ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN

PREPARED BY

FEBRUARY 2000 CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. GENERAL ASSESSMENT AND STATEMENTS OF HISTORICal AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 5 2.1 Site and Origins 2.2 Architectural History of the Church 2.3 Association with Historic and Cultural Events 2.4 Community Value / Public and Recreational Value 2.5 Collections / Works of Art 2.6 Contribution to Townscape Character

3. TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY 15 3.1 Pre-Church Occupation of the Site 3.2 Building St Luke’s: 1727-1734 3.3 The Active Church: 1734-1960 3.4 St Luke’s Since 1960

4. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SITE AND BUILDING 23 4.1 Site and Surroundings 4.2 Environmental Issues 4.3 Building Exterior 4.4 Entrance Vestibules 4.5 Main Church 4.6 Vestry 4.7 Crypts

5. CONSERVATION POLICY 31 5.1 Conservation Guidance 5.2 The Conservation Policies 5.2.1 Maintenance and Renewal of the Building Fabric 5.2.2 Respecting the Historic Character 5.2.3 Renewal of Materials 5.2.4 Evaluation of Proposed Change 5.2.5 Design of New Elements 5.2.6 Interventions in Significant Spaces 5.2.7 Interventions in Historically Significant Spaces in areas of Secondary Importance PAGE NUMBER

5.2.8 Interventions in Spaces of Lesser Significance 5.2.9 The Value of Later Alterations 5.2.10 Space within a Space 5.2.11 Below Ground Archaeology 5.2.12 Evaluation of Proposals 5.2.13 Recording Historic Features 5.2.14 A Store for Salvaged Building Artefacts 5.2.15 Staff and Contractor Induction 5.2.16 Appropriate Uses and Features 5.2.17 Review of the Conservation Policies 5.2.18 Adoption of the Conservation Plan 5.2.19 Roofs 5.2.20 Internal Walls – Brickwork 5.2.21 External Walls – Stonework 5.2.22 External Paving 5.2.23 Historic Doors, Door Frames and Ironmongery 5.2.24 Historic Windows 5.2.25 Universal Access

6. CHRONOLOGY= 41

7. ECOLOGICAL SURVEY 45 7.1 Description of Site 7.1.1 Inside the derelict walls of St Luke’s Church 7.1.2 Remaining area outside the Church Walls – part of the old graveyard 7.2 Effects of Development 7.3 Suggestions for Mitigation and Compensation 7.3.1 Ferns on the inner Church Wall 7.3.2 Areas outside the Church Building 7.4 Conclusion 7.5 List of Ferns and Flowering Plants Present

8. ILLUSTRATIONS, REFERENCES, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Although St Luke’s has been closed and semi-ruinous for many years its long history is Purcell Miller Tritton (Historic Building Consultants) have been commissioned by St Luke’s well recorded in primary and secondary sources and this rich historical data relates well Management Co to produce this Conservation Plan which will provide a multi-level frame- to the building fabric and its churchyard which still survives. work of understanding within which any proposals can be evaluated and the maintenance and repair of the building fabric can be appropriately planned. The architectural importance due to links with Hawksmoor and John James is now well established, but there are numerous other reasons why the site has a high heritage and Section 2.0 of the plan generally assesses the heritage merit and makes statements of the cultural value. St Luke’s has a history which is well documented and its association with historical and cultural significance. parishioners and vestrymen such as George Dance I, the City Surveyor, and William Caslon, the famous typographer and the book designer, and Henry Smart, the composer, Section 3.0 provides a more detailed understanding of the historic site. forms an integral part of London’s heritage. Section 4.0 establishes the value of and risk to each area and element of the building and identifies and defines the conservation issues. Essential Chronology of the Site Section 5.0 provides conservation policy and guidance which addresses these issues and AD 1010 King Edmund the Martyr’s body rested at Cripplegate, where miracles were which following wide consultation is adopted by St Luke’s Management Co and will be observed. implemented by them to protect this historic and cultural asset.

1090 St Giles Cripplegate Church in existence. 1390 St Giles Cripplegate Church rebuilt in present form and remained undamaged in 1666 in Great Fire of London. 1711 50 New Churches Act passed. 1718 Site for new church of St Luke’s in North of parish acquired. 1727 Building work started at St Luke’s. 1732 St Luke’s vestry instituted and Act of Parliament to create new parish obtained. 1733 St Luke’s completed, furnished and inaugurated. The internal appear- ance of the church with these furnishings is recorded in old photographs kept at St Giles Cripplegate.

As a managed ‘ruin with a history’ of structural defects and set within a public open space this building, which is of great heritage merit, is extremely vulnerable to the risk of vandal- ism, arson, lack of maintenance and other forms of physical neglect. Due to its state it is also vulnerable to a lack of historical understanding and cultural appreciation.

St Luke’s Management Company have proposed a secular development to convert the building into a Music Education Centre for the London Symphony Orchestra which if carried out sensitively will undoubtedly reduce the risk to the building and vastly increase the awareness, understanding and appreciation of the site.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 3 2.0 GENERAL ASSESSMENT AND STATEMENTS OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

2.1 Site and Origins active as a designer of churches in and around London about 1730.

St Luke’s Church has its origins in an Act of Parliament of 1732 which altered the bound- The Lambeth Palace discovery enabled Downes: aries of the ancient London parish of St Giles Cripplegate. The latter church stands by the City walls but its parish stretched northwards into the scattered developments and subur- a) to place St Luke’s as “one of the last of the dozen Queen Anne churches to ban fields towards Islington and Shoreditch. be built under the Fifty New Churches Act of 1711; it was begun in 1727 and finished by 1733, at the same time as St John, Horsleydown, which stood St Giles parish had been sub-divided into “the Freedom” or “Cripplegate Within”, inside the until the blitz outside London Bridge Station …” boundaries of the City, and the “Lordship” or “Cripplegate Without”, which formed part of the County of Middlesex. It was this Lordship area which became the new parish of St b) to show that the “joint architects of both buildings were Nicholas Hawksmoor Luke in 1732. and John James, the Commission’s surveyors.”

The land on which St Luke’s stands was purchased from the Ironmonger’s Company as This information formed part of the important publication in 1959 of a full length study of early as 1718. It was a marshy site in all probability and reports exist that early foundation Hawksmoor by Kerry Downes. It replaced the previous study of 1924 by H.S. Goodhard- works begun in 1727 required underpinning. Evidence of any previous buildings on the Rendel. church site itself would have been disturbed or destroyed by such works although archae- ological evidence of buildings on the churchyard may still exist (refer to 3.1.6 below). Nicholas Hawksmoor (1661-1736) is now well known as a leading disciple of Wren and, Construction appears to have lasted from 1727 to the official consecration on St Luke’s together with Vanbrugh, as a principal exponent of the English Baroque. His reputation Day, 18 October 1733 and (according to the recorded payments) the building was also has spread round the world and he is one of the small group of architects of English birth internally furnished by this date. to be universally cited even in foreign reference books, dictionaries of art and architecture, etc.. The site has historical significance which is documented certainly since the 16th century and the surrounding areas if not the church itself is likely to Since Downes first wrote the reputation of Hawksmoor has grown even further. His contain remains of the built archaeology. designs are highly original and of an uncompromising grandeur. His surviving work is rare with so much having been destroyed or reduced to fragments. The location of some of his buildings (notably St George in the East and Christ Church, Spitalfields) in suburban 2.2 Architectural History of the Church districts of London have combined to create for Hawksmoor a “cult status”. This has enhanced the status of St Luke’s despite the fact that the precise role of Hawksmoor The main facts about the building of the parish church of St Luke’s, Old Street, 1727-33, in its creation has been uncertain in the past. are summarised in an article by Kerry Downes (Country Life, September 8 1960). The leading scholar on Hawksmoor wrote this piece at the time of a threat to demolish all of It can therefore be stated that, although the future of St Luke’s was in doubt the church except for its West Tower and spire. The church was in the process of being when Downes first wrote in 1960, the rise in the reputation of Hawksmoor in closed for worship, with the parish being re-united with St Giles, Cripplegate nearby the intervening time has greatly increased the significance of this structure at (from which it had originally been created over 200 years earlier). the close of the 20th Century. St Luke’s now “is considered to be one of the most important buildings at risk by English Heritage” (Executive Summary, paragraph Downes refers in 1960 to the discovery “a few years ago” of papers in Lambeth Palace 3). Completed only three years before Hawksmoor’s death, St Luke’s represents Library identifying Hawksmoor as co-architect of St Luke’s. Up to this time most writers both a final example of his work and of a Queen Anne church. had guessed the church to be by George Dance the Elder, City of London Surveyor and

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 5 The documents discovered at Lambeth Palace also reveal the participation of famous is kept to a minimum. There is however a cultural and historic value in the under- master craftsmen (refer to 2.5 below) in addition to the involvement of Hawksmoor’s standing of the construction of an 18th century structure that can be appreciated fellow architect, John James. if the building is kept in its present bare state, which would be lost if its church interior was fully restored. The accepted principals of minimum intervention and John James (1672-1746) had begun his career in the works at St Paul’s Cathedral and maximum reversibility are therefore critical in this case to reduce any further subsequently at Greenwich Hospital alongside Hawksmoor (his senior by 11 years) and loss of the historic fabric and maintain a clear understanding of the history that the two men were appointed jointly as Surveyors to the Fifty New Churches Commission. exists at present. At St Alphege’s Church, Greenwich, James added a tower to Hawksmoor’s building which, together with St John’s, Horsleydown as well as St Luke’s, is part of a small group of sites where their work jointly appears side by side. 2.3 Association with Historic and Cultural Events

In the absence of original designs for the building, and with the known documents in fact Evidence of the history of St Luke’s during the period of more than 200 years during which giving only the merest of clues, detailed analysis of the authorship of St Luke’s rests upon it was the parish church of a large, highly populated area close to the City of London is informed opinion and reasoning. beginning to accumulate.

