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Exploration, Development, Production and Refinery of Petroleum Prof Introduction to Petroleum Science and Technology: exploration, development, production and refinery of petroleum Prof. Vladimir Kutcherov Department of Energy Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm) 24.11.2017 1 24.11.2017 2 Main topics Global energy balance Hydrocarbon resources distribution Petroleum origin Oil and natural gas deposits exploration Oil and natural gas production Transport of oil and natural gas Oil refinery 24.11.2017 3 Global energy balance 24.11.2017 4 Terms Total primary energy supply (TPES) is energy producing from all major sources: coal, peat, wood, oil, natural gas, biofuel and waste, nuclear, hydro, wind, solar and thermal including international aviation and international marine bunkers. Total final consumption (TFC) is energy consumption of all final consumers. Final losses (FL) – all losses includes losses in energy distribution, transmission and transport TFC = TPES – FL 24.11.2017 5 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) 14 000 13 647 Mtoe 12 000 10 000 ~ 5.3% per year 6 1018 000Mtoe 6 000 4 000 2 000 EIA. Key world energy statistics 2016 0 1973 1980 1990 2000 2015 Coal/peat Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Biofuels and waste Other* *Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuel and waste etc. 6 EIA. Key world energy statistics 2017 Global energy balance 1973 2015 Hydro Biofuel and Hydro Biofuel and Other* 1.8% waste 10.5% Other* 2.5% waste 9.7% 1.5% 0.1% Coal/peat Coal/peat Nuclear 24.6% Nuclear 28.1% 0.9% 4.9% 1973: 86.7% of TPES from oil, natural gas and coal Natural gas 2015: 81.4% of TPES from oil, natural gas and coal 16.0% Natural gas 21.6% Oil Oil 46.1% 6 101 Mtoe 13 647 Mtoe 31.7% *Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuel and waste etc. 24.11.2017 7 EIA. Key world energy statistics 2017 Main energy consumers Other 3% Transport 26% Manufacturing 33% Service 9% Households 29% 24.11.2017 8 World electricity generation 24 000 24 255 TWh=2086 Mtoe 1 TWh = 0,086 Mtoe 20 000 16 000 9.4% per year 12 000 6 131 TWh8 000=527 Mtoe 4 000 0 1973 1980 1990 2000 2015 Coal+oil+gas Nuclear Hydro Other* *Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuel and waste etc. 24.11.2017 9 EIA. Key world energy statistics 2017 Fuel shares of electricity generation 1973 2015 Other* Other* Hydro Hydro 7.1% 0.6% 16% Coal/peat 21% Coal/peat 38.3% 39.3% Nuclear 3.3%1973: 75% of electricity is generated from oil, natural gas and coal 2014: 67% of electricity is generated from oil, natural gas and coal Nuclear Natural gas 10.6% 12.1% Natural gas Oil Oil 22.9% 24.7% 4.1% 6 131 TWh 24 255 TWh 24.11.2017 10 EIA. Key world energy statistics 2017 Petroleum covers 60% of world energy consumption 26% of world electricity production fuel for 99% of all kind of vehicles source for most of plastics, lubricants and chemical substances We live in PETROLEUM era 24.11.2017 11 What is petroleum? 24.11.2017 12 Oil, natural gas, petroleum(1) “A complex mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds found in rock. Petroleum can range from solid to gas, but the term is generally used to refer to liquid crude oil” (Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary) Crude oil linear alkanes (CnH2n+2): n-pentane 30-50% iso-pentane cyclic alkanes (CnH2n): cyclopentane 25-75% arenes: benzene, toluene 10-20% sulfur and nitrogen compounds up to 5% o light oil (condensate): tboiling< 250 C heavy oil (tar, bitumen) 24.11.2017 13 Oil, natural gas, petroleum(2) Natural gas 95% methane + ethane + propane + butane, etc. Petroleum – a general term for all kinds of natural hydrocarbons 24.11.2017 14 Hydrocarbon resources distribution 24.11.2017 15 Oil resources distribution and production Russia 6.1% (12.7%) USA+Canada 2.9+10.2=13.1% (12.3+5= 17.3%) Iran 9.3%(4.6%) S.Arabia 15.6%(13.5%) Iraq 9%(4.4%) Kuwait 5.9%(3.7%) 240.7 / 4.32 = 56.8 years Venezuela 17.5%(3.3%) 8 countries – 76.5% proved reserves Total proved reserves (incl. oil sands) Production 240.7 billion tons (2016) 4.32 billion tons (2016) 24.11.2017 16 Oil consumption by countries 20% 12.4% 4.7% 3.5% 4.3% 24.11.2017 17 NG resources distribution and production Norway 1% (3.1%) USA+Canada Russia 17.8% (17.3%) 4.7+1.2=5.9% Turkmenistan 9.3%(2%) (20.7+4.8=25.5%) S.Arabia 4.5%(2.5%) Iran 18%(5.3%) Qatar 13%(4.6%) 186.6 / 3.52 = 52.5 years 8 countries – 69.5% proved reserves Production (2016) Total proved reserves (2016) 3.55 trillion cub. m per year 186.6 trillion cub. m (3.21 billion toe) 18 24.11.2017 Gas consumption by countries 22.7% 12% 5% 3.3% 5.4% 24.11.2017 19 Shale gas revolution? Shale gas is natural gas (СН4+CO2) that is found trapped within shale formation. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks 70% (calcite, quartz, pyrite) with very low porosity, almost impermeable + organic substance 30%. 24.11.2017 20 Estimated reserves of shell gas Britain could have enough shale gas to heat every 24.11.2017 21 home for 1,500 years. The Times, February 9, 2013 Estimated reserves of gas hydrates Molecules of hydrate-forming gas (CH4, C2H6, etc.) are located inside the water (ice) crystalline cage without any chemical bonding between molecules. 10%: 2380 years !! 1 m3 of gas hydrate: 150-180 m3 of methane Estimated reserves: 3-1401015 cu m of methane Natural Gas Europe, 12 February 2013 70·1015 / 3·1012 = 23 300 years 24.11.2017 22 Location of gas hydrate reserves 23 Do we have enough hydrocarbon reserves? huge hydrocarbon reserves >1 000 years developed networks of gas pipelines widely used technologies of natural gas compressing and liquefaction gives us the possibility to deliver this source of energy in any point of the globe comparably cheap ‘Natural gas will play an increasing role as a transition energy source towards a low-carbon world…’ World Energy Council (2013) 24.11.2017 24 Petroleum origin 24.11.2017 25 “Every ten or fifteen years since the late 1800’s, ‘experts’ have predicted that oil reserves would last only ten more years. These experts have predicted nine out of the last zero oil-reserve exhaustions.” Quote by C. Maurice and C. Smithson, Doomsday Mythology: 10,000 Years of Economic Crisis, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1984. 24.11.2017 26 Traditional point of view 24.11.2017 27 Biotic hydrocarbons origin IV. Petroleum accumulation I. Sedimentation: remains Micro oil migrated upward of zooplankton had settled and was trapped within to a sea or lake bottom porous rocks (reservoirs) Micro oil generation: kerogen 1.5-2 km II. Diagenesis: organic matter mixed with silt and clay was was converted to micro oil buried under sediments 3-4 km III. Catagenesis: organic matter (OM) migrated downward (3-4 km). 0 6 km “Oil window” Thermodistruction (t>150 C, p=200-800 bar): OM was converted24.11.2017 to a waxy material Source rock 28 (kerogen) The end of petroleum era? You remember? Hydrocarbons for the next ~60 years only Is it True? 24.11.2017 29 Non-traditional point of view Concept of the abiogenic deep origin of hydrocarbons 24.11.2017 30 History The first rejection of the biotic hypothesis of petroleum origin was made by Alexander von Humboldt at the beginning of the nineteenth century. 24.11.2017 31 History Dmitry Mendeleev (1867) stated clearly that petroleum is a primordial material which has erupted from great depth through “deep faults” - weakness in the crust of the Earth via which petroleum would travel from the depths. 24.11.2017 32 History Marsellin Berthelot (1860th) demonstrated the generation of petroleum by dissolving steel in strong acid. He produced a suite of n-alkanes and made it plain that such were generated in total absence of any “biological” molecule or process. Later, Biasson and Sokolov observed similar phenomena and likewise concluded that petroleum was unconnected to biological matter. 24.11.2017 33 The XXth century Russian geologist Nikolai Kudryavtsev (1951) analyzed the geology of the Athabasca Tar (Alberta, Canada) and concluded that the most plausible explanation of accumulation of this huge deposit is abiotic deep petroleum. 24.11.2017 34 The XXth century Vladimir Porfiriev Petr Kropotkin Emmanuil Chekaluk Vladilen Krayushkin 24.11.2017 35 Abiogenic deep origin of hydrocarbons Mantle HC form oil and gas 0 km, 293 K, deposits 1 bar DF migrates into the Earth’s crust 50 km, 900K, 15 kbar Hydrocarbons are generated in the 200 km, 1700K, Earth’s upper mantle – deep fluid (DF) 70 kbar 24.11.2017 36 Could the synthesis of complex hydrocarbons out of inorganic systems under mantle conditions be demonstrated in a laboratory? CaCO3 + FeO + H2O → ? 24.11.2017 37 Conditions in the upper mantle of the Earth Upper mantle Crust 3 3000 250 Middle mantle Density, kg/m pressure, Lower mantle 2500 temperature 200 kbar 2000 K 150 1500 pressure 100 1000 Pressure, Mbar Temperature, /h 50 Inner core 500 Outer core 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 velocity, km velocity, Seismic waves depth, km 24.11.2017 38 Depth, h· 103 Content of the upper mantle The mantle was formed by basic (peridotites) and ultra- basic rocks (eclogites). SiO2(50%) K2O Favorable reducing conditions: presence of FeO, unconnected Na2O to metal-silicates Al2O3 .
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