LONDON BOROUGH of ISLINGTON Introduction This Paper Represents the Submission of the Islington Conservative Federation, Which Co
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LONDON BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON Introduction This paper represents the submission of the Islington Conservative Federation, which covers both constituencies in the London Borough of Islington, to the Local Government Boundary Commission’s consultation on ward boundaries in the borough. The Conservatives presently have no councillors in Islington but ran a full slate of candidates at the most recent council election in 2018. Councillor numbers The electorate forecast indicates that the borough will have 168,368 electors in 2024. This means each councillor should represent 3,301 electors (+/- 10%) at that date. The Commission’s forecast is only broken down to the level of the polling district. Where we have split a polling district we have had to estimate the number of electors affected. Warding pattern On the basis of the submission by Islington Council, the Commission recommend the borough have 51 councillors in future. We note that 51 is divisible by three and therefore the borough could be divided into 17 three-member wards. However, the Commission’s practice in other London boroughs which it has reviewed so far is to move away from a uniform three-member ward model toward a mixture of two- and three-member wards, and occasionally one-member wards. We have approached this question with an open mind and find that a mixture of two- and three- member wards allows us to far better reflect the communities and the ‘natural’ boundaries (i.e. including man-made boundaries such as major roads) of the borough. Nature of the borough/natural boundaries Islington is an inner London borough, founded in 1964 from the amalgamation of the former metropolitan boroughs of Finsbury (which, apart from the Pentonville area and a short spur around the City Road Basin, covered the area south of Pentonville Road and City Road – A501) and Islington. At 14.86 km2, or 5.74 square miles, it is the third-smallest local authority in Britain (ahead of Kensington and Chelsea, and the City of London). With an estimated 2017 population density of 15,817 people per km2, Islington has the highest population density of any local authority in Britain. Islington is a growing borough. The 2011 census showed that the borough had over 30,000 people than it did in 2001 (2001: 175,787; 2011: 206,125); an increase of over 17% in ten years. The mid- 2017 population estimate is 235,000, a further rise of nearly 30,000 and representing a 14% rise in six years since 2011. The electorate forecast provided by the Commission shows a projected increase of over 19,000 between 2019 and 2024 and this in an uneven pattern across the borough, with particularly strong growth in the south of the borough, which requires major change to the existing warding pattern. In common with most inner London boroughs, the rapid growth of the borough is driven by migration (both from outside the UK and within the UK). The housing pattern of Islington is determined by its historical growth. In the Georgian era, City traders and merchants began to build houses outside the historic city limits in what is now Finsbury. This was the centre of population growth for a long time; we find from the 1801 census that 55,515 people lived in the five parishes and extra-parochial places that became the metropolitan borough Finsbury, whereas only 10,212 people lived in the parish of St. Mary, Islington (i.e. what became the metropolitan borough of Islington). From this era we date the rows of Georgian terraces seen throughout the south of the borough. Later, with the coming of the railways and buses, the north of the borough was opened up to development. Places such as Holloway, Finsbury Park and Highbury became known for the growth of Victorian suburban villadom (it should be remembered that the clerk Mr. Pooter, from Diary of a Nobody, lived at The Laurels, Brickfield Terrace, Holloway; a fictional address supposedly based on Pemberton Gardens in Upper Holloway). It is in this era that the borough reaches its highest recorded population, 412,944, in 1911. The twentieth century saw the City commuter move away from Islington and other inner London areas to rural and suburban areas in Middlesex. Finsbury began to decline in population in the late nineteenth century while Islington did not begin to decline until the inter-war era. As the borough became more working-class some of the first blocks of council housing were built. A large part of the borough was devastated by bombing during the Second World War. In accordance with the town planning principles that were in place in London, the post-war era saw large-scale building of council housing estates. The population of the borough reached its post-war nadir at 157,512 in the 1981 census. Since then, as