The sobriety of the design of the main body of St Luke’s and the overall appearance of Sources for this history may be found in the Guildhall Library, City of London; at Finsbury the interior (as it once was) both suggest the authorship of James for these elements. Local History Library, St John’s Street, EC1 (London Borough of Islington), and in parish Comparison is made here with St George’s Church, Hanover Square, the principal registers, census returns etc at Metropolitan Records, Clerkenwell and at the London complete surviving church design by John James built 1721-25, just before the Borough of Islington. commencement of St Luke’s. This history, as recorded in documents, may still also be seen at the site in the churchyard The striking addition of the obelisk/spire at the West end of the St Luke’s, however, and surviving burial ground to the North (now a much used and well tended public garden) suggests to most minds the contribution of Hawksmoor. It would appear that the invention as well as in the St Luke’s Schools site. The large parish administered poor relief and of the obelisk might indeed have come from Hawksmoor, not James, as it seems typical basic education to a large population over many years and much of this is already of the former, but not typical of the latter. It is one of the most unforgettable landmarks recorded in the History of St Luke’s School by M. Routledge, 1989. in London and it also seems to play a part in what is known, or can be guessed, about Hawksmoor’s interest in scenic effects and in the creation of cultural references to classi- The musical heritage of St Lukes is of high cultural value, particularly the association with cal antiquity. the composer Henry Smart and the innovative rebuilding of the organ in 1843/4.

The Tower and Steeple, the Entrance Vestibule and the Staircase Halls have a The original Rectory, the focus for much of the social history, is in Helmet Row near to the high architectural significance because they are a unique example of this part- N.W. corner of the church. It was originally a handsome Georgian House dated 1778 but icular architectural composition by an important architect and have a high urban was altered and extended by Blomfield in 1877/78. design profile as a landmark. The ruinous church is of lesser significance as other examples have survived in a more complete condition although what does The building has an important cultural heritage, particularly with regard to survive is of great historical importance. The structure in its present state is architecture and music, and it would be of great benefit if this could continue highly vulnerable as a ruin because of its structural condition and location, and as the L.S.O. St Lukes Centre. the risk of vandalism. This risk would be lessened considerably if it were sensi- tively converted and reused, as long as the impact of the alteration on the fabric

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 7 2.4 Community Value / Public and Recreational Value that its conservation and display on site may play a part in future plans for this building.

With the closure of the church as a place of active Christian worship in the late 1950’s and The documents (according to Kerry Downes in the 1960 Country Life article) indicate that the re-merger of the parish with St Giles, Cripplegate the life of St Luke’s as a Church of the church was originally decorated by some of the leading names of the time, notably England parish church ceased. The roof was removed, and the building and its surround- Isaac Mansfield, plasterer. His work also includes the Long Library at Blenheim Palace. ings began a new phase as a “managed ruin”. Since 1982 the building has been within the parish of St Clement with St Barnabas and St Matthew, Finsbury with St Barnabas, King In its prime (as indicated by the internal photographs) St Luke’s contained furniture and Square as the parish church. carving (doors, pews, galleries, pulpit, altarpiece); sculpture (monuments, font); painting (three pictures on the altarpiece); plasterwork; organ (Jordan & Bridge 1733, rebuilt and During this time, as for example may be seen in the Independent 3 October 1994, many innovatively altered by Gray & Davison 1843-1844); pavement; ironwork, other metalwork; schemes have been proposed to demolish the buildings in part or totally or, alternatively, stained and clear glass. to restore them and reuse them as the present scheme. Primary research in Finsbury Local History Library has begun to reveal the identities of The principal scheme to have been carried through to date was the restoration and re- the craftsmen who were responsible for completing the church and its fittings in 1733. opening of the churchyard, as planned during 1994 and completed soon after. The same set of documents also reveal many details of the subsequent redecoration, maintenance and renewal of the fabric and decor during the later 18th century and In fine weather the grounds of the churchyard, now cleared of undergrowth and the plane through the 19th century. trees lopped, are a popular retreat in this busy part of Central London for eating lunch, reading the newspaper, relaxing, strolling and generally enjoying being outdoors. Benches There is a collection of 18th century watercolours in the Guildhall Library. They depict in are provided as well as well tended lawn. colour landscape views of the district around the church (whose tower is the centrepiece) with houses, gardens, fields, figures of harvesters etc. This outdoor public space is a valuable amenity which complements and is complemented by the surviving architectural qualities of one of London’s most Although these records are valuable in understanding the detailed cultural and important early Georgian church buildings. The building itself, however, only acts physical history of the church, none of the highly decorative interior features are as a backdrop to this amenity space and the public is not able to enjoy the space in situ within the building now except some small fragmentary remnants of the within the church at present, and the risk of vandalism is high. The vulnerability fixtures and decoration and some have been relocated in other buildings under of the historic fabric would no doubt be reduced if a new use was established and different care. (The organ for example are at St Giles Cripplegate and the Reredos the internal architectural qualities of the building could be enjoyed by the public. and Altar rails are in the North West Chapel of St Andrews Holborn). Those features that do exist in situ are highly significant and should be retained and conserved. The S.W. stair and entrance vestibule are the most intact interior 2.5 Collections/Works of Art spaces and their repair, conservation and representation including reinstatement of missing features and decorative finishes should be considered but the sensi- The main original decorative features of St Luke’s were removed when the church was tive conversion and reuse of the main church and the more damaged N.W. stair closed in the late 1950’s except some fragments of plasterwork and stone carving which is felt to be far more valuable than a full restoration of the church interior (even survive inside. if this was viable within accepted building conservation principles and financial constraints) or keeping it as managed ruins. Some of 19th Century stained glass may still be seen surviving in the borders of the upper side windows of the church. It is hoped that this can be preserved from further loss, and

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 9 Figure 5

Figure 1 Figure 3 Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 2 Figure 4 Figure 8 Figure 9

10 2.6 Contribution to Townscape Character the tower, with obelisk, of St Luke’s comes into sight and fixes your view The obelisk of St Luke’s, together also with its impressive set of railings round the during the final, straight course of the route. churchyard form outstanding features of this interesting district outside the City of London’s boundaries. Now that recent studies of the Baroque have established the importance of notions of architectural scenography within cities (e.g. Rome, Venice, Paris), as well as in the layout St Luke’s may be compared with St Leonard’s, Shoreditch or with Hawksmoor’s own of formal gardens and parks, it is clear that the underlying concept of the St Luke’s obelisk Christ Church, Spitalfields as an architectural landmark of memorable quality. However, would have been to create an effect of the same type within the existing matrix of London the highly unusual nature of the obelisk spire reminds the viewer of the grounds of Castle (figures 5 to 8). The effect described above where the obelisk is seen as you walk north Howard, for example, and to find such an evocative architectural feature in a suburban along White Cross Street was not an “accident” but would have been contrived deliberate- area of a city rather than in a great park, and perched on top of a church is, in the words ly as a scenographic coup according to Baroque theory (figure 9). of Kerry Downes, “a superlative conceit”. It should also be noted that the upper end of White Cross Street and its adjoining areas The tower/obelisk spire composition is a unique example of this architectural are a thriving outdoor pedestrian street market and area of small shops and a walk undis- feature used on an Early Eighteenth Century London church. turbed by traffic can be made from the South through this district of 18th and 19th housing and shops with St Luke’s as the culmination in townscape terms. In Ancient Rome such obelisks had been built in monolithic form (not in coursed masonry as at St Luke’s) or were transported from Egypt, where this architectural form probably In addition, the streets beyond Old Street flanking the church on either side (Helmet Row had its origins. and Little Mitchell Street) are also traffic free. This extends the pedestrian route well to the North, extending into the Burial Ground garden area and the Ironmongery Row Public In the Rome of the Popes, from the 16th to the 18th centuries, such obelisks were built Baths and nearby Leisure Centre complex. again. Hawksmoor is not known to have visited Italy, even though his buildings reflect influences derived from such Roman Baroque buildings as those by Borromini. Hawks- Observation during a lunchtime on a sunny week day reveals the great popularity of the moor would have relied upon books, engravings, and paintings for his knowledge of such market area as well as the churchyard, gardens etc. and the extent to which the pedestri- features as the Roman obelisks. It was of course an act of architectural eclecticism, not an routes are used as a short cut for local inhabitants and office workers going about their of spontaneous invention. business on foot reinforcing its value as a recreational space (see 2.4 above) but also its contribution to Townscape character. The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, first published in Venice in 1499 and subsequently published in France, had first introduced the motif of the obelisk as an architectural The tower and spire are highly significant in townscape terms and the ornament to a wider European public (figures 1 to 4). Wren, Colen Campbell and such relationship of the church, churchyard, railings, rectory and local pedestrian are possibly a more immediate provenance. routes should be maintained. However, the layout of the churchyard was radically altered after 1853 and some features of the paths and soft landscape are of The map of London by John Rocque, surveyed and engraved in the 1740’s shortly after lesser significance in understanding the overall arrangement. The original the completion of St Luke’s, is the first accurate and large scale representation in a map building plinth and entrance steps and other hard landscaping features such as of the site. It indicated one of the principal characteristics of the tower of St Luke’s, and the railings are dominant and highly significant from an architectural perspective. this has not changed in the least today. As you approach the site from the City, by way of the long, and gently curving White Cross Street which leads from St Giles, Cripplegate

