase 11, two concepts were selected and analyzed:(1) a 75-ton-payloadYheavy-lift vehicle consisting of an aero- stat and four CH-54 helicopters, and (2) an80-passenger/cargo VTOL transportapproximately the same lengthas a Goodyear advertisingairship butwith double the envelope volume. TheNavy portion of thestudy focused on theapplication of fully- buoyantairships to long-endurance Navy missions. As contrastedwith the NASA portion of Phase 11, the
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