discussed above, the population of the borough has increased, principally through migration from outside the borough1 for people working in the City or in new jobs such as at ‘Silicon Roundabout’ (Old Street). To accommodate these new workers many new homes have been built, often of a luxury type and often high density with many storeys. Thus the housing of the borough is a complete mixture, and all within the space of six square miles. Consequently all different types of housing – centuries-old four-storey townhouses (often now sub- divided), blocks of council flats, and high-rise skyscrapers of brand new luxury apartments – can exist cheek-by-jowl, often in the same street. It can therefore be difficult to distinguish communities in the borough by reference to homogeneous blocks of one type of housing forming a natural community in the way it may in more settled areas. Owing to the massive population change in the borough, it is not the case that many residents of the borough define the communities they live in with reference to boundaries of long-standing, such as former parish or metropolitan borough boundaries, where they no longer bear relation to the situation on the ground. A resident of Pentonville, for example, would be unlikely to say they live in Finsbury despite the historical association; they would be more likely to suggest Finsbury was the 1 Per the mid-2017 population estimates, the borough’s population grew by 2,945 since mid-2016: the components of this being (a) births 2,979, (b) deaths 1,094, (c) internal migration inflow 22,712, (d) internal migration outflow 24,959, (e) international migration inflow 7,712, (f) international migration outflow 4,385. It can therefore be seen that migration from within or without the UK is by far the major driver of population growth in the borough. area south of Pentonville Road, because that four-lane highway constitutes a far stronger barrier between the various areas of the borough than the historical line. We also find a certain tendency among new residents to define where they live by their nearest railway or underground station, and to say that they live “at Essex Road”, or “at Caledonian Road”. These modern usages to a great extent reflect the communities of the borough as they are now and we have sought to have regard to the 21st Century reality on the ground in suggesting new ward boundaries. As a result of this the strongest boundaries in the borough are inevitably going to be main roads and railway lines which from strong barriers between residential areas (we would also suggest parkland, but the borough has no significant parks whatsoever, the largest being Highbury Fields at only 29 acres). The three principal roads of the borough are: 1) the A501 (Pentonville Road and City Road) running east to west through the southern part of the borough, past the Angel; 2) the A1 (Upper Street and Holloway Road) running north to south from the Angel to Archway, where it passes into Haringey; and 3) the A503, which through most of the borough splits into two one-way roads, eastbound traffic taking the more northerly Parkhurst Road and Seven Sisters Road, and westbound traffic taking the more southerly Tollington Road and Camden Road. Other important roads include • the A104 (Essex Road) from the Angel to Mildmay; • the A1200 (New North Road) from Highbury Corner to Hoxton; • A5203 (Caledonian Road) from King’s Cross to Lower Hollolway where it meets the A1; • A103 (Hornsey Road) from the Emirates Stadium, running roughly parallel with the A1, to Crouch End; • A1201 (Highbury Grove and Highbury Park) from Canonbury to Finsbury Park, via Highbury Barn; • A1199 (St Paul’s Road) from Highbury Corner to Dalston. It is not possible to use all of these roads as boundaries throughout their entire length, nor in some cases is it desirable. Almost most of these roads are three- or four-lane highways and form significant barriers, in other areas they are down to two lanes and in some places form shopping areas that act as focal points for communities rather than dividing lines between them. On the whole, however, they are the principal barriers between communities in the borough. The borough is well served by rail transport. Four London Underground lines serve the borough (Circle line through Farringdon, Northern line through Old Street and Angel, Victoria line between King’s Cross and Seven Sisters through Finsbury Park, and Piccadilly line between King’s Cross and Manor House through Caledonian Road and Finsbury Park) but they do so almost entirely through tunnels. It is the four National Rail lines running through the borough that add further barriers to the communities. The North London line through Caledonian Road & Barnsbury and Highbury & Islington forms an east-west dividing line through the middle of the borough; the Gospel Oak to Barking line through Upper Holloway and Crouch Hill is a similar line in the north of the borough.