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 11 Figure 10

12 The wrought iron railings (separately Listed from the church) which surround the Churchyard, as well as the main entrance of the Burial Ground to the North, have been restored and are of historical significance although the present railings are the second set to be erected, replacing the original boundary structure in 1852. The general appearance of the first set of gates, piers, urns, walls and railings is known from Shepherd’s c.1800- 1830 engraving which also indicates previous pedimented structures in the South East and South West corners. Some evidence of these previous structures may exist under- ground and if so, will be quite vulnerable (figure 10).

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 13 Figure 11

Figure 12

14 3.0 TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY

3.1 Pre-Church Occupation of the Site 3.1.6 A comparison of the plans of 1592 and 1633 with later Ordnance Surveys suggests that archaeological remains of pre-church buildings could be found, 3.1.1 St Luke’s Old Street stands in and takes its designation name from one most probably to the northwest and southwest of the existing church. Remains of London’s oldest roads – a route which certainly existed in Roman of the early 17th-century gardens may also be found to the north and west of the times and, because of its route which does not enter the Roman city, church. is thought to have been a British track.

3.1.2 Settlement may thus have developed along the road at a very early 3.2 Building St Luke’s: 1727-1734 date; in any event, it is known that the site of St Luke’s was developed with gardens and tenements in 1527, the year which effectively marks 3.2.1 St Luke’s Old Street and St John Horsleydown in Southwark were the last two of its modern recorded history, when one Thomas Michell left a ten-acre the Fifty New Churches to be built. By this date, the Commissioners overseeing plot known as Cornwall’s Croft or Gardens to the Ironmongers’ the new buildings were not only winding down the programme, but also practised Company. in holding architects to budgets. In an indirect but spectacular manner this appears likely to have had an impact on the design of St Luke’s. 3.1.3 A plan of 1592 prepared for the Company (figure 11) shows a large gabled farmhouse at approximately the site of St Luke’s rectory. This building did not, 3.2.2 Although the 19th century tended by default to attribute St Luke’s to George however, last much longer: by 1633, a new estate plan (figure 12) showed the Dance (who sat on the vestry from its earliest days), it has long been established central portion of the property (just under 3 of the 10 acres) completely redevel- that the documentation attributes St Luke’s jointly to Nicholas Hawksmoor and oped with a three-storey Dutch-gabled house and formal gardens. (This was John James, the surveyors to the Commissioners for the Fifty New Churches. Of occupied by a Mrs Anna Hinshaw, and included properties next to the road which the two, however, the primary design should be attributed to John James whilst were designated for “tenements to be builded”.) The main development in this the tower is stylistically assigned to Hawksmoor. part of London, however, occurred from the late 1660s onward, when the encampments on Moorfields created by refugees from London’s fire became 3.2.3 It seems somewhat perverse that the main attribution has ever been questioned: permanent settlements. Kerry Downes noted that Horace Walpole – who as Downes pointed out, “might be expected to know” – attributed the church to James, and such near-contempo- 3.1.4 The need for a suburban church was identified by about 1700, shortly before the rary evidence should be virtually decisive. The problem, of course, has always Ironmongers’ Company began to develop its estate on the four streets which still resided in the remarkable steeple in the shape of a fluted obelisk: historians retain their links with the Ironmongers’ Company: Ironmongers’ Row is joined by have simply refused to categorise this feature – widely considered in the 19th Mitchell Street - named for the benefactor of 1527 – as well as Helmet Row and century to be ugly and stylistically perverse – with the otherwise sober work of Lizard Street, named for heraldic elements of the Company’s coat of arms. John James, and the only stylistically-consistent explanation is that the design is the work of Hawksmoor. 3.1.5 London’s burgeoning new suburbs led in 1711 to the passing of the Fifty New Churches Act, and the site of St Luke’s was duly acquired from the Ironmongers’ 3.2.4 Although admittedly based on surmise rather than documentation, Downes’s Company in 1718. The specific circumstances of this purchase have not been explanation seems the most reasonable: that Hawksmoor proposed the obelisk researched for this document; given the dating of the Mrs Hinshaw’s early 17th- as an initial design, but was refused the opportunity to refine the scheme prior to century house, however, it seems reasonable to suspect that the sale of the site construction. Downes notes that in the late 1720s Hawksmoor had been frustrat- for a church occurred once the “Hinshaw lease” had fallen in. ed in building an obelisk as the grand Column of Victory at Blenheim Palace, and goes on to point out:

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 15 Figure 13

Figure 14

16 It therefore seems reasonable to think that he [Hawksmoor] might have drawn domed staircase halls prior to the insertion of the existing flat ceilings is unclear. such a steeple; it still does not seem reasonable to think that he would willingly have let it be built. Second thoughts were very important in Hawksmoor’s work. 3.2.8 Topographically, the most significant early local relationship was that between the rectory house and the church. The rectory as built had a centralised front door In this scenario, Hawksmoor’s proposal for the tower was literally cast in stone facing the northwest corner of the churchyard which provided comfortably direct by the Commissioners’ insistence that it be built as designed and tendered rather access to either the main doors or the northeastern vestry. It appears that the than altered during construction, a course which would have perhaps led to North West gates which are opposite the previous central door position were increases in the budget. added in 1852 when the railings were renewed but prior to the doorway being moved into Mitchell Street. 3.2.5 Whatever the case, the sequence of building seems to have been uneventfully straightforward. The foundations were laid in 1727; the structure was completed and roofed in 1729; the steeple was built the following year; and the obelisk was 3.3 The Active Church: 1734-1960 completed by Lady Day, March 1731, after which date the fluting was done (a construction detail which is known by virtue of the fact that the scaffolding had to 3.3.1 St Luke’s was built as a working parish church in a newly-developing, working- be changed for this purpose). The mason who completed the body of the church class suburb of London (figure 13) and, as such, the recorded events of the in mid summer 1729, Thomas Shepherd, died and was replaced by a new 18th century appear to have had little impact upon the fabric. In the usual mason, Christopher Cass, for the obelisk. A payment of five pounds is recorded manner, the crypt was used for burials by no later than 1740, and monuments for changing the scaffolding to add the flutes to the obelisk “after it was Erected”. were placed in memory of prominent parishioners. Chief amongst these were the type-founders William Caslon the elder and younger (1766 and 1778; The parish was formally created in 1733 and the church consecrated on St type-founding was an important local industry); the architect George Dance the Luke’s Day (18th October) of the same year. (Somewhat curiously, the church Elder (1768; also a parish vestryman); and the London historian Thomas Allen appears to have been used prior to its consecration, as the first baptism is said (died 1833). to have been carried out on the 4th of September.) The final initial addition to the church was of an organ, built by Jordan & Bridge in 1733 and presented to 3.3.2 Although during this period much of St Luke’s parish was developed as a mix the church in 1734 by a Mr Buckley, a brewer of Old Street. of housing and industry, large areas remained undeveloped even by the time of Horwood’s survey of 1813 (figure 14). London’s post-Napoleonic expansion, 3.2.6 The initial layout of St Luke’s – which appears to have altered very little during however, covered the remaining fields with housing, and it may have been this its active life – was a typical galleried Georgian church, the rectangular form of influx of population and income which necessitated and enabled some £750 of which was broken only by the northeastern vestry room. The parochial facilities repairs in 1829. Along with various repairs and maintenance of wood, stone and were completed with a rectory house in Helmet Row in 1778 and a northern ironwork, this included stripping and replacing roof coverings with new lead and graveyard to supplement the churchyard itself. Internal spatial articulation was slates as well as leadwork to the domed roofs of the vestibules. largely limited to the domed entrance vestibule and gallery staircases; the can- tilevered staircases themselves are particularly elegant 18th-century features. 3.3.3 The major piece of early-Victorian work, however, related to the rebuilding of the organ in 1843-1844 by Gray & Davison. This was a notable rebuild which is said 3.2.7 In spite of this relative simplicity, examination of the stripped-out building raises a to have created the first church organ with a tremulant, and for the first time in few constructional issues. In particular, the sockets and infilled arches visible in England to have introduced the swell, sub- and super-octaves; these were the walls behind the galleries suggest possible design changes during construc- important innovations, and attracted the organist and composer Henry Smart tion, whilst in the absence of primary documentation, the initial interior form of the to St Luke’s. (It is said that Smart, who remained here until 1865, heard of this

