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Proquest Dissertations Basal platform mounds at Chau Hiix, Belize: Evidence for ancient Maya social structure and cottage industry manufacturing Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Cook, Patricia Maria, 1965- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 02:33:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282545 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fiice, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for ai^ photographs or iUustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Inibmiatioii Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann AAnr MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 f i BASAL PLATFORM MOUNDS AT CHAU HIIX, BELIZE: EVIDENCE FOR ANCIENT MAYA SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND COTTAGE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING by Patricia Maria Cook Copyright ® Patricia Maria Cook 1997 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 9 7 UMI Number: 9814446 Copyright 1997 by Cook, Patricia Maria All rights reserved. UMI Microronn 9814446 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, ve certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Patricia Maria Cook entitled Basal Platform Mounds at Chau Hiix. Belize; Evidence for Ancient Mava Social Structure anH Cottage Industry Manufacturing and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosnphv T. Patrick (^Ibert <t^0^ A? K. Anne Pyburn ""^^^hntfT^oTsen Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director Date T. Patrick Culbert 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permissions for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Basal Platform Mound Project was generously supported by grants from the Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona. Further support was provided by the Chau Hiix Archaeological Project, directed by K. Anne Pyburn, with funding from the National Science Foundation. My gratitude to both these groups for their assistance. My deepest gratitude goes to my dissertation committee, who were at alternate and appropriate times pushy, demanding, gentle, and calming. They were always supportive, kind, helpful, generous, and sterling examples of the best the discipline has to offer. Patrick Culbert, Anne Pyburn and John Olsen have unfailingly aided, abetted, and created the scientist and teacher that I am. I hope I can live up to them. Many kind people were supportive along the way. Robert Fry, Beverly Chiarulli, and Delia Cook provided analyses of ceramics, lithics, and skeletal material. Students and coworkers over the years were too numerous to mention here (see Appendix D), but I thank them all. Special thanks to Gabe Wrobel, Tom Cuddy, and Tracy Sweely, who provided labor, riddles, food, and lots of email support. The Department of Anthropology Writers Bloc(k) read and critiqued drafts, and my thanks in particular go to Adam Smith, Sarah Herr, and Eric Kaldahl. My Maya cohorts over the years have been wonderful sounding boards: Laura Kosakowsky, Laura Levi, Brian McKee, Kerry Sagebiel, Ren§ MuAoz, Jeff Baker, Julie Kunen. Special themks go to everyone who worked at The Printed Word, es­ pecially the late Frank de Sales and Lillian Carey, for all their sup­ port and kindness and for keeping a spot for me. Friends who listened ad nauseam were Anna McNair (my cohort in crime, archaeological and fictional), Monica Bujak (catsitter extraordinaire), Regina Chapin- Pyritz (for all the lunches), and Lori Pagano (for all the desserts). None of this would have been possible without my family. My sisters, Krystyna Cook and Cynthia Cook Upshur, Rick and Michele Muraski; my nieces and nephews, Jason, Adrienne, Nicole, and Richard, and their stress-relieving faxes and cards. My heartfelt gratitude and love goes especially to my parents, Fellcja Krawiec Cook and Roland Darwin Cook, who never blinked an eye when their daughter decided to be an archaeologist. And, of course, my George and Cam!lie. This dissertation is dedicated to my mother and the memory of my father. D TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations 7 List of Tables 8 Abstract 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11 Rural Communities 14 The Basal Platform Mound Project 15 Chau Hiix 16 CHAPTER 2 ANCIENT MAYA SOCIAL STRUCTURE 23 The Concept of Class 24 "Estates" vs. Class Organization in Prehistory 29 A Definition of the Middle Class 32 Ancient Maya Social Organization 39 Maya Social Organization: The Traditional Model 42 Social Classes or Occupational Specialization? 46 A Maya Middle Class 50 CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTION AND SPECIALIZATION 56 Production Models 61 Cottage Industry Manufacturing 72 Ancient Maya Economic Organization 80 Ancient Maya Shell Production 87 Shell Manufacturing Techniques 90 Ancient Shell Workshops in Mesoamerica 92 Oaxaca 92 The Maya Area 97 CHAPTER 4 EXCAVATION RESULTS 101 Areal Excavations 108 CHE 5 108 CHE 39 133 CHE 40 143 CHE 41 153 CHE 42 and CHE 43 163 CHE 46 166 CHE 47 182 CHE 68 194 CHE 44 208 Test Pits 214 CHT 3 214 CHT 88 221 CHT 96 225 CHT 98 227 CHAPTER 5 BASAL PLATFORM MOUNDS AT CHAU HIIX: COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE FOR THEIR ROLES IN THE ANCIENT COMMUNITY 235 Architecture 237 Residential Location 243 Artifacts 247 Lithics 250 Obsidian 252 6 Ceramics 253 Shell 255 Burials 265 Caches 271 Interpretation of the Basal Platform Groups at Chau Hiix 272 CHE 5 272 CHE 39 275 CHE 40 277 CHE 41 278 CHE 46 279 CHE 47 282 CHE 68 284 CHT 98 287 The Roles of the Middle Class in Ancient Maya Society 290 The Terminal Classic Collapse 290 A Middle Class Explanation 295 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 301 APPENDIX A. SHELL SPECIES AND QUANTITIES BY EXCAVATION UNIT 307 APPENDIX B. CERAMIC AND LITHIC COUNTS FOR BPMP EXCAVATIONS 311 APPENDIX C. HARRIS MATRICES FOR BPMP EXCAVATIONS 312 APPENDIX D. WORKMEN AND STUDENTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN BPMP EXCAVATIONS 1993-1997 328 REFERENCES 329 7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Map of Belize, Central America 21 1.2 Map of Chau Hiix, Belize 22 4.1 Str. 25 and associated structures 109 4.2 Plan of cache CHE 5-2-71-94 116 4.3 CHE 5-2-71-94 cache vessel 117 4.4 Bench CHE 5-1-22-93 123 4.5 Sketch of sculptured head CHE 39-1-11-96 138 4.6 Photo of jadeite inlaid teeth 140 4.7 North section of CHE 40 145 4.8 Plan of Str. 54-231, with wall line and doorway 149 4.9 Str. 45 and associated structures 154 4.10 Two S. gigas and one Spondylus sp. ornaments 158 4.11 Str. 38 and associated structures 167 4.12 Ceramic vessels associated with Bu. 43 172 4.13 S. gigas pectorals associated with Bu. 43 173 4.14 Chalcedony eccentric associated with Bu. 43 175 4.15 Three marine shell beads associated with Bu. 43...176 4.16 Two Oliva sp. tinklers from CHE 46-1-1-96 180 4.17 Str. 34 and associated structures 183 4.18 Residential terrace wall CHE 47-1-12, 18-96 187 4.19 Str. 133 and associated structures 196 4.20 Plan of obsidian cache CHE 68-1-33-97 199 4.21 Sculpture fragment from CHE 68-1-23-97 203 4.22 Stone pendant CHE 44-1-1-96 211 4.23 North section of CHT 3 216 8 LIST OF TABLES 2.1 General archaeological correlates of
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