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1918-1919 MÜTAREKEDEN MİLLİ MÜCADELEYE (HAYAL KIRIKLIĞI, UYANIŞ, ÖRGÜTLENME VE DİRENİŞ) Yapım: Damla Acar Grafik-Tasarım: Ceyhun Durmaz Baskı Yeri-Ayı-Yılı: 2020 Baskı: ŞenYıldız Yayıncılık Hediyelik Eşya ve Tekstil San ve Tic.Ltd.Şti. Gümüşsuyu caddesi. Dalgıç İş Merkezi No:3 Kat:1 Topkapı-İstanbul Tel: 0212 483 47 91 / Faks: 0212 483 48 23 Yayın Nu: 28 ISBN: 978-605-9443-45-6 Editörler Doç. Dr. Fatih Mehmet SANCAKTAR Doç.Dr. Abdurrahman BOZKURT Doç. Dr. Ramazan Erhan GÜLLÜ Yayın Kurulu Prof. Dr. Cezmi ERASLAN Dr. Cezmi BAYRAM Danışma Kurulu Prof. Dr. Refik TURAN Prof. Dr. Yusuf SARINAY Prof. Dr. Recep KARACAKAYA İÇİNDEKİLER SUNUŞ / 11 ÖNSÖZ / 13 GİRİŞ MİLLİ MÜCADELENİN BAŞLANGIÇ TARİHİ HAKKINDA BAZI MÜLAHAZALAR / 15 Prof. Dr. Cezmi ERASLAN BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM MAKEDONYA CEPHESİ’NİN ÇÖKMESİNİN ARDINDAN BALKANLARIN DURUMU VE MONDROS MÜTAREKESİ 1.1. SALONIKA ARMISTICE OF THE ENTENTE POWERS WITH BULGARIA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’S OUT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR / 30 Assoc. Prof. Gregory SHKUNDIN 1.2. BULGAR PRYAPORETS GAZETESİNE GÖRE BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDAN SONRA TRAKYA VE ANADOLU’YA YÖNELİK YUNAN İDDİALARI / 42 Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Memiş MERDAN 1.3. RELATIONS BETWEEN KINGDOM OF ROMANIA AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE FROM BUCHAREST TREATY (1913) TO THE END OF WORLD WAR I: FROM FRIENDS TO FOES / 49 Assoc. Prof. Liliana BOȘCAN 1.4. ARNAVUTLUK VE TÜRK MİLLETİNİN KURTULUŞ SAVAŞI / 64 Dr. Ilirjana KACELİ (DEMİRLİKA) 1.5. MONDROS MÜTAREKESİ’NE YUNANİSTAN PENCERESİNDEN BAKIŞ / 81 Dr. Çiğdem KILIÇOĞLU CİHANGİR İKİNCİ BÖLÜM BATI ANADOLU’DA YUNAN İŞGAL UYGULAMALARI 2.1. YUNANİSTAN’IN BATI ANADOLU İŞGALİNİN PERDE ARKASI / 98 Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Hasan DEMİRHAN 2.2. İŞGAL YILLARINDA İZMİR’DE YUNAN İDARİ SİSTEMİ / 120 Doç. Dr. Çağla D. TAĞMAT 2.3. İZMİR’İN İŞGALİ VE SONRASINDA YUNAN ZULÜM VE KATLİAMLARINA YÖNELİK OLARAK BÖLGEDEKİ JANDARMA BİRLİK KUMANDANLARININ UMUM JANDARMA KUMANDANLIĞINA GÖNDERDİKLERİ RAPORLAR / 133 Prof. Dr. Osman AKANDERE 2.4. İŞGALE DOĞRU VE İŞGALİN İLK GÜNLERİNDE FRANSIZ YÜKSEK KOMİSERLİĞİNE SUNULAN RAPORLARA GÖRE İZMİR’DE DURUM ( NİSAN-MAYIS 1919) / 162 Prof. Dr. Salih TUNÇ ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM BATI ANADOLU’DA YUNAN, FRANSIZ VE İTALYAN İŞGAL POLİTİKALARI 3.1. 1919’DA MANİSA KUVÂ-YI MİLLİYE CEPHELERİ VE HALKLA İLİŞKİLERİ / 174 Doç. Dr. Nejdet BİLGİ 3.2. FRANSA’NIN AFYONKARAHİSAR’I İŞGALİ / 205 Prof. Dr. Ahmet ALTINTAŞ 3.3. MİLLİ MÜCADELE’DE ATATÜRK’ÜN İTALYA POLİTİKASI / 220 Prof. Dr. Mevlüt ÇELEBİ 3.4. ASKERALMA DAİRE BAŞKANLIĞI VE ASKERLİK ŞUBESİ RAPORLARINA GÖRE BATI ANADOLU’DA YUNAN İŞGALLERİ ÜZERİNE BAZI TESPİTLER / 239 Prof. Dr. Nuri KÖSTÜKLÜ DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM TÜRK-SOVYET İLİŞKİLERİNİN BAŞLANGIÇ SÜRECİNDE PONTUS VE ERMENİ MESELELERİNE FARKLI YAKLAŞIMLAR 4.1. TÜRKİYE TARİHİNE DAİR RUSYA ŞARKİYATÇILARININ MONOGRAFİLERİNDE MONDROS MÜTAREKESİ: ÖNCESİ VE SONRASI / 254 Dr. Ramil ZALYAEV 4.2. “SAKARTVELOS RESPUBLIKA” AND “SAKARTVELO” NEWSPAPERS ON THE 1918 DEVELOPMENTS IN TURKEY / 267 Prof. Dr. Elisabed MACHITIDZE Prof. Dr. Guranda TCHELIDZE 4.3. 