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 17 Figure 15

Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18

18 state-of-the-art organ and promptly ousted the previous organist by offering his the disused northern burial ground, and also seems to be the date when the services at a nominal £50 per annum – with the proviso that the parish would hire Rectory was extended and given its bay window, and the entrance was moved a professional quartet of singers to embellish his choir.). The inscription over the from the centre of the east side to the north side of the house, as these alter west door in the entrance vestibule may relate to this period or the later Blomfield ations appear on the Ordnance Survey revision of 1894 (figures 17 and 18). reordering of 1877-1878. 3.3.8 The works of the 1870s were reported to have cost £7,000, but it is unclear if this 3.3.4 The existing churchyard railings were erected in 1852, the same year in which figure included the extension and reordering of the rectory and/or the landscaping a number of internal works were carried out. It is unclear if these included the of the disused burial ground. If it did include these works, the actual repairs and installation of the east window – a nativity, crucifixion and ascension by alterations to the church seem likely to have been much less dramatic than one Clutterbuck – but in the absence of additional primary research, this seems would expect to find with such a large budget. (The opening of the burial ground a likely date: Bumpus, writing at the turn of the century, dated the glass to “60 as a public park incurred on-going maintenance costs for the vestry, and this may years ago”. He also noted that the central panel had been painted too large due account for an 1895 description of the churchyard itself as having been closed to a blunder in taking the measurements, and had thus been cut down through and filled with rubbish.) the figures in all directions, and was dismissive as to the quality of the work: The group, which has caught all the coarse literal fidelity of the cinquecento School, 3.3.9 The Victorian works to St Luke’s mark the last real restoration of the building: is confused, there is an almost total absence of symbolical allusion, and of 20th-century works were primarily directed at underpinning the structure, as the devotional affect there is not a trace. north side was built on unstable ground. Particularly bad subsidence was experi- enced in 1911, and repairs consistent with this date are visible in the interior of 3.3.5 Given that the churchyard had just been re-railed in 1852, it may seem curious the extant church. A further undoubted result of the subsidence was the repair of to find that burials ceased in the graveyard and crypt in 1853. This was part of the northeastern vestry by simply rendering the sloping exterior wall in order to a major reform of burial practices in London, however, and the culmination of a make it vertical; this repair is still visible, and its nature suggests that the original long-standing campaign to completely ban in-town burials. (Almost all London 18th-century stone fabric of the wall and Venetian window survives beneath. burial grounds were closed between 1853 and 1855.) The remaining works to the original Georgian church included repair of the exterior fabric in 1869. 3.3.10 The area surrounding St Luke’s was also comprehensively rebuilt in the early 20th century: in 1904-1905 the L.C.C. built Priestly and Wenlake Houses to the 3.3.6 In the absence of detailed work with the vestry minutes, the date of the addition southwest of the rectory (figure 19), opening a new vista to the west end of the to the east side of the vestry of what appears to be a toilet or storage block is church (figure 20). These were joined between the wars by further housing, and unclear. The feature is not shown on early block plans of the Ironmongers’ estate the public baths, wash-houses and swimming pool in Ironmonger Row. (figure 15), but is clearly shown on the ground plan of the church in the Ordna- nce Survey of 1872. The most likely dates would appear to be either during the 3.3.11 The church does not appear to have suffered substantial war damage, and re-ordering of the churchyard in 1852, or as part of the exterior repairs of 1869. continued in use until 1959, at which date further serious subsidence made the The major relandscaping of the churchyard surrounding the church is shown on building unsafe; this led to closure of the building and a complete stripping-out the map of 1871 (figure 16) so can be dated at between 1852 and 1871. of internal fabric and removal of the roof. Ironically, this made the St Luke’s resemble a bombed church rather than a war-time survivor, while parts of the 3.3.7 The major Victorian work to St Luke’s was undertaken in 1877-1878 by [Sir] fabric were re-used to embellish re-built churches. (The parish was united St Arthur Blomfield; it would have been this date when the altar was raised to a Giles Cripplegate – its mother parish, out of which it had been formed in 1733 – more conspicuous height, following one of Blomfield’s stated principles of church to which building the organ was removed, whilst the reredos and altar rails were design. The same period saw the landscaping and opening as a public park of reused in the northwest chapel of St Andrew Holborn.)

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 19 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21

20 3.4 St Luke’s Since 1960

3.4.1 The status of St Luke since its dismantling has been that of a managed ruin. In 1964 the crypt coffins were covered with spoil and the access points bricked up, and whilst the crypt suffered vandalism between that date and 1994, the building has remained locked and the structure left in a state of maintained dereliction; in 1972 it was noted that the roof slates were still stacked in the churchyard.

3.4.2 Various schemes for the reuse of the building were proposed, and in 1996-1997 the canopy of the churchyard trees was reduced and the previously-closed yard (figure 21) relandscaped and opened to the public.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 21 Figure 22 Figure 24 Figure 30

Figure 29 Figure 31

Figure 23 Figure 25 Figure 32

Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 33 Figure 34

22 4.0 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING SITE AND BUILDING

4.1 Site and Surroundings should be in stonework which relates to the plinth or in the form of isolated features.

St Luke’s not only acted as the parochial centre of the neighbourhood from the 1730’s, but also occupies the site of the primary tenanted holding of the Ironmongers’ Company 4.2 Environmental Issues estate. As such, there is a long history of occupation of this site as a major local centre, and the possible survival of archaeological remains of domestic structures cannot be The burial ground to the north was laid out as a public garden in the 1870s, since which discounted. date it has been subject to normal parochial/public garden maintenance. Similarly, the recent reduction of the tree canopy and relandscaping of the churchyard presumably The local street pattern is largely contemporary with the purchase in 1718 of the future removed any unusual environmental habitats. site of St Luke’s and its burial ground. The survival of this pattern dictates that the relation- ships between the churchyard and its surroundings are important elements of the existing Whilst the interior of the church has obviously been maintained on an intermittent basis, urban fabric. the intervening 40 year period of limited maintenance and restricted access has allowed the interior to naturally develop (figures 29 and 30). At the very least, it would be prudent Of particular importance to this existing context are the northwest and north entrances to to undertake an environmental audit of the interior prior to clearance for redevelopment. the churchyard, leading to the rectory and the burial ground respectively as well as the An initial ecological report carried out in summer 1999 is section 7.0 this document. west gate leading to the main entrance (figure 22) and the south west (figure 23) Old Street gate leading to the south west entrance. 4.3 Building Exterior It is clear from the map of 1813 (figure 24) that prior to the re-railing of 1852 the only established paths in the immediate churchyard were from the south west gate, the west The exterior stone masonry facades are entirely constructed in Portland Stone with granite gate and the north gate. This was supplemented with a path from a new north west gate steps at the entrances. (Refer to Resurgem report for identification). Apart from minor opposite the then central door to the rectory and further paths connecting the vestry to the areas of indented repairs the masonry appears to be original including the vestry structure north gate and around the east end and to the south east gate. This relandscaping pre- (refer to 4.6). sumably followed the re-railing in 1852 and churchyard closure in 1853 and first appears on the map of 1871 (figure 25). The dominant feature of the inter relationship of the build- The structural distortion on the North side (figure 31), and the exposure by the removal of ing and landscape is the plinth and entrance steps of the church. Intermediate railings on interior finishes of previous attempts to shore up and consolidate the building is evidence low plinth walls of brickwork with stone copings around the west end of the church are that is critical to the understanding of the building history and should be retained. The tem- shown in the 1950’s photographs (figures 26 to 28) along with other low walls and hard porary bracing of the distorted window opening should be removed if possible and substi- landscaping features within the churchyard. These were presumably removed in the tuted with a more subtle and inconspicuous strengthening solution (figures 32 and 33). recent landscaping of the churchyard (1995/96). There is an obvious need for secular redevelopment to rectify the sub structural problems The soft landscape is characteristically at a lower level than the plinth. Hard landscaping which led to the abandonment and destruction of the church. Alterations should be of mini- features that are higher than plinth level tend to be isolated such as the remaining table mal intervention and maximum reversibility. Their style should respect the original form but tombs. be of contemporary character.

