The Evolution of Forward Surgery in the US Army
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The Evolution of Forward Surgery in the US Army FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR TO THE COMBAT OPERATIONS OF THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by LANCE P. STEAHLY, MD Colonel, Medical Corps US Army (Retired) and DAVID W. CANNON, SR. Major, Medical Service Corps US Army (Retired) BORDEN INSTITUTE US Army Medical Department Center and School Health Readiness Center of Excellence Fort Sam Houston, Texas Edward A. Lindeke, Colonel (Retired), MS, US Army Director, Borden Institute Linette Sparacino Volume Editor, Borden Institute Joan Redding Senior Production Editor, Borden Institute Christine Gamboa-Onrubia, MBA Creative Director and Production Manager, Fineline Graphics, LLC The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the US Army, the US De- partment of Defense, or the United States Government. Use of trade or brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Department of Defense. Partial support for this book was provided by Defense Health Horizons, a policy analysis unit at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. CERTAIN PARTS OF THIS PUBLICATION PERTAIN TO COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO COPYRIGHTED PARTS OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL (INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM), WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER OR COPY- RIGHT OWNER. Published by the BORDEN INSTITUTE US Army Medical Department Center and School Health Readiness Center of Excellence | Fort Sam Houston, Texas 2018 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Steahly, Lance P., editor. | Cannon, David W., Sr., editor. Title: The evolution of forward surgery in the US Army : from the Revolutionary War to the combat operations of the 21st century / edited by Lance P. Steahly, MD, Colonel, Medical Corps US Army (Retired) and David W. Cannon, Sr., Major, Medical Service Corps US Army (Retired). Description: Sam Houston, Texas : Borden Institute, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018047833 (print) | LCCN 2018048270 (ebook) | ISBN 9780160940088 (ebook) | ISBN 9780160940095 (ebook) | ISBN 9780160940101 (ebook) | ISBN 9780160947841 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Medicine, Military—United States—History. | Surgery, Military—United States—History. | United States. Army—Medical care—History. Classification: LCC UH223 (ebook) | LCC UH223 .E94 2018 (print) | DDC 355.3/450973—dc23 LC record available at Caution-https://lccn.loc.gov/2018047833 For sale by the Superintendent of the Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN No. 978-0-16-094784-1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 247-809_text_CX.indb 2 12/27/18 9:11 AM Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................v ABOUT THE AUTHORS .....................................................vii FOREWORD ..................................................................ix INTRODUCTION ..............................................................xii 1 Casualty Care From the Revolutionary War to the War of 1812. 1 Lance P. Steahly 2 Surgery and Medicine in the War of 1812: A New Nation Challenged .........33 Lance P. Steahly 3 The Civil War: Military Medical Care in the War Between the States ......... 65 Lance P. Steahly 4 Transitions: Army Medicine in the Post-Civil War Period to the Start of World War I ...........................................................107 Lance P. Steahly 5 Forward Surgery in the Great War: A War of New Technologies ..............141 Lance P. Steahly 6 World War II: Army Forward Surgery on a Worldwide Scale .................173 Lance P. Steahly 7 Forward Surgery in the Korean War: The Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals ...239 Scott C. Woodard 8 Vietnam: The Rise of Helicopter Medical Evacuation in a War Against a New Kind of Enemy ..........................................285 Lance P. Steahly iv • FORWARD SURGERY 9 From the Falklands to the Balkans: Toward Formal Designation of the Forward Surgical Team ....................................321 Christopher A. VanFosson 10 Put to the Test: Forward Surgical Teams Challenged During the Global War on Terrorism ........................................355 Jason M. Seery and David W. Cannon 11 Homeland Defense, Contingency Operations, and Future Directions .........429 David C. Lynn and Jason M. Seery ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................431 INDEX ........................................................................435 Acknowledgments THE AUTHORS HAVE NOTHING BUT PRAISE for our wonderful Borden Institute Volume Editor, Linette Sparacino. Linette has been extremely patient in bringing along the authors. She has provided excellent editing at all levels. Her gracious and kind demeanor has added to our success. Linette and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Banks, former Director of the Borden Institute, worked well together in the review and editing process, as did Linette and Colonel John Garr, the following Director. We are indebted to Mary E. Hope, Senior Archivist, and Carlos Alvarado, Archivist, Army Medical Department Center of History and Heritage, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, for their great help in securing artworks and photographs from a number of sources. We appreciate their diligence in researching the copyright status of the illustrations and their pursuit of photographs of museum artifacts. Their help added greatly to the book’s coverage of the events. We would like to recognize the contribution of Second Lieutenant Molly Steahly to the process. She was an Army ROTC Scholarship recipient at Arizona State University. Molly is now enrolled as a second-degree nursing student at George Washington University in Washington, DC. She is a reserve officer in the US Army Reserves. She has assisted us in assembling information, proofreading, and fact checking for many of these chapters. Molly has thereby gained an interest in military medical history of her own and has worked with Dr. Dale Smith, Professor of Medical History at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. LANCE P. STEAHLY, MD, FACS DAVID W. CANNON, SR. March 2017 About the Authors DAVID C. LYNN, MD, is a Board-Certified General Surgeon and Fellow of the American College of Surgeons. His first duty assignment as an active duty surgeon was at Womack Army Medical Center at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, in 2009. He deployed to Iraq with the 21st Combat Support Hospital in 2010. He commanded the 759th Forward Surgical Team (Airborne) at Fort Bragg from January 2011 to February 2013, and carried out both Global Response Force and Defense Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear Response Force missions during this time. He deployed to Afghanistan in 2013 and was honorably discharged from the Army in 2014. He worked at Womack for an additional year as a civilian contractor, while continuing to work on special projects regarding forward surgery for the Department of Defense. JASON M. SEERY, MD, is a Board-Certified General Surgeon and Fellow of the American College of Surgeons. He is currently serving as the Deputy Commander for Surgical Services at Martin Army Community Hospital, Fort Benning, Georgia. Prior to this assignment, he served for more than three years as the sixth director of the US Army Trauma Training Center, Jackson-Memorial Hospital, Ryder Trauma Center, in Miami, Florida. He deployed to Iraq from October 2003 through July 2004 with the 2d Armor Cavalry Regiment as the Squadron Flight Surgeon and had a 3-year assignment as the commander of the 541st Forward Surgical Team (Airborne) at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. From February 2010 through February 2011 he deployed to combat in Afghanistan with the 541st Forward Surgical Team (Airborne). His unit supported both Global Response Force and Defense Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear Response Force missions. LTC(P) Seery is a guest lecturer at the Forward Surgical Team Commanders Course and Brigade and Divisions Surgeons Course. He is also a consultant to various special operations forces units on combat trauma management concepts. LANCE P. STEAHLY, MD, is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons and board certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology. He is an ophthalmologist who has worked in settings including the military, academia, Veterans Administration, and private practice. He now serves as the Supervisory Physician of the Medical Evaluation Board and Director of the Integrated Disability Evaluation System, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio–Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He is a retired colonel in the US Army. Dr. Steahly has been interested in military history for many years. His interest viii • FORWARD SURGERY especially peaked while involved in the Command and General Staff curriculum. COL Steahly has served in many continental US medical facilities, Germany, and Hawaii. He has served as an Army Chief of Surgery and as a Commander of the 900th US Army Hospital Surgical Mobile, a MASH unit. CHRISTOPHER A. VANFOSSON, MSN/MHA, RN, is an Army nurse with 24 months of service in combat. He deployed with the 28th Combat Support Hospital in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003–2004), where he served as a medical/surgical and critical care nurse. LTC VanFosson also deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from