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Guinea- Bissau UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Small pelagics, predatory fish and seabirds: trophic and behavioural interactions in a marine protected area in Guinea-Bissau Doutoramento em Biologia e Ecologia das Alterações Globais Especialidade em Biologia e Ecologia Tropical Edna Rita de Freitas da Costa Correia Tese orientada por: José Pedro Granadeiro Paulo Catry Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2018 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Small pelagics, predatory fish and seabirds: trophic and behavioural interactions in a marine protected area in Guinea-Bissau Doutoramento em Biologia e Ecologia das Alterações Globais Especialidade em Biologia e Ecologia Tropical Edna Rita de Freitas da Costa Correia Tese orientada por: José Pedro Granadeiro Paulo Catry Júri: Presidente: ● Doutora Maria Manuela Gomes Coelho de Noronha Trancoso, Professora Catedrática e Membro do Conselho Científico da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: ● Doutor Vitor Hugo Rodrigues Paiva, Investigador Pós-doutoramento na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra ● Doutor Amadeu Mortágua Velho da Maia Soares, Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro ● Doutor Paulo Xavier Catry, Investigador Principal do ISPA – Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida ● Doutor Frederico José Oliveira de Almada, Investigador do ISPA – Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida ● Doutor Jorge Manuel Mestre Marques Palmeirim, Professor Associado com Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) – Bolsa de Doutoramento (PD/BD/52594/2014) MAVA Foundation through a project granted to IBAP (Guinea-Bissau) – “La recherche participative au service de la conservation de la biodiversité du Parc National Marin de João Vieira-Poilão (Archipel des Bijagós)” Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) – Projecto do MARE (UID/MAR/04292/2013) Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) – Projecto do CESAM / FEDER, com pareceria PT2020 e Compete 2020 (UID/AMB/50017) 2018 This study was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, through a PhD scholarship PD/BD/52594/2014 and supported by the MAVA Foundation through a project granted to IBAP (Guinea-Bissau) – “La recherche participative au service de la conservation de la biodiversité du Parc National Marin de João Vieira-Poilão (Archipel des Bijagós)”. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia provided additional financial support through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to MARE, and UID/AMB/50017 granted to CESAM, together with the co-funding by FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership agreement and Compete 2020. Nota prévia A presente tese apresenta artigos científicos já publicados, submetidos ou ou em preparação para publicação (capítulos 2 a 6), de acordo com o previsto no nº 2 do artigo 25º do Regulamento de Estudos de Pós-Graduação da Universidade de Lisboa, publicado no Diário da República, 2.ª série — N.º 57 — 23 de Março de 2015. Uma vez que estes trabalhos foram realizados em colaboração o candidato esclarece que participou integralmente na conceção dos trabalhos, obtenção dos dados, análise e discussão dos resultados, bem como na redação dos manuscritos. Lisboa, Junho de 2018 Edna Rita de Freitas da Costa Correia “Crer é errar. Não crer de nada serve.” Ricardo Reis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mother and Father, I will be eternally grateful for your endless support. Thank you for always believing in me and for always encouraging me to go! I am lucky to have you as parents. Paulo Catry, for accepting me in the group and giving me the opportunity to know Guinea-Bissau and work there. You have always encouraged me to be better and that, most of the time, was what made me move forward. Thank you for always being available to help, even when the time was short. For having been with me in the field. For being a good teacher. And for always being motivated with our work, which several times helped me to keep motivated too. José Pedro Granadeiro thank you for accepting me in the group and for being my supervisor. For all the support and sympathy. For always being optimist and ready to help. I would like to thank to my lifelong friends that with their support and friendship helped me during these last years. Camilo Carneiro for all the important help in the field and everywhere. For having always had patience with me and willingness to help. If at least the skies could always be calico. Filipa Reis and Reis family for being my second family, always ready to help. Tânia Sérgio and Diogo Sanches Pereira your friendship means the world to me! You are