The relationship of the plinth and the level of the soft landscape within the churchyard The reparability of the exterior fabric needs further detailed assessment but it appears to is critical. The green landscape should be kept below the plinth level and if intervention be viable, and there is a need for repair and reinstatement to proceed on the basis of above the plinth level is necessary (i.e. for disabled access or ventilation plenums), this minimum necessary replacement of existing fabric (figure 34). The repairs to the existing

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 23 Figure 35

Figure 36 Figure 38 Figure 40 Figure 41

Figure 37 Figure 39 Figure 42

24 stonework recommended by Resurgam in their recent report (1999) are of this nature and modern replacements (c. 1930’s gypsum/fibrous plaster) inconsistent with the documented they should be carried out. There appears to be sufficient physical and photographic existence of exterior domes as well as with the interior form of the entrance vestibule evidence to accurately reinstate areas of stonework lost (principally the East gable and (figure 41). It is unclear, however, as to how the domes were finished: although logic sug- parapets) in the 1959 partial demolition (figure 35). The original joint pattern should be gests that they may have included some form of glazing, it is known that in later years the respected as closely as possible even if this has distorted subsequently. domes were lead-covered.

Shepherd’s c.1800-1830 engraving (figure 36) and the 1750’s engraving of the church It is important that planning for redevelopment includes physical investigation to establish from the west end (figure 37) both indicate a pedestal with a sun dial on it on the south as far as possible the original form of the staircase hall ceilings. Assuming that the parapet. There is no recent photographic evidence of this so it would be too conjectural to premised replacement of domes with flat ceilings proves correct, and evidence of the restore this feature but there may be physical evidence of it which should be retained and original form exists in the structure above, they could be reinstated in a more sympathetic recorded if exposed. manner.

The roof covering on the main body of the church and vestry prior to partial demolition was The cantilevered staircases are excellent and elegant examples of the early 18th century’s slate, most likely welsh but it is unlikely that this was the original. The vestry minutes mastery of this form (figure 42). Similarly, the plain ironwork and handrails are aestheti- record that the lead and slates were renewed in 1829. This suggests that the original cally consistent and in keeping with the known budget constraints at St Luke’s. With the covering of the church roof was slate with lead gutters and flashings. The original slate exception of the later raised handrails, the staircases thus seem likely to be original. Any would have probably been Westmorland Green. It is possible but unlikely that the original restoration should include the removal of the handrail extenders if possible. finish could have been sand cast leadwork. Further investigation and research is required to establish whether the documentary evidence exists to confirm the original roofing Little is known of the original – or even of the later – decorative finishes of the entrance materials. The vestry roof was probably a flat sand cast lead roof originally but was and staircase vestibules. Physical investigation such as paint analysis supported by further changed to an awkward hipped pitched slate roof at a later date. The 1829 repairs also documentary research should thus be undertaken to establish an historically-sympathetic included leadwork to the domed roofs over the staircases but there is no reference to decorative scheme which will elucidate the nature of the original spaces. any glazing element in this work (refer 4.4 below). The North West cantilevered staircase is in a poor structural condition and although it is eminently repairable as a non-used feature, if it is to be used for its intended purpose 4.4 Entrance Vestibule and Staircase Halls would (and of course the original purpose) as an access staircase to the gallery, it would need to be dismantled and rebuilt. With the exception of the vestry room (see 4.6 below), the entrance vestibule (figures 38 to 40) and gallery staircase halls are the only interior spaces of the early 18th century The nosing of the stone treads have been cut off and the top landing has been re-paved in church which have survived, albeit in an altered form. As such, they are of prime historic sandstone. The lower stair to the crypt has been truncated. The level of repair, rebuilding importance. and restoration required in this staircase area is too great to be realistic if it is to be reused as vertical circulation. The spaces are architecturally interesting, in their sophisticated but consistent manipula- tion of space in the form of a domed entrance hall and (as seems likely) domes to the Given that the provision of a satisfactory fully accessible vertical circulation route to the staircase halls. gallery is a necessity, it would be more valuable and viable to record and dismantle the stair (which is in fact a necessity if the stair were to be reused) and install the treads in No documentation for the form of the staircase hall ceilings has yet been located, but the an on-site artefacts store for display and research purposes, retain the physical evidence existing flat ceilings, cornices and approximately 300mm of the wall plaster appear to be of the staircase fixing and position and reintroduce a new contemporary staircase and lift

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 25 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 48

Figure 43 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 47

Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 57

Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61

26 structure in a sensitive and reversible manner. walls. Generally these have been carried out in compatible and in some cases matching materials. The West windows in the Staircases appear to have been altered and the iron frames are later, probably mid 19th century, but this requires further investigation. Some later repairs (20th century but earlier than the partial demolition) have been execut- ed in harder yellow stock bricks and cement mortar which is much harder than the original. The South West staircase and entrance vestibule are both a different case entirely as These areas are possibly incompatible in structural terms and are also much more ‘flush’ most of the fittings and finishes remain intact and in a reasonable condition. These areas in texture. Having recorded these repairs it may be beneficial structurally, aesthetically and should be fully restored to their original appearance. acoustically to replace these recent repairs with more compatible materials, finished to match the adjacent early brickwork.

4.5 Main Church More recent repairs (since the partial demolition) appear to have been carried out in a much more appropriate manner and should be retained as they are. The main body of the church was entirely gutted in 1960, and only vestigial evidence remains of plasterwork and previous fittings. Nonetheless, some of these remains are of Any surface treatment, cleaning or surface coating should be reversible and not further great importance, such as the two eastern pilasters with carved capitals and ghostly marks damage the physical evidence. on the face showing the profile of the demolished gallery structure (figure 43). There are remnants of Victorian stained glass but this is only partial and should be Apart from the pilasters the features that are of prime historical significance are the origi- carefully removed and displayed in the artefacts store along with any introduced saddle nal remaining doors, door frames and ironmongery. Other internal fragmentary remnants bars. Original ironwork frames exist in the North and South windows and possibly some and physical evidence of previous features that are also of prime importance and should remnants of the ironwork in the East window exists insitu. This requires further site be retained and conserved are listed below (in order of priority):- investigation.

1. Cut-back areas of brickwork to accommodate monuments and other internal Whilst acknowledging that secular redevelopment renders the reinstatement of an features (figures 44 and 45). ecclesiastical decorative scheme inappropriate, the recreation of the interiors should at least respect the early forms of the church (figures 49 to 60), including the columns, 2. Lime stains on brickwork that show where the walls were directly plastered galleries and vaulted ceiling in some way albeit in a contemporary style. The alterations along with any fragments of plaster such as the skirting profile (figure 46). should be of minimum intervention and maximum reversibility.

3. Fixing points for internal panelling and other joinery now lost. 4.6 Vestry 4. Original structural features and openings that were hidden behind finishes such as the blocked arches at gallery level which may have indicated a The flying flue is highly significant in terms of the original form as it connects to the conventilation that was not used. (They are however typical of arched beam fireplace in the vestry and is integral with the fabric of the main church, reinforcing the end recesses), recesses for rainwater down pipes, built in flues and vent view that this is part of the original phase. shafts (figures 47 and 48). The northeast vestry forms an integral part of the original church (figure 61), and aside 5. Early structural repairs in 18th/19th century red/brown hand made clay from the entrance vestibule and staircase halls, presents the only partially-surviving brickwork necessary due to subsidence problems in the North and East interior of St Luke’s.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 27 Figure 62 Figure 63

28 Although the vestry clearly suffered from the same severe subsidence which led to the dismantling of the church - the north wall was simply rendered to re-establish a vertical line - the external fabric is intact and could be repaired rather than replaced (figure 62). However if the vestry is to be removed and rebuilt the walls should be fully recorded and original materials either re-incorporated or stored on site (figure 63).

The profile of the vestry roof prior to demolition can be traced both physically and in record photographs of 1960. Research has not established the original roof profile, but additional physical and documentary research may suggest the form of a sympathetic rein- statement.

Although it definitely pre-dates the Ordnance Survey of 1871, the date of the eastern extension of the vestry is unclear. Whilst redevelopment should not necessarily presup- pose the retention of the footprint of this extension, physical examination of the structure may suggest the original form of this side of the building.

Internally, the fireplace surround and recesses provide good evidence of the original interior form and may retain physical evidence of decorative finishes. These elements should ideally be retained in any redevelopment of the building, but if this proves to be unreasonable the finishes should be carefully research and recorded and the fixtures reused in the redeveloped space.

4.7 Crypts

The known state of the crypts and an assessment of their archaeological potential were examined in a 1996 study by the Museum of London Archaeology Service. This found that whilst the crypts undoubtedly hold potential interest, they appear to be structurally unsound and their excavation may not be straightforward.

