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Case Study: Petroleum Origins of the Industry SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVA FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry ORGANIC TECNOLOGY AND PETROCHEMISTRY REPORT ON TRAINING VISIT In the frame work of the project No. SAMRS 2010/12/10 “Development of human resource capacity of Kabul polytechnic university” Funded by Bratislava 2010 Pro.Phd.hasani 1 Acknowledgement: The author would like to express his appreciation for the Scientific Training Program to Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology and Slovak Aid program for financial support of this project. I would like to say my hearth thank to Assoc. Prof. Alexander Kaszonyi, PhD.. for his guidance and assistance during the all time of my training visit. My thank belongs also to Assoc. Prof. Ing. Juma Haydary, PhD. the coordinator of the project SMARS/2010/12/10 in the frame work of which my visit was realized. 2 VISITING REPORT FROM FACULTY OF CHIMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLOVA This visit was organized for exchanging knowledgical views and advices between us (professors of Kabul Poly Technical University) and professors of this faculty. My visit was especially organized to the departments of organic chemistry and technology of organic materials. I did following activities in this period that includes in 3 parts: 1.Pedagogic area 2.Researches 3.Practical activities Each part is described as following: 1. PEDAGOGIC AREA: - I attended to the lectures of the professors and, saw the methods of the lectures and teachings, I also visit the classes and sow the students and their activities, besides of these I also participated to the Conferences and Seminars presented by the professors and students. 2. RESEARCHES: - I researched about petroleum and its derivatives that is the most important factor and skeleton for economical development of a human being society and a country and especially in our country that it is the hot view of point now a days. During this period I prepared a knowledgical article which is included. 3 3. PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES:- I did some syntheses of glycerol products under deferent conventions and deferent parameters and then these products were checked and evaluated by physical chemical methods that were satisfy able. These activities were done independently and with the aspirants of this faculty as well in the Technology of Organical materials’ department. These activities are written in an additional report which is included. 4 PREFACE This visit was organized for exchanging knowledgical views and advices between us (professor of Kabul Poly Technic University and professors of faculty of Chemical Technology specially departments of Technology of Organic Materials and Organic Chemistry). As we know that chemistry is one part of scientific Knowledge and Organic chemistry is the most important part of it, that products of it are used in all parts of life. Due to fast increasing inhabitance of humanity on the earth we feel more necessity for fast improving of this technology and its products, especially after discovering of petroleum and its derivatives that cover all fields of our life. For this reason all scientist and researchers of chemistry and Technology of Chemistry are interested to this field of science, Fortunately our country has a lot of rich natural minds, to educts and use these minds is needed modern technology, of course this might have improve the national economy stage and prepare good situation for the life of human being. To reach to this aim needs to learn and use the new and modern methods and technology. During this visiting we met new and modern methods and technology of chemistry that are very useful for our students and we will teach them too. 5 Organic Technology and Petrochemistry 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Petrochemical Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum or other hydrocarbon origin. Although some of the chemical compounds that originate from petroleum may also be derived from coal and natural gas, petroleum is the major source. The largest petrochemical industries are to be found in the USA and Western Europe, though the major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is a substantial inter- regional trade in petrochemicals of all kinds. World production of ethylene is around 110 million tons per year, of propylene 65 million tons, and of aromatic raw materials 70 million tons. The following is a partial list of the major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives: • ethylene - the simplest olefin; used as a ripening hormone, a monomer and a chemical feedstock o polyethylenes - polymerized ethylene o ethanol - made by hydration (chemical reaction adding water) of ethylene o ethylene oxide - sometimes called oxirane; can be made by oxidation of ethylene . ethylene glycol - from hydration of ethylene oxide or oxidation of ethylene . engine coolant - contains ethylene glycol . polyesters - any of several polymers with ester linkages in the backbone chain . glycol ethers - from condensation of glycols . ethoxylates o vinyl acetate o 1,2-dichloroethane . trichloroethylene . tetrachloroethylene - also called perchloroethylene; used as a dry cleaning solvent and degreaser . vinyl chloride - monomer for polyvinyl chloride . polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - type of plastic used for piping, tubing, other things • propylene - used as a monomer and a chemical feedstock o isopropyl alcohol - 2-propanol; often used as a solvent or rubbing alcohol o acrylonitrile - useful as a monomer in forming Orlon, ABS o polypropylene - polymerized propylene o propylene oxide . propylene glycol - sometimes used in engine coolant . glycol ethers - from condensation of glycols o isomers of butylene - useful as monomers or co-monomers . isobutylene - feed for making methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or monomer for copolymerization with a low percentage of isoprene to make butyl rubber o 1,3-butadiene - a diene often used as a monomer or co-monomer for polymerization to elastomers such as polybutadiene or a plastic such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) . synthetic rubbers - synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, chloroprene; elastomeric polymers are 13 often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene o higher olefins . polyolefins such poly-alpha-olefins which are used as lubricants . alpha-olefins - used as monomers, co-monomers, and other chemical precursors. For example, a small amount of 1-hexene can be copolymerized with ethylene into a more flexible form of polyethylene. other higher olefins . detergent alcohols o acrylic acid . acrylic polymers o allyl chloride - . epichlorohydrin - chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation . epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine • benzene - the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon o ethylbenzene - made from benzene and ethylene . styrene made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer . polystyrenes - polymers with styrene as a monomer o cumene - isopropylbenzene; a feedstock in the cumene process . phenol - hydroxybenzene; often made by the cumene process . acetone - dimethyl ketone; also often made by the cumene process . bisphenol A - a type of "double" phenol used in polymerization in epoxy resins and making a common type of polycarbonate . epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine . polycarbonate - a plastic polymer made from bisphenol A and phosgene (carbonyl dichloride) . solvents - liquids used for dissolving materials; examples often made from petrochemicals include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylenes o cyclohexane - a 6-carbon aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon sometimes used as a non-polar solvent . adipic acid - a 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a diamine to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon. nylons - types of polyamides, some are alternating copolymers formed from copolymerizing dicarboxylic acid or derivatives with diamines . caprolactam - a 6-carbon cyclic amide . nylons - types of polyamides, some are from polymerizing caprolactam o nitrobenzene - can be made by single nitration of benzene . aniline - aminobenzene . methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) - used as a co- monomer with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas . polyurethanes o alkylbenzene - a general type of aromatic hydrocarbon which can be used as a presursor for a sulfonate surfactant (detergent) 14 . detergents - often include surfactants types such as alkylbenzenesulfonates and nonylphenol ethoxylates o chlorobenzene • toluene - methylbenzene; can be a solvent or precursor for other chemicals o benzene o toluene diisocyanate (TDI) - used as co-monomers with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas . polyurethanes - a polymer formed from diisocyanates and diols or polyols o benzoic acid - carboxybenzene . caprolactam . nylon • mixed xylenes - any of three dimethylbenzene isomers, could be a solvent but more often precursor chemicals o ortho-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form (ortho-)phthalic acid . phthalic anhydride o para-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized
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