1918`DE ERMENİLERİN TÜRKLERE YÖNELİK SOYKIRIMLARININ AKTİFLEŞMESİ / 273 Prof.Dr.Tofig MUSTAFAZADE 4.4 PONTUSÇU RUMLARIN BATUM GENEL KONGRESİ’NİN (6 TEMMUZ – 7 AĞUSTOS 1919)“ELEFTHEROS PONTOS” GAZETESİNDEKİ YANSIMALARI / 285 Doç. Dr. Nilüfer ERDEM 4.5 SOVYET ARŞİV BELGELERİ IŞIĞI ALTINDA HAVZA GÖRÜŞMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME / 298 Arş. Gör. Nurettin ÇAKICI Prof. Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM MÜTAREKE DÖNEMİ BASIN-YAYIN ANLAYIŞI VE SANSÜR 5.1. MÜTAREKE DÖNEMİNDE MANDA MESELESİ VE TIBBİYELİ HİKMET / 314 Prof. Dr. Süleyman Beyoğlu 5.2. MİLLÎ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİ TÜRK AYDININDA MANDA VE HİMAYE DÜŞÜNCESİ: AHVÂL VE ŞERAİT İÇİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME / 325 Arş. Gör. Erdal YILMAZ 5.3. ATTİLÂ İLHAN’IN “AYNA”SINDAN TARİHSEL YANSIMALAR: MÜTAREKE DÖNEMİ İSTANBUL’U / 343 Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Fırat KARAGÜLLE 5.4 MÜTAREKE DÖNEMİNDE MATBUAT SANSÜRÜ VE UYGULAMALARI (1919-1920) / 355 Prof. Dr. Yusuf SARINAY Prof. Dr. Recep KARACAKAYA 5.5 I.DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASI İTİLAF DEVLETLERİNCE İMZALATILAN NÖYYİ (NEUİLLY) VE SEVR (SÈVRES) BARIŞ ANTLAŞMALARININ MUKAYESESİ / 374 Doç. Dr. Bülent YILDIRIM GENEL DEĞERLENDİRME / 388 SUNUŞ İçinde bulunduğumuz yıldan itibaren yeniden yüzyıl öncesini hatırlayarak, ama bir taraftan da geleceğe doğru nasıl yürüyeceğimizi düşünerek bir ta- kım faaliyetlere devam ediyoruz. Bu çalışma da bunlardan birisidir. Öncelikle şunu ifade etmeliyim ki; yüzyıl önce o zaman bütün insanlara örnek olan büyük, müşterek ve millî bir hareketi başardık. Bu hareketin ortaya çıkmasında elbette ki o günkü komutan, devlet adamı, ilim adamının etkisi vardır. Ama bir de onların ortaya çıkmasını sağlayan bir ruh var. Bu ruh bir manada bulunmaktadır. 1912 yılında kurulan Türk Ocak- ları’nın yaptığı çalışmalarla teşekkül etmiştir. Türk Ocakları’nın ruhlarda , gönüllerde meydana getirdiği bir takım heyecanlar, yaktığı bir takım ateşler sonucunda istiklâl ümidi canlı tutulmuş, gelecekte de müstakil yaşama arzu- su ve düşüncesi yerleştirilmiştir. İşte onun sayesinde Müdafaa-i Milliye cemi- yetleri, Redd-i İlhak cemiyetleri vs. teşekkül etmiş ve millet kıyama gelmiştir. Demek ki öncelikle buradan alacağımız ilk ders bu gibi hareketlerde milleti kıyama getirecek bir mânevî iklimin teşekkül etmesidir. Günümüzde böyle bir mânevî iklime ihtiyaç var mı? Elbette var. İşte Sayın Cumhurbaşkanı da sık sık bekâ meselesinden bahsettiğine göre, o bahsetmese de Kafkaslar’da, Balkanlar’da, Ortadoğu’da meydana gelen hâdiseler, daha doğrusu bizim sını- rımız etrafında yanan ateş, yangın, akan kan, gözyaşı, çekilen ıstırap göz önü- ne alındığında Türkiye’nin yine o günkü gibi sağlam durması ,bağımsızlığını muhafaza etmesi, gücünü muhafaza etmesi zarureti var. Bu zaruret içinde yeniden benzeri bir durumun tekrar uyanmasına ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Şimdi bizim bu geçmişi tekrar hatırlatmaktaki birinci düşüncemiz bu duy- gunun yerleşmesine yardımcı olmasıdır, bu olmazsa olmaz. İkincisi bu hare- ket, bu gün arkadaşlarımızın kaleme aldıkları yazılarla önümüzdeki yıllarda yeniden yapılacak başka programlarla, eksikleri de tamamlayarak gösterecek ki, top yekün bir milletin kıyamıdır. Yani sadece birileri karar verdi diye değil, top yekün bir milletin kıyamıdır. Daha doğrusu bu hareketi yapanlara teşki- latlandıranlara cesaret veren şey top yekün bir milletin istiklâlini muhafaza arzusudur. Atatürk’ün “Milleti, milletin azim ve kararı kurtaracaktır.” sözüne cesaret veren, ona zemin teşkil eden bu kıyam iradesidir. O halde demek ki millet top yekün kıyamda olmazsa yeni dönemlerde karşılaşacağımız mesele- lerimizi çözemeyiz. O halde milleti uyanık tutmak, gelecekteki hedeflerimiz neyse o hedeflere arızasız ulaşmak bugün de meselemizdir. 