the hardest working people I know and yet always with time for us. You are really an example of strength, love and dedication and I am really lucky to have you as an inspiration in my life. Tânia for the endless talks that only we can have. Diogo for being patient with that! To Cátia Matos, my girl, thank you for all the talks and all the walks, to Stéphanie Ferreira and to Eduarda Moreira. Miguel Lecoq thank you for all the support in Guinea-Bissau and for all the valuable advices. For showing me a Guinea-Bissau that otherwise I would not have opportunity to see and for making me feel in home there. For all the “espéicies” and for always being indeed my home where I had not! Maria Alho, for your help in the field, but most of all for your enthusiasm and endless will to work, to help and to learn. De volta duma fogueira tão linda! Also, to Saldanha Alho family, for all the generosity. Madalena Boto, thank you so much for all your unconditional help and friendship. Your kindness and support were more important than you can ever imagine. Thank you for the constant optimism and the joy you brought into my life. Our competition will last until the end of times!! I would like to thank to the so many people that helped me in the field and laboratory. Joana Romero it was really nice and important to have you with me in the field. Pedro Ferandes, Carolina Bloise, Francisco Aguilar, Fernando Madeira, Raquel Marques, Manuel Sampaio. Girls from CIBIO/CTM, Patricia Ribeiro, Sofia Mourão, Susana Lopes, Joana Veríssimo, Filipa Martins and Pamela Puppo, for helping me whenever I needed and for making my stay there more enjoyable. Emanuel Dias, Diana Barão, Carolina Vieira and Silke Waap. Rui Rebelo for somehow making me feel welcome in the university. Mohamed Henriques for all the help in the field, in Bissau, in Dakar, in Lisbon, everywhere! António Araújo for being an inspiration and always ready to help. I still remember and appreciate some advices you gave me when I first met you. Issuf Pape, Sene Mendes, Seco Leão, Armando Gomes, “my boys” in the field! Thank you for all the help. I have learned a lot with you and I was very lucky to have had you with me. i I would like to acknowledge all the support given by the IBAP Direction, particularly Alfredo Simão da Silva, Justino Biai, Castro Barbosa, Quintino Tchantchalam. And to Aissa Regalla for all the help, fundamental for the success of the field missions. To the so many people that helped me in Guinea-Bissau: Hamilton Monteiro, Teddy Bossard, Claude Bossard, Jean Bossard, Vie, Malic Tendeng, Melchior. The Park Guards, Paulino and Ninada and the sailors Seco, Saido, Santinho, as well as so many Bijagós that contributed to this work. To the EnForcados de Alcochete, for helping me in this journey. For the nice talks and knowledge exchange. And a special thanks to José Alves for helping me in some stressful moments! Filipe Ceia, for all the support. Luís Pascoal Silva, for encouraging me to have one good distraction during this PhD, for the cold coffee, for the new and the old species! Vanessa Mata, for all the help and for the great patience and ability to teach. My family in general for the support, but particularly thanks to Luísa Correia, Paulo Correia, Ana Duarte, André Duarte, Ramiro Meireles, Helena Teixeira, Luísa Gaspar and Filipa Costa. I am very happy to have found a place like Clube Nacional de Natação. It became the place where I was able to turn off my brain, and that really helped me throughout these years. Thanks to all my team colleagues and a special thanks to Daniel Silva. I am grateful to the institutions that gave me financial and logistic support: FCT, MAVA Foundation, IBAP, CESAM, FCUL, MARE, ISPA Instituto Universitário, and CIBIO - UP. I am truly grateful to everyone that helped me during these four years and contributed to the success of this work. I know I am very lucky to have participated in a project like this in such a special place. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i RESUMO vii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER 1 1 General Introduction Geographic framework 3 Trophic interactions 4 Previous research on our study area 6 Work goals 7 Papers presented 8 References 12 CHAPTER 2 17 Seasonal, lunar and diel variations in a coastal fish community assessed by beach seine in the Bijagós Archipelago, West Africa Abstract 19 Introduction 20 Material and methods 21 Results 25 Discussion 32 Acknowledgements 38 References 38 Supplementary material 44 CHAPTER 3 51 Length-weight relationship of fish species from the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea- Bissau Abstract 53 Introduction 53 Material and methods 54 iii Results 55 Discussion 56 Acknowledgements 57 References
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