Nonetheless, the proposed clearance of the crypts and their replacement by habitable spaces will demand a full programme of excavation and recording, including the removal of the floor of the main body of the church. Any remnants of the floor finishes, including positions of gallery columns and fragments of Blomfield’s 1877/78 tiling scheme should be recorded accurately prior to demolition.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 29 5.0 CONSERVATION POLICY

5.1 CONSERVATION GUIDANCE All building materials ultimately have a limited life which will depend upon various factors such as the quality of the materials, the degree of wear, the regularity of maintenance, or Having established the value of and the risk to each area and element of the building the the exposure to the elements. conservation issues have been identified and defined within section 4.0 of this document. These are embodied in the Conservation Policies below which have been adopted by the There is normally a range of choices available in such cases from complete renewal on owners and building management and which are statements of general approach. the one hand to strengthening or patching on the other. In the case of historic materials Guidance that is more specific to a particular place or element within the building or there should be a presumption against total or blanket renewal if at least some of the a particular issue is included within the paragraphs following each policy. This specific material is of acceptable standard. Examples would include:- guidance refers back to the analysis in section 4.0 and can be altered as circumstances change but the policy is to be considered as a constant. • Brickwork, mortar pointing • Portland stone ashlar or carved building stone The Conservation Plan therefore provides a multi-level framework of understanding within • Stone floor paving which any proposals for development can be evaluated and the maintenance and repair of • Plasterwork the building fabric can be appropriately planned. The Plan is not there to prevent develop- • Oak doors and panelling ment but to help guide the form it will take. Some of the detailed conservation guidance • Door and window ironwork and ironmongery may appear to be prescriptive and prohibitive, and at face value would argue against a development like the LSO conversion from ever taking place. However, any alteration to In cases such as these we would expect any sound material to be retained and only an historic building will be a balance of gains and losses, and demonstrably the gains to St damaged material to be replaced by jointing, scarfing, piecing-in, or by the replacement Lukes of having such a development outweigh the loss of the vestry and the alterations to of worn components. the other areas. Where possible retain insitu at least one representative sample of the elements being The same balanced judgement needs to be made right down to the smallest decisions renewed if an individual example (or examples) can be found which is not so badly affecting the building so that any change and its consequences can be valued within the decayed or worn as the others. wider context. The Conservation Plan is therefore an essential tool in formulating and directing any proposals for change within the building. The areas of stonework lost (principally the East gable and parapets) should be reinstated as accurately as possible from photographs and physical evidence (refer 4.3).

5.2 THE CONSERVATION POLICIES RESPECTING THE HISTORIC CHARACTER Policy 5.2.2 Respect the historic evolution of the building, retain wherever The following CONSERVATION POLICIES have been adopted by the St Lukes possible all significant clues relating to its development, and record all evidence Management Co so as to ensure the appropriate conservation and development of the exposed in the course of carrying out inspections or alterations. building. As an historic building of great value and significance which has developed and changed MAINTENANCE AND RENEWAL OF THE BUILDING FABRIC over its life St Lukes has become itself a complex archaeological artifact in which all the Policy 5.2.1 Maintain and repair the building so as to retain as much of their clues relating to its history remain imprinted in its structure, in many cases concealed by early fabric in their original form as possible, both externally and internally right change upon change over the intervening years. down to the smallest details.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 31 There is a temptation when carrying out alterations to a building to ‘tidy up’ by removing • Its historical or architectural significance redundant installations or structures. If these are of historic significance they should if • The significance of its surroundings possible be left unaltered and insitu, even if they are to be covered over again. Examples • Its visual or physical vulnerability would include:- • Its scale

• Vaults structure and arches within floors or ceilings Weighed against this will be: • Bricked up doors, windows or other former openings • Floor paving concealed by later floor coverings • The relative scale and impact of the proposed alteration • Outlines of former structures • The significance of the proposal in relation to the building’s future use

If such surviving features are discovered during opening up, they should be appropriately Any proposal for change, however insignificant it may seem, should be subjected to the recorded irrespective of whether they are to be removed or not. The procedure for record- same process of scrutiny, understanding and evaluation. ing is the subject of Policy 5.2.13. The aim of this Conservation Policy should be to channel these changes in a way which RENEWAL OF MATERIALS allows the significant aspects of the existing building to be retained whilst the new is also Policy 5.2.3 Where original, early or significant materials or elements have to be accommodated, to the mutual benefit of both. An impact assessment should be made renewed they should wherever possible be replaced like for like to retain the taking into account any relevant information on the history and significance of the affected building’s historic and aesthetic integrity. areas included in the Conservation Plan, and a mitigation strategy evaluation carried out.

Notwithstanding Policy 5.2.1 materials have from time to time to be renewed. All significant DESIGN OF NEW ELEMENTS materials should wherever possible be replaced with materials either from the same Policy 5.2.5 Any proposal to introduce changes into an historic building or space source or with ones which match as closely as possible both their physical properties should take into account the effect of the changes on its character. and their visual characteristics. The vulnerability of a building will depend on its significance and its setting. The spire and EVALUATION OF PROPOSED CHANGE tower should, for instance, remain unaffected by any significant alteration. Policy 5.2.4 Before considering any change to the fabric of the building carry out a thorough investigation to establish the significance of that particular part of the Internally the character of a space and its relationship to neighbouring spaces needs to be building affected, and evaluate the proposals accordingly, taking into account the taken into account. Conservation Guidance stated in this plan. A new doorway into a space may best be integrated by giving it a location and details St Lukes is a Grade 1 Listed Building. Listed Building Consent is required for any works which match the character of the space, but a new staircase within the space might best of demolition, alteration or extension which would affect the character of the building. The be introduced in contemporary materials and style. The first approach may confuse the purpose of the Conservation Plan is to give both the owners and the Planning Authority a archaeology of the building but it will maintain the ‘spirit’ of the space; the latter is more yardstick against which to measure any proposed changes. ‘honest’ but may be visually discordant.

Some changes will have greater impact than others. On the one hand will be the particular qualities of the part of the building affected:

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 33 INTERVENTIONS IN SIGNIFICANT SPACES seem to be. Policy 5.2.6 In spaces of high architectural significance any essential interven- tions must be subservient, discreet and reversible. THE VALUE OF LATER ALTERATIONS Policy 5.2.9 Any proposal to remove a later building phase and to reinstate an Changing approaches to the comfort and acoustic performance of the space and to the earlier phase as a facsimile should be adopted only after giving a thorough provision of environmental services for that purpose are just two of the many and varied evaluation of the existing as regards its rarity, its quality, and its historical pressures on the historic fabric to introduce alterations. significance.

INTERVENTIONS IN HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT SPACES IN AREAS OF There is currently a fashion for returning historic buildings or spaces to their former or SECONDARY IMPORTANCE original state by the removal of later accretions. In terms of visual continuity and consis- Policy 5.2.7 Structure which is of architectural or historic interest in areas of tency this may well be a justifiable course of action. secondary importance shall be awarded the same level of respect as structure in the principal spaces. However, the fact that what exists is more recent and perhaps now considered visually inappropriate is not in itself sufficient justification for its removal. An alteration of quality In areas such as the upper levels of the tower or service voids the building structure has in a contemporary style may be considered of greater value than a hypothetical recreation often survived substantially as built. This forms a significant component of the building’s of an earlier style. It is certainly more ‘honest’ in terms of historical interpretation. history. In such circumstances the two options should be thoroughly evaluated and debated before It should be respected as such, and careful thought needs to be given to service routes the decision is taken to remove the existing. and other interventions which may disturb it. SPACE WITHIN A SPACE First and foremost is the need to retain the integrity of arches, vaults, lintols and other Policy 5.2.10 In spaces of architectural or historic significance there should be features. a presumption against concealing the form of the architecture by constructing a false space within. It should be remembered that services are ephemeral and are likely to be replaced every thirty years or so. An opening, once formed, is a permanent alteration to the historic fabric. The main body of the church retains its scale and spacial integrity. Any intervention or It should therefore only be altered having given due consideration to any alternative which insertion should respect this and not detract from the historic character of the space. would avoid damage. Could the service be re-routed to involve less intervention to the early structure, for instance, or could it be routed instead through an area of previously BELOW GROUND ARCHAEOLOGY damaged brickwork? Policy 5.2.11 Any excavations below external ground level or beneath basement floors may affect archaeological deposits which should be investigated and INTERVENTIONS IN SPACES OF LESSER SIGNIFICANCE recorded prior to commencement by the building archaeologist. Policy 5.2.8 In spaces of lesser architectural or historic significance interven- tions may be acceptable, but the wider effect on adjacent significant spaces There is a likelihood of archaeological remains within the Churchyard areas and below the must be taken fully into account. crypts.

Any works to the building fabric which involves demolition, alteration or extension may be subject to Listed Building Consent, no matter how marginal or insignificant the fabric may

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 35 EVALUATION OF PROPOSALS • stone features or samples Policy 5.2.12 The Building’s Management should establish procedures for the • ironmongery and ironwork scrutiny of any proposal for change, however minor, by staff who are knowledge- able in and sensitive to the historic fabric and who can evaluate the vulnerability STAFF AND CONTRACTOR INDUCTION of the fabric which will be affected. Policy 5.2.15 The Building’s Management shall introduce procedures for providing an induction course for staff and contractors to explain the merits and the duties Any proposals for change should be evaluated by means of an impact assessment related of working in a Listed Building to the Plan and mitigation proposals put forward where change is unavoidable or consid- ered of greater benefit. Awareness and care are keynotes for anyone who will be working in or on the fabric of the building. The special qualities and the significance of the building will be unknown to many RECORDING HISTORIC FEATURES who are employed to work in or on it, and the need for understanding stated in these Policy 5.2.13 The Building’s Development Project Team should establish policies needs to be communicated to those into whose care the building is being procedures for suitably qualified staff to investigate and record any previously entrusted. concealed features relating to the historic evolution of the building. APPROPRIATE USES AND FEATURES This will be particularly important during the proposed development but also during future Policy 5.2.16 The Building’s Management should continue to monitor its changes. accommodation so as to ensure appropriate uses are allocated to the historic areas. A STORE FOR SALVAGED BUILDING ARTIFACTS Policy 5.2.14 A store will be established and maintained as a permanent and safe Features which detract from the character of the building should be avoided. repository for salvaged architectural features or fittings. REVIEW OF THE CONSERVATION POLICIES As stated in Policy 5.2.1 the aim should be to retain as much as possible of its early fabric Policy 5.2.17 The Building’s Management should review the Conservation Policies in its original form in situ. from time to time and to adapt them, or to add new policies, as the case may be, so as to ensure that they remain comprehensive and relevant. There will however be situations in which representative, rare or otherwise, significant artifacts are removed, either because they are worn out or as a result of approved ADOPTION OF THE CONSERVATION PLAN alterations. These should be deposited in an on site store in a form in which they will Policy 5.2.18 The Building’s Management shall formally adopt the Conservation remain accessible for research and reference, each duly labelled with provenance, date Plan and publish, manage and disseminate the Plan as necessary. of removal and significance, and catalogued for reference. ROOFS Examples might include Policy 5.2.19 The new roof coverings should respect the design and materials of the original roof to reinstate and protect the visual/formal integrity of the • window frames or glazing building. • door frames • mortar or plaster samples The stonework of the spire should be retained and conserved according to the principal in • decorative plasterwork policy 5.2.21 (refer 4.3). • bricks

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 37 INTERNAL WALLS - BRICKWORK Proposals for double, treble or secondary glazing must be particularly closely scrutinised Policy 5.2.20 Where historic brickwork survives with its original pointing this because this will alter the character of the window, not only because of the additional should wherever possible be retained including any surface finish. frame or the alterations required to the window, but also because of the double reflection which results when viewed from the outside. Secondary glazing of historic windows Previous blocked openings or repairs and other features should be retained (refer 4.5). wherever possible should therefore be avoided, but where this is necessary, for example for acoustic separation in the proposed auditorium, it should be designed to be reversible EXTERNAL WALLS - STONEWORK and to have a minimum impact upon the historic building fabric and character. Fixings Policy 5.2.21 Portland Stone ashlar walls and carved details shall be properly should not cause permanent damage and the glazing design should reduce any double maintained and repaired. reflection to a minimum.

The stonework shall be maintained and repaired using traditional and reversible tech- UNIVERSAL ACCESS niques of conservation allowing as much of the original fabric to remain as possible, Policy 5.2.25 In providing for universal access to all parts of the Building ensure preserving intact throatings and weatherings to prevent staining and erosion. The that equipment is integrated sensitively into the architecture. distortions in the structure should be retained (refer 4.3). Legislation now requires convenient access to be provided for all to most parts of the EXTERNAL PAVING building, for visitors and staff alike. In areas of architectural significance, and in all public Policy 5.2.22 External paving steps and other original or early hardlandscaping areas, this must be achieved sensitively. features should be retained and conserved. New acretions should respect the character of the original (refer 4.1). Any installation to aid mobility of disabled persons, from wheelchair users to those with walking difficulties and the partially sighted may involve a permanent change to the build- HISTORIC DOORS, DOOR FRAMES AND IRONMONGERY ing, and care must be taken to integrate the alterations with sensitivity. Wherever possible Policy 5.2.23 Historic doors and their frames of particular quality or significance the new equipment should be installed in such a way as to avoid compromising the should be retained in use as far as is practicable and any modifications or architectural form of the space. upgrading shall be discreet and where possible reversible. Of all the possible solutions for incorporating such access, the least intrusive and damag- All the original doors and frames should be retained and conserved. The vestry door ing appears to be the option that inserts a new stair and lift into the North West staircase. should be incorporated or stored.

HISTORIC WINDOWS Policy 5.2.24 Historic windows and their associated architectural details of particular significance should be retained wherever possible.

Where original or early window frames survive these form a valuable and significant part of the historic building which should be retained in situ wherever possible.

Cylinder glazing adds character and ‘sparkle’ to the windows both from inside and outside. All new glazing within original frames should use this type of glass.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 39 6.0 CHRONOLOGY

Anciently Old Street in existence by Roman times; thought to be pre-Roman in light of (St Luke’s Day) by Dr Hare, of St Paul’s Cathedral and Bishop of its route bypassing the City Chichester

Early 1500 This area probably back-filled land on the marsh created by the Roman wall 1734 Organ presented by Mr Buckley, a brewer of Old Street (Moorfields). Future site of church fell within a 10-acre croft bequeathed in 1527 to Ironmongers Company by Thomas Michell, said at that time to have by 1740 Crypt in use for burials been built up with gardens and tenements 1745 Rocque map, shows church with burial grounds and vestry building 1560s Agas map c.1750 Engraving of church 1592 Plan of Ironmongers’ Estate “commonly known as Cornwall’s Croft”; mediaeval farmhouse shown to northwest of church site 1755 Strype’s map of parish

1633 Plan of Ironmongers’ Estate, showing rebuilt house (now a three-storey, 1759 Building of Norman Buildings and Norman Row Dutch-gabled house and garden partly on site of church) 1766 Caslon buried at St Luke’s Late 1600s Moorfields colonised in 1660s by refugees from Great Fire as an encamp- ment which became permanent; need for a church identified by c.1700. 1810 Last official use of wood coffins in crypt

Early 1700s Building of Michell Street, Ironmonger Row, Lizard Street and Helmet Row 1813 Horwood map. No substantive change from Rocque, other than extension on Ironmonger’s Estate of building in parish

1711 Fifty New Churches Act passed 1829 Interior and exterior works

1718 Site acquired from ironmongers’ Company for St Luke’s 1833 Thomas Allen, London historian, buried at St Luke’s

1727-1733 St Luke’s built. Attributed by Walpole to John James, but generally ascribed 1843 Plan of Ironmongers’ Estate. Organ enlarged by Gray & Davison; said to be to Hawksmoor and James and the surveyors for the 50 New Churches. first church organ with tremulant, and first use in England of swell, sub- and Exterior appears generally to be James; obelisk steeple thought to be super-octaves Hawksmoor 1844-1864 Henry Smart as organist (then moved to St Pancras) 1727 Foundations laid 1729 Structure complete and roofed 1852 Interior works - possible date for insertion of east-end glass by Clutterbuck. 1730 Steeple built Churchyard railings replaced 1731 Obelisk completed by Lady Day, followed by fluting 1733 Parish formally created out of St Giles Cripplegate. First 1853 Burials ceased in graveyard and crypt. (Almost all London burial grounds baptism in church said to have been on 4 September, and first were closed between 1853 and 1855.) vestry meeting 23 September. Church consecrated on 18 October

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 41 1862-1863 Further work to organ: addition of pedal reed, then completely rebuilt by 1959 Church closed Willis under the direction of John Stainer 1960 Church gutted and roof removed; reredos and altar rails to northwest chapel 1869 Exterior repairs (recorded by tablet on front of building) of St Andrew Holborn; organ to St Giles Cripplegate

1871 Ordnance Survey 1:2500; toilet block shown in outline on vestry 1964 Crypt coffins covered with spoil and access points bricked up

1877-1878 Church restored by Arthur Blomfield at cost of £7,000; northern churchyard 1964-1994 Crypt vandalised at various dates converted to park (but maintained by Vestry); rectory altered and consider- ably enlarged. 1969 Start of building of GLC estates to east and west of Bath Street

Blomfield’s stated principles of church design included: 1972 Slates still stacked in churchyard. Finsbury Leisure Centre begun (completed 1975) • the need for auditorium and ritual convenience, and use of a pulpit sounding-board 1988 Baths interior refurbished • raising the altar to ensure that it was conspicuous • use of stone for reredos 1994 New scheme prepared to re-use church and clear churchyard • architectural indication of font and architectural treatment of reading desk 1996-1997 Graveyard relandscaped and opened to public

1882-1884 Metropolitan Public Gardens Association formed, and act passed to prevent building on disused burial grounds

1894 Ordnance Survey 1:2500. Rectory shown as rebuilt and extended

1895 Parish map. Graveyard around church noted as closed, and described as filled with rubbish

1904-1905 Priestly and Wenlake Houses built by L.C.C. to southwest of Rectory, opening view to west end of church

1914 Ordnance Survey 1:2500. LCC Blocks built; Ironmonger Row houses cleared

Inter-war Additional LCC flats added alongside Priestly/Wenlake Houses; public baths and washouses built in Ironmonger Row (1931); swimming pool added to baths (1938)

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 43 7.0 ECOLOGICAL SURVEY

Date of Survey: 1.7.1999, by Dr. J.I. Bryatt B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. iii) Phyllitis scolopendrium – Hart’s Tongue. Quite a number of young Botanical and Ecological Consultant specimens present – no leaves more than C.15 cm. This plant is still relatively widespread in the area.

7.1. Description of Site Some of the more protected walls in the remains of the Church Tower are providing nesting sites for a colony of pigeons. There were no signs of The site comprises 2 main areas: Swallows or Martins.

7.1.1. Inside the derelict walls of St. Luke’s Church 7.1.2. Remaining area outside the Church Walls – part of the old graveyard This area is roofless but has been made inaccessible to all except flying organ- isms. This contained:

The habitats present are: a) Grass. This was close-mown and apparently reseeded, not a remnant of original meadow. Only common weeds such as Plantain present, of no a) A large open space on the floor of the building which has been ecological interest. colonised over a period of about 30 years to support a varied vegetation of herbaceous plants and young trees, mostly around 1m high. These plants b) Tabletombs. These did not support any significant vegetation. are listed in the Appendix and do not include any plants of great interest or local scarcity. A few moths were seen in the herbage including the small c) Trees. Rows of mature London Planes – Platanus hybrida are present Magpie, Eurrhypara hortulata. along the margins of the site, i.e. to the North, East and West, those to the East and West continuing into the area to the South of the proposed b) The walls of the building. These support a variety of common plants development. including Buddeia davidii growing on some of the higher ledges formed by window sills etc. However, low down in a sheltered niche in the sw There is also one very old but rather stunted Horse Chestnut – Aesculus (North facing) corner of the wall three species of fern were growing in the hippocastanum at the North end of the site. It was not possible to deter lime mortar of the old brickwork. These are now of relative scarcity in the mine if it is a pink flowering specimen which can be important for bees. area. and are as follows: d) Shrubbery. This is present in front of the Church on both East and West i) Asplenium adiantum - nigrum – Black spleenwort. Only very margins where it continues into the part of the site which will not be affected young plants were present making identification slightly uncertain. by the development (except as access).

ii) Asplenium trichomanes – Maidenhair spleenwort. 3 well-grown This comprises mainly evergreen shrubs such as Portugal Laurel – Prunus specimens present. This is much the scarcer of the plants present lusitanica but also some deciduous plants, the only native species present on the site. It is only recorded from 3 tetrads (2km sq) in the eight being: centrads (10km sq) adjoining centrad 38, in which St. Luke’s is situated.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 45 i) Acer campestre – Field Maple. Several plants present, possibly planted. Perhaps some of these plants could also be introduced at the rear of the Church where no shrubbery is now present. The Horse Chestnut might also be replaced, ii) Fraxinus excelsior – Ash. Young plants, no more than 2m, probably preferably by a pink flowering specimen. Yew and Mountain Ash are other trees natural seedings. that could be planted.

iii) Rosa canina – Dog Rose. Only one seen.

This shrubbery is giving useful cover for birds. (1 Blackbird seen). 7.4. Conclusion

Although it is always regrettable to remove existing vegetation especially in urban areas, 7.2. Effects of Development fortunately there is little here that has scarcity value. The habitats within the Church itself are only of recent origin and disturbance to areas outside will not destroy original vegeta- 7.2.1 The proposed development will entail the removal of all the habitats with tion. It should be possible to compensate for inevitable losses by replacement and in the Church Walls. enhancement when the site is reinstated. 7.2.2 It will also entail disturbance and removal to parts of the areas to front and rear. The constructive use of the presently derelict building should outweigh any ecological 7.2.3 The lopping of the poplars on the East side of the building (and West?). considerations here. ` Ref: Flora of the London Area. Rodney M. Burton 1983 7.3. Suggestions for Mitigation and Compensation London Natural History Society. ISBN 0 901009 02 4.

7.3.1 Ferns on the inner Church Wall

Rodney Burton of the London Natural History Society was consulted and his opinion is that little can be done to save these. An attempt should be made for the ferns to be removed and resited in the grounds at the rear in a similar shady and sheltered position.

7.3.2 Areas outside the Church building

The existing shrubbery may not be affected. If it is, I would suggest replacement and/or additional planting of native species of shrubs able to cope with the urban environment.

These could include Buddleia (only present now on the Church walls). This is attractive to butterflies and humans and also provides insect food for birds. Also Field Maple and Dog Roses as these are already present and Cotoreaster species.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 47 7.5 List of Ferns and Flowering Plants Present

Area 1 Area 2 in Church Outside

Asplenium adiantum - nigrum 3 Black Spleenwort Salix Caprea 3 Goat Willow A. trichomanes 3 Maidenhair Speenwort Sambucus nigra 3 3 Elder Dryopteris felix-mas 3 Male fern Seuecio squalidus 3 3 Oxford Ragwort Phyllitis scolopendrium 3 Hart’s Tongue Sisymbrium officinale 3 Hedge Mustard Pteridium aquilirum 3 Bracken Solanum dulcamara 3 Woody Nightshade Sonchus oleraceus 3 Sow Thistle Acer campestre 3 Field Maple Sorbus aucuparia 3 Mountain Ash Aesulus hippocastarium 3 Horse Chestnut Stellaria media 3 Chickweed Agrostis stolonifera 3 Creeping Bent Trifolium repens 3 White Clover Artemisia vulgaris 3 Mugwort Tussilago farfara 3 Coltsfoot Buddleia davidii 3 Buddleia Urtica dioica 3 Stinging Nettle Cirsium arvense 3 Creeping Thistle C. vulgane 3 Spear Thistle Conyza canadensis 3 3 Canadia Fleabane Cotoneaster sp. 3 Cotoneaster Crepin Vesicaria 3 Hawksbeard Dactylis glomerata 3 Coda’s - foot grass Epilobium adenocaulon 3 Willow Herb E. hirsutium 3 Great Willow Herb Euphorlia peplus 3 Petty Spurge Festuca rubra 3 Red fescue grass Fraximus excelsoir 3 Ash Glaium aparine Hedge Bedstraw Geranium robertianium 3 Herb Robert Hedera helix 3 Ivy Holcus lanatius 3 Yorkshire Fog grass Lapsana communis 3 Nipplewort Mercunalis percrius 3 Annual Dog’s Mercury Plantanus hybrida 3 London Plane Pruncella vulgaris 3 Self-heal Reseda luteola 3 Dyer’s Greenweed Rubus sp. 3 Bramble Rumex obtusifolius 3 Broad-leaved Dock

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 49 8.0 ILLUSTRATIONS, REFERENCES, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

8.1 Illustrations page 8.2 References

Figures 1-4 All supporting documents appended to HLF grant application and other inclusive Various classical precedents taken from Hypnerotomachia secondary sources. Poliphili (via G. Tite). 10 Figures 5-8 8.3 Acknowledgements inclusive Various classical precedents taken from Piranesis Rome (via G. Tite). 10 This conservation plan was compiled by: Figures 9, 37 South west view of St Luke’s, Old Street, c. 1750. (Guildhall Library) 10/24 Jamie Coath Figures 10, 36 Shepherd (G) c. 1800-1830 View. Harvey Van Sickle Figure 11 Plan of Ironmongers’ Company Estate, G. Edward, 1592. Graham Tite (Guildhall) 14 Figure 12 Plan of Ironmongers’ Company Estate, A. Bowen, 1633. of Purcell Miller Tritton (Guildhall) 14 The Clove Building, Maguire Street, Butler’s Wharf, London SE1 2NQ Figure 13 Map of St Giles Without, 1755. (From Strype’s edition JC/sa/5908 of Stow’s Survey of London) 16 Figures 14, 24 Map of London, Richard Horwood, 1813. (London Topographical Society) 16/22 Figure 15 Plan of Ironmongers’ Company Estate, R. Sibley, 1845. (Guildhall) 18 Figures 16, 25 Ordnance Survey (1:2500), 1871. 18/22 Figure 17 Ordnance Survey (1:2500), 1894. 18 Figure 18 Plan of the Parish of St Luke Middlesex, 1895 (via G. Tite). 18 Figure 19 Ordnance Survey (1:2500), 1914. 20 Figure 20 View of St Luke’s after demolition of houses to West c.1910. 20 Figure 21 View from the air circa, 1994 (via G. Tite). 20 Figures 22, 23 Views of Rectory 1999 taken by the writer. 22 Figures 26, 27, 28 Historical photographs of the exterior c 1950’s. 22 Figures 29-34 inclusive Views of the church 1999 taken by the writer. 22 Figures 35, 38-42 inclusive Views of the church 1999 taken by the writer. 24 Figures 43-48 inclusive, 61 Views of the church 1999 taken by the writer. 26 Figures 49-60 inclusive Historical photographs of the interior c 1950’s. 26 Figures 62, 63 Views of the vestry 1999 taken by the writer. 28 Final draft format 8.10.99. Final revised issue 18.1.00.

ST LUKE’S, OLD STREET CONSERVATION PLAN PURCELL MILLER TRITTON FEBRUARY 2000 51