12 1918-1919 MÜTAREKEDEN MİLLİ MÜCADELEYE Peki gelecekteki hedeflerimiz ne? Türk Ocakları’nın 21. yüzyılda kendi- sine koyduğu bir hedef var. O da medeniyetimizin yeniden ihyâsı. İnsanlığın ihtiyaç duyduğu medeniyeti yeniden ortaya koymak ve bunu insanlığın em- rine vermek; insanlara huzur, saadet, adalet getiren bir medeniyet. Bugünkü medeniyet elbette hepimizi çok rahatlatan, günlük hayatımızı kolaylaştıran teknolojisi ve geliştirdiği müesseseler ile üstünlüğünü tartışmadığımız, onun peşine takıldığımız Batı Medeniyeti’dir. Aslında onun bize sağladığı şey sa- dece günlük hayatımızı kolaylaştıran teknolojisi ve kurumlarıdr. Ama onun dışında baktığınız zaman. Medeniyetin sahibi olduklarını iddia edenlerin dışındaki bütün insanlara sadece ıstırap getiriyor. Sadece Suriye’de yapılan kavgaların, petrol kavgası vs. göz önüne alırsak medeniyeti kurduğu iddia- sında bulunan milletlerin temel meselesinin sadece kendi menfaatleri, kendi gelecekleri, kendi güçlerini artırma çabasından başka bir şey olmadığını; diğer insanların saadetiyle hiç ilgilenmediklerini görürüz. Mesela daha yakın za- manda, hatırlayacaksınız, Irak’a müdahale edilirken insan hakları, demokrasi, kadın hakları vs. söylendi. Sonra yüz binlerce kadının ırzına geçildi, insanlar rehin alındı, Suriye’de de bir sürü insan yurdundan vatanından oldu. Demek ki hiç kimse aslında insanların huzurlu bir düzende yaşamasını, adaletli bir düzende yaşamasını istemiyor. O halde bu ihtiyacı yeniden karşılamak bizim boynumuza borçtur. Yüz yıl önce yaptığımız mücadele o zamanki mazlum milletler için nasıl örnek olduysa, Türk milletinin gelecek medeniyetin ihyası konusunda yapa- cağı hareketler de örnek olacaktır. İşte bizim bu çalışmaları hazırlarken ve faaliyetleri yaparken ana hedefimiz geçmişten örnek alarak, geçmişin başarı- sının sebeplerini iyi araştırarak oradan da gelecek için bir takım çıkış yolları, hareket tarzları tayin etmektir. Elbette bu çalışma, arkadaşlarımızın gayretleri ile, siz ilim adamlarının bizim talebimize cevap vermesi ile, Türk Tarih Kurumu’muzun bu meseleye baştan itibaren çok etkili bir şekilde sahip çıkması ile meydana geldi. Ben herkese tekrar teşekkür ediyorum. Ümit ediyorum ki biz yüz yıl önce gönül- lerde yaktığımız ateşi yeniden bu tip çalışmalarla yakmaya devam edeceğiz. Maksadımız bu çalışmalarla insanlarımızı ve münevverlerimizi yeniden dert- lendirmektir: Milletin meselesi ile, insanlığın meselesi ile yeniden dertlen- dirmek. Eğer dertlendirebilirsek ve ondan sonra da bu dertten kurtuluş için gönüllerde ateş yakabilirsek başarıya ulaşmış sayılırız. Bu vesileyle bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında katkısı bulunan ve emeği ge- çen herkese tekrar teşekkür ediyorum. Dr. Cezmi BAYRAM İSTANBUL TÜRK OCAĞI BAŞKANI ÖNSÖZ 1914 yılında Avrupa merkezli olarak başlayan Birinci Dünya Savaşı, dünya genelinde büyük bir yıkıma sebebiyet verdi. Dört yıl devam eden savaş, pek çok ülkeyi olduğu gibi Osmanlı Devleti’ni de ağır siyasî ve toplumsal prob- lemlerle karşı karşıya
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