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2.3 the Fractions from Oil Distillation ...31 1 TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY O.S. Kukurina, Ya.V. Rozanova ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. OIL-REFINING Recommended for publishing as a study aid by the Editorial Board of Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk Polytechnic University Publishing House 2013 2 МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» О.С. Кукурина, Я.В. Розанова ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК. НЕФТЕПЕРЕРАБОТКА Рекомендовано в качестве учебного пособия Редакционно-издательским советом Томского политехнического университета Издательство Томского политехнического университета 2013 3 УДК 811.111:665.6(075.8) ББК Ш143.21.923 К89 Кукурина О.С. К89 Профессиональный английский язык. Нефтепереработка: учебное пособие / О.С. Кукурина, Я.В. Розанова; Томский политехнический университет. − Томск: Изд-во Томского политехнического университе- та, 2013. – 101 с. Пособие разработано для студентов старших курсов, изучающих курс «Химия и технология сырья и мономеров». Целью пособия является формирование профессионального англоязычного тезауруса в области нефтепереработки. Включает терминологический справочник, словарные статьи, рассматривающие основные стадии подготовки и переработки нефти на английском языке, а также содержит блок заданий для мониторинга лексических навыков в сфере нефтепереработки. Предназначено для бакалавров, обучающихся по направлению 240100 «Химическая технология», профили подготовки «Химическая технология органических веществ» и «Технология и переработка полимеров». УДК 811.111:665.6(075.8) ББК Ш143.21.923 Рецензенты Кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Зав.каф. ИЯ международного факультета управления ТГУ Е. Ю. Надеждина Начальник производственно-технического отдела ООО «ЗапСиб НПЗ» Р. Я. Масягутов © ФГБОУ ВПО НИ ТПУ, 2013 © Кукурина О.С., Розанова Я.В. 2013 © Оформление. Издательство Томского политехнического университета, 2013 4 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................. 7 Unit 1 ........................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Formation ............................................................................................ 8 1.2 Crude Oil Characteristics ................................................................... 12 1.3 Classification ..................................................................................... 18 Glossary .................................................................................................. 20 Review Questions and Exercises.............................................................. 22 Unit 2 ......................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Removal of oil gases (dissolved in oil) or oil stabilization. .................. 26 2.2 Oil distillation .................................................................................... 28 2.3 The fractions from oil distillation ....................................................... 31 Glossary .................................................................................................. 33 Review Questions and Exercises.............................................................. 34 Unit 3 ......................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Refining Schemes .............................................................................. 40 3.2 Cracking ............................................................................................. 42 3.3 Catalytic Cracking .............................................................................. 44 3.4 Hydrocracking ................................................................................... 48 3.5 Catalytic Reforming ........................................................................... 51 3.6 Alkylation .......................................................................................... 53 Glossary .................................................................................................. 55 Review Questions and Exercises.............................................................. 57 Unit 4 ......................................................................................................... 62 4.1 Refined Products ............................................................................... 62 4.2 Crude Oil Fractions ............................................................................ 63 4.3 Sulfur Content ................................................................................... 66 5 4.4 Octane Number ................................................................................. 67 4.5 Distillates ........................................................................................... 69 4.6 Residuals ........................................................................................... 70 4.7 Petrochemicals .................................................................................. 71 Glossary .................................................................................................. 80 Review Questions and Exercises.............................................................. 84 References ................................................................................................. 88 Appendix A .............................................................................................. 90 Appendix B .............................................................................................. 92 Appendix C .............................................................................................. 95 Appendix D .............................................................................................. 98 6 INTRODUCTION Petroleum is found at great depths underground or below seabeds. It can exist as a gas, liquid, solid, or a combination of these three states, which is very common. Drilling efforts are used to reach and extract gaseous and liquid deposits. These products are brought to the surface via piping. Once found in a reservoir, gas usually flows under its own pressure. Conversely, discovered liquid hydrocarbons may flow on their own due to pressure from the reservoir or may be forced to the surface by submerged pumps. Also in- jection of fluids and gases provides a driving force to push liquid hydrocar- bon through rock strata. Solid or semi-solid petroleum is brought to the sur- face through several methods: by digging with conventional mining tech- niques, by gasifying or liquefying with high-temperature steam, or by burn- ing a portion of the material in the ground so that the remainder can flow to the surface. There are several major oil producing regions around the globe. The Kuwait and Saudi Arabia's crude oil fields are the largest, although Middle East oil from other countries in the region such as Iran and Iraq also make up a significant part of world production figures. The North Sea crude oil fields are still fairly full, and are arguably the second most influential oil field in economic terms. Texas, once the world's major oil region, is now almost completely dry. In 1859 Edwin Drake sank the first known oil well, this was in Penn- sylvania. Since this time oil and petroleum production figure grew exponen- tially. Russia is the world's second largest producer of crude oil after Saudi Arabia and also one of the world's top oil exporters [1]. Russia’s proven oil reserves were estimated at 72.3 billion barrels at the end of 2004, or approx- imately 6.1 % of the world’s total proven reserves of oil estimated at 1,188.6 billion barrels according to the BP statistical Review of World Energy pub- lished in June 2005. Following the rapid privatization drive in the mid-1990s, the Russian oil industry has evolved into a reasonably well defined sector, led by the large Russian oil companies (LUKOIL, Gazprom, Surgutneftegaz and TNK- BP). As these companies were generally created from the remains of the So- viet-controlled production associations that had asset concentrations for effi- ciency reasons, their operations are typically concentrated in certain regions. A number of other smaller Russian and Western oil companies also conduct operations in Russia. As a result, the industry is highly competitive. Current Russian oil production is predominantly based in Western Siberia. 7 UNIT 1 Oil is an important part of our everyday life. Millions of products are made from oil including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmet- ics, and many other items you may use daily. Oil is called liquid fossil fuel which extended in sedimentary rock lay- ers beneath the surface of the earth. Petroleum (Lat. petroleum lit. "rock oil" was first used in 1556 in a treatise published by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, known as Georgius Agricola.) is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. The proportion of hydrocarbons in the mixture is highly variable and ranges from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in the heavier oils and bitumens. 1.1 Formation Formation of petroleum occurs from kerogen pyrolysis, in a variety of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